Deoxygenation Research Articles

Fuel properties of biochar from torrefaction of ground coffee residue: effect of process temperature, time, and sweeping gas

Ground coffee residue (GCR) was torrified under nitrogen or carbon dioxide atmosphere. Effect of torrefaction parameters on fuel properties of biochar was investigated by varying process temperature, residence time, and sweeping gas flow rate over the range of 200–300 °C, 30–60 min, and 50–250 mL/min, respectively. Severe torrefaction (300 °C) short residence time (30 min) under low carbon dioxide flow rate (50 mL/min) was determined as a promising condition to produce biochar as solid fuel. H/C and O/C atomic ratios, HHV, and energy yield of the obtained biochar were 0.94 and 0.14, 31.12 MJ/kg, and 48.04%, respectively, which were comparable with the properties of sub-bituminous coal. The calculated decarbonization (DC), dehydrogenation (DH), and deoxygenation (DO) indicated that torrefaction led to major losses of oxygen and hydrogen. The analysis of thermal decomposition properties and surface chemical functional groups revealed that temperature substantially affected biochar properties, while the effect of sweeping gas was only marginal.

Green diesel production from palm fatty acid distillate over SBA-15-supported nickel, cobalt, and nickel/cobalt catalysts

The utilization of non-edible and low-cost feedstock in bioenergy research is getting more attention in recent decades. Catalytic deoxygenation of fatty acids from waste oil feedstocks is a promising route to produce diesel-like hydrocarbons. Here we report the conversion of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a low-value side product of physical refining of crude palm oil, into green diesel using a solventless and hydrogen-free deoxygenation (DO) reaction using catalytic deoxygenation over solid acid catalysts (Co/SBA-15, Ni/SBA-15, and Ni–Co/SBA-15) with total metal loadings of 5 wt%. Metal precursors (Ni, Co, Ni–Co) were doped on the mesostructured catalyst supporter, SBA-15 by wet impregnation. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, infrared spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with elemental mapping. The DO reaction was carried out in a semi-batch reactor with a catalyst loading of 10 wt% at 350 °C for 3 h. The use of both Ni/SBA-15 and Ni–Co/SBA-15 afforded products with high contents of liquid hydrocarbons (C8–C17) with yields of 85.8% and 88.1%, respectively, and selectivity for diesel-range hydrocarbons (C13–C17) above 85% were achieved. Cobalt seems to have a larger particle size, then associates with the carbon formation and introduces coke formation. It blocks some pores and deactivates the active sites of the catalyst, thus reducing the catalytic activity.

Effect of silica supports on deoxygenation of methyl palmitate over mesoporous silica-supported Ni/Al catalysts

To develop an efficient catalyst for deoxygenation (DO) as the first step in biojet fuel production with silica-supported Ni/Al catalysts, the effects of silica supports were investigated in terms of pore structure, acidity, and pore size. The pore structures of silica were covered from microporous SiO2 to mesoporous SBA-15, SBA-16, and KIT-6. Then, taking a simple tubular structure of Ni/Al-SBA-15 with the best biojet fuel yield, samples with various acidity and pore sizes were further prepared through manipulation of the amount of aluminum (Al)-incorporation and the temperature of hydrothermal synthesis, respectively. The DO reactivity of the prepared silica-supported Ni/Al catalysts was assessed with methyl palmitate as a model compound of biomass feedstock. Based on the altered physicochemical properties of not only the silica support but also the supported Ni, the relationship between the variation of silica supports and their DO catalytic properties was investigated. This work provides a better understanding of silica-supported Ni/Al catalysts and how to design selective catalysts for DO reaction to maximize the biojet fuel hydrocarbon yield.

Free-H2 deoxygenation of Jatropha curcas oil into cleaner diesel-grade biofuel over coconut residue-derived activated carbon catalyst

Diesel-like hydrocarbons were produced by the catalytic deoxygenation (DO) of Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) over novel Agx/AC and Niy-Agx/AC catalysts under an H2-free atmosphere. The AC was synthesized from coconut fibre residues (CFR), where CFR is the by-product from coconut milk extraction and is particularly rich in soft fibres with high mineral content. The Niy-Agx/AC catalyst afforded higher DO activity via the decarboxylation/decarbonylation (deCOx) route than Agx/AC due to the properties of Ni, synergistic interaction of Ni and Ag species, adequate amount of strong acid sites and large number of weak acid sites, which cause extensive C-O cleavage and lead to rich formation of n-(C15+C17) hydrocarbons. The effect of Ag and Ni content were studied within the 5 to 15 wt% range. An optimum Ni and Ag metal content (5 wt%) for deCOx reaction was observed. Excess Ni is not preferable due to a tendency for cracking and Ag-rich containing catalyst weakly enforced triglycerides breaking. The Ni5-Ag5/AC govern exclusively decarbonylation reaction, which corroborates the presence of Ni2+ species and a high amount of strong acid sites. Ultimately, Ni5-Ag5/AC in the present study shows excellent chemical stability with consistent five reusability without drastic reduction of hydrocarbon yield (78–95%) and n-(C15+C17) selectivity (82–83%), which indicate favourable application in JCO DO.

Inhibition of Sickle Hemoglobin Polymerization in Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia

Red blood cell sickling and hemolysis due to polymerization of sickle hemoglobin upon deoxygenation is a hallmark abnormality in those with sickle cell

Efficient deoxygenation of triglycerides to hydrocarbon-biofuel over mesoporous Al2O3-TiO2 catalyst

The renewable hydrocarbon-like biofuel from biomass is crucial to substitute fossil fuel. A series of mesoporous Al2O3-TiO2 mixed oxide catalysts with different TiO2 content (0.1Ti-0.9Al, 0.2Ti-0.8Al and 0.3Ti-0.7Al) have been synthesized. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, FESEM-EDX, BET, FTIR, NH3-TPD, FTIR-Py, and TGA. The deoxygenation (DO) of triglyceride (i.e. triolein) was carried out in the absence of hydrogen and solvent. The mesoporous Al2O3-TiO2 catalysts showed high catalytic activity performance as compared to that of Al2O3 and TiO2. It was found that 0.2Ti-0.8Al catalyst exhibited the highest conversion (76.86%), and selectivity (27.26%) toward n-C15 + n-C17 at 380 °C after 4 h. The excellence performance of mesoporous Al2O3-TiO2 was attributed to its acidity, mesoporosity and larger surface area. The results reveal that the mesoporous Al2O3-TiO2 catalyst is a promising catalyst for the synthesis of hydrocarbon-like biofuel.

Novel Catalyst Synthesized by Hydrothermal Method for Fatty Acid Conversion Into Hydrocarbons

Here, the novel method for the conversion of fatty acids into hydrocarbon fuel without hydrogen consumption is reported. The deoxygenation of stearic acid as a model compound was performed in the medium of supercritical n-hexane in the presence of Ni-containing catalysts synthesized by a hydrothermal deposition method. We studied the influence of the support as well as the metal loading on the yield of target products of stearic acid conversion into hydrocarbons. Ni was supported on the three different supports: anhydrous microporous silica, anhydrous alumina, and non-functionalized hypercrosslinked polystyrene. The hydrothermal synthesis of the catalysts leads to the changes in the porosity and structure of the supports increasing the number of mesopores. The active phase of the catalysts was found to be deposited on the internal surface of the supports as a thin layer of ?-NiOOH. Ni/HPS catalyst was found to be the most active in the stearic acid deoxygenation process in supercritical n-hexane. The study of the influence of the metal loading on the conversion of the substrate and the target product yield showed that 10 wt. % of Ni is more favorable for the production of high yield of C16-C17 hydrocarbons.

A Review on Thermal Conversion of Plant Oil (Edible and Inedible) into Green Fuel Using Carbon-Based Nanocatalyst

Renewable diesels (e.g., biodiesel and green diesel) have emerged as a sustainable alternative to petrodiesel as a means of meeting the growing demand for fuel without damaging the environment. Although renewable diesels are composed of different chemical compositions to petrodiesel, they provide similar fuel characteristics as petrodiesel. The present articles focused on various type of green diesel, where the properties and its performance are discussed in detail. Green diesels offer multiple benefits over petrodiesel in terms of biodegradability, environmental protection and low toxicity. Additional, this paper described various types of process for green diesels production such as deoxygenation, hydrodeoxygenation, and pyrolysis. Among the synthesis process, the most effective and economical route to produce green diesel is through deoxygenation (DO). This study also emphasizes the use of a carbon-based catalyst for the DO reaction. The carbon-based catalyst renders several advantageous in term of highly resistance toward coke formation, greater catalyst stability, and product selectively, where the DO process occur via carbon–oxygen cleavage of fatty acid chain yielding diesel-like hydrocarbons. Due to this reason, various methods for synthesizing effective carbon-based catalysts for the DO reaction are further reviewed. Coke affinity over carbon-base catalyst during DO process is further discussed in the present study. Besides, DO operating condition toward optimum yield of hydrocarbons and recent progress in DO of realistic oil for production of diesel-like hydrocarbons are also discussed herein.

Pyro-lytic de-oxygenation of waste cooking oil for green diesel production over Ag2O3-La2O3/AC nano-catalyst

Green diesel derived from deoxygenation technology has been developed to replace instability of fatty acid alkyl ester (biodiesel) due to the presence oxygenated species. Herein, the green diesel was synthesized via catalytic deoxygenation (DO) of waste cooking oil (WCO) over synthesized Ag2O3–La2O3/ACnano catalyst under hydrogen-free environment. Based on the study, the effect of silver (Ag) species (10–30 wt%) towards DO reactivity and product distribution was investigated. It was revealed that the Ag2O3(10%)–La2O3(20%)/ACnano formulation resulted in a higher yield (∼89%) of liquid hydrocarbons with majority of diesel fractions selectivity (n–(C15+C17) at ∼93%. In addition, decarboxylation and decarbonylation reaction processes of the WCO to DO was promoted by the presence of acid and basic active sites on Ag2O3(10%)–La2O3(20%)/ACnano catalyst. The high stability of the Ag2O3(10%)–La2O3(20%)/ACnano catalyst was proven by maintenance of six continuous runs with constant yield (>80%) of hydrocarbons and (>93%) selectivity of n–(C15+C17) under mild reaction conditions.

Muscle deoxygenation kinetics in cycling time trial

Background: Concentration changes of oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin (O2Hb and HHb) measured by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides information about oxygen delivery and extraction at the muscular level. The kinetic response of HHb reflects the adjustment of the oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle and could therefore be related to exercise tolerance. While most studies used laboratory cycling to investigate the kinetic responses, the effect of cycling time trials in field conditions remains to be shown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate changes in HHb during maximal effort cycling time trials in field conditions. Methods: Thirteen trained cyclists and triathletes (N=13; mean ± SD: age 32 ± 7 years; body mass 74.6 ± 7.4 kg; stature 182 ± 5 cm; maximum oxygen uptake 67.9 ± 3.0 mL·min-1·kg-1; maximal power output 406 ± 39 W), completed 3 cycling time trials lasting 10, 4 and 1 min on a flat road, interspersed by a 30 min recovery period after each trial. Relative changes in HHb were recorded on the right vastus lateralis muscle with a portable continuous-wave NIRS device. Second-by-second data normalised to 100% of the response were used to resolve the amplitude, the time delay and the time constant by nonlinear regression. A repeated measure ANOVA was used to compare the parameter estimates across the time trial durations. Results: The mean power output during the 10-, 4- and 1- minute cycling time trials was 352 ± 45, 385 ± 49 and 525 ± 73 W, respectively (p=0.001). No significant differences were observed for cadence during the 10- vs. 1-minute cycling time trials (p=0.264), however significant differences were observed between 4- vs. 1-minute (p=0.05) The parameter estimates of the kinetic response were significantly affected by time trial duration. The amplitude for 10- vs. 1- minute (78.20 ± 8.42 vs. 89.16 ± 6.82; p = 0.022) as well as for 4- vs. 1-minute (74.99 ± 6.12 vs. 89.16 ± 6.82; p = 0.006) cycling time trial duration showed significant differences. Moreover, significant effects can be reported for the 10- vs. 1-minute time delay parameter (9.54 ± 2.07 s vs. 3.65 ± 1.71s; p = 0.001). Mean response time also demonstrated significant differences for 10- vs. 1-minute cycling time trials (13.45 ± 2.39 s vs. 6.85 ± 1.90 s; p = 0.001). No significant differences were reported for the time constant among the different cycling time trial durations (p>0.05). Discussion: These findings support that the physiological response to high intensity exercise during multiple cycling time trial durations could be monitored by alterations in muscle deoxygenation kinetic parameters. Furthermore, these results imply that changes at the microvascular level are time dependent when exposed to maximal exhaustion. However further research is recommended to support these findings of muscle deoxygenation kinetics during cycling time trial in field conditions.

Muscle deoxygenation during moderate- and severe-intensity cycling in youth elite-cyclists

Background: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a well-established technique to measure tissue oxygenation and haemodynamics during exercise. While muscle oxygen consumption is derived by measuring concentration changes of oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin and myoglobin (O 2 Hb and HHb), total haemoglobin (tHb = O 2 Hb + HHb) reflect blood volume and perfusion. In particular, the change in HHb is considered a proxy for oxygen extraction at the muscle level during exercise and arterial occlusion, where the rate of reoxygenation has been used as a measure of mitochondrial function (Ryan et al, 2012: Journal of Applied Physiology, 113, 175-183). NIRS-derived signals therefore reflect the dynamic balance between oxygen delivery and utilisation and may be important measures to monitor training induced adaptations of aerobic function in skeletal muscle. However, current literature is scarce regarding reliability measures, especially in young athletes, which needs to be established to interpret changes with confidence. Purpose: To assess the test-retest reliability of HHb-changes during moderate- and severe- intensity cycling, and during arterial occlusion in youth elite-cyclists. Methods: Fifteen cyclist (mean ± SD: age 13.5 ± 1.8 y; stature 163.2 ± 12.2 cm; body mass 51.3 ± 12.4 kg; O 2max 62.1 ± 4.2 mL . min -1. kg -1 ) completed two 6-min rest-to-work transitions (T) from baseline (BL: 60 W) to moderate- (90% of the first ventilatory threshold [VT1]: 120 ± 26 W) and to severe- (50% between VT and maximum power [Delta50]: 204 ± 43 W) intensity cycling. The transitions were interspersed by 8 min BL cycling. After Delta50 cycling, an occlusion was applied on the proximal thigh at a pressure of 300 mmHG until a levelling-off of the HHb signal was observed (3-5 min). The protocol was repeated after a passive rest of 1 h. Changes in HHb were measured on the belly of the right vastus lateralis muscle with a portable continuous-wave NIRS device at a sampling rate of 5 Hz (PortaMon, Artinis). Second-per-second data, were corrected for blood volume changes and normalised to the full functional range measured during the occlusion (0-100%). HHb changes (%) were calculated from BL to the maximum of VT1 (I”BL-VT1) and from BL to the maximum of Delta50 (I”BL-Delta50). In addition, the reoxygenation after occlusion was assessed with the slope of linear regression analysis (% . s -1 ). A typical example of the HHb signal is shown in Figure 1. Absolute and relative reliability was calculated with Bland-Altman statistics ± 95% limits of agreement and the coefficient of variation (CV; %), respectively. Paired t-tests were used for comparisons. Results: The I”BL-VT1 was 20.5 ± 11.7 and 21.6 ± 12.3% during T1 and T2, respectively (p = 0.079). The bias was 1.1 ± 2.3 % (95% LoA: -5.6 – 3.3) and the CV 10.1% (7.3 – 16.4). The I”BL-Delta50 were 58.1 ± 9.6 (T1) and 56.5 ± 9.3% (T2) (p = 0.133) and the bias and CV were 1.6 ± 3.9% (-6.0 – 9.3) and 5.4% (3.9 – 8.6), respectively. The reoxygenation slopes were 7.2 ± 2.0 (T1) and 7.6 ± 2.1 % . s -1 (T2) (p = 0.053) with a bias and CV of 0.4 ± 0.7 % . s -1 (-1.8 – 1.0) and 7.0% (5.1 – 11.2), respectively. Discussion: The present study quantified reliability for NIRS-derived changes in HHb during cycling at moderate and severe intensity as well as for reoxygenation after occlusion. The provided levels of 5.4% for severe-intensity cycling and 7.0% for the reoxygenation slope, are well below the level of 10% considered as acceptable for a measurement, and the level of 10.1% for moderate-intensity cycling is only marginally higher. The reliability data established, provide limits within which training induced adaptations may be interpreted with confidence. Longitudinal studies in young athletes could potentially benefit from these findings since the magnitude of changes in NIRS variables is probably greater than the reported measurement error.

Mesoporous NiO/Al-SBA-15 catalysts for solvent-free deoxygenation of palm fatty acid distillate

Abstract A series of 5 wt% NiO/Al-SBA-15 catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation of ordered, mesoporous Al-SBA-15 supports (Si/Al molar ratios spanning 5–75) synthesised by a true liquid crystal templating (TLCT) method. The catalytic activity of the resulting catalysts was studied in the solvent-less, hydrogen-free deoxygenation (DO) of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), using a semi-batch reactor at 350 °C. 27Al and 29Si MAS-NMR was used to quantify the speciation of framework and extra-framework Al as a function of Si:Al ratio, before and after NiO functionalisation; TEM and XRD confirmed the formation of 9–10 nm NiO nanoparticles in all cases. NiO/Al-SBA-15 catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic activity for PFAD deoxygenation, with hydrocarbon yields reaching 86% and a selectivity to the diesel fraction (C11 C17) of 91%.

Modified mesoporous HMS supported Ni for deoxygenation of triolein into hydrocarbon-biofuel production

A series of modified hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) supported by various Ni loading (5 wt% Ni, 10 wt% Ni, 40 wt% Ni and 100 wt% Ni) have been synthesized and systematically characterized. The resultant Ni catalysts improved the performance of the deoxygenation (DO) of triolein at a reaction temperature of 380 °C in a simple glass batch reactor under a solvent-free condition and are hydrogen-free. The incorporation of Ni loading into the HMS framework casued the catalytic activity to increase when compared to that of HMS. Surprisingly, 10 wt% Ni/HMS catalyst exhibited the highest conversion. It was observed that 10 wt% Ni loading was highly dispersed on the HMS which is capable of achieving 92.5% and 95.2% of conversion and selectivity, respectively. This is due to the synergistic effect of Si-O-Ni bonding and high dispersion of NiO on HMS. In this respect, the nature of catalyst support such as pore size and the high surface areas of HMS play an important role in enhancing the catalytic performance of DO reaction. This study has revealed that Ni/HMS catalyst is a promising catalyst that can be applied to the development of sustainable biofuel from non-edible oil.

Enhancing Cooperativity in Bifunctional Acid–Pd Catalysts with Carboxylic Acid-Functionalized Organic Monolayers

Cooperative catalysts containing a combination of noble metal hydrogenation sites and Bronsted acid sites are critical for many reactions, including the deoxygenation (DO) of biomass-derived oxygenates in the upgrading of pyrolysis oil. One route toward the design of cooperative catalysts is to tether two different catalytically active functions so that they are in close proximity while avoiding undesirable interactions that can block active sites. Here, we deposited carboxylic acid (CA)-functionalized organophosphonate monolayers onto Al2O3-supported Pd nanoparticle catalysts to prepare bifunctional catalysts containing both Bronsted acid and metal sites. Modification with phosphonic acids (PAs) improved activity and selectivity for gas-phase DO reactions, but the degree of improvement was highly sensitive to both the presence and positioning of the CA group, suggesting a significant contribution from both the PA and CA sites. Short spacer lengths of 1–2 methylene groups between the phosphonate head and ...

The effect of modified position drainage on the clinical efficacy and quality of survival of patients with refractory pulmonary infection after thoracic surgery

Objective To explore the effect of modified position drainage on the clinical efficacy and quality of survival of patients with refractory pulmonary infection after thoracic surgery. Methods From October 2014 to October 2015, 51 patients with refractory pulmonary infection after cardiothoracic surgery were selected as the control group, and routine nursing intervention was given.From November 2015 to November 2016, 51 cases of patients with refractory pulmonary infection after cardiothoracic surgery were selected as the study group, and the modified position drainage nursing intervention was given.The antbiotic use, sputum culture positive rate, blood spirit index and clinical index of patients in both groups in 5 days and 15 days after caring were compared.In addition, the survival quality score of patients in both groups was also compared. Results The positive rate of sputum culture and antibiotic use were lower in the study group than in the control group at 15 days after nursing (P<0.05). The PaO2 of the study group was higher than that of the control group at 15 days after nursing, and PaCO2 was lower than the control group (P<0.05). In the five days and 15 days after the study, the daily amount of sputum and daily deoxygenation were better than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The survival quality score of the study group was higher than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions Modified postural drainage is effective in the treatment of intractable pulmonary infection after cardiothoracic surgery.It can effectively reduce the use of antibiotics, decrease the positive rate of sputum culture, improve the blood gas index and improve the quality of life, and it has significant clinical value. Key words: Modified postural drainage; Cardiothoracic surgery; Intractable pulmonary infection; Blood gas index; Quality of life

Promoting deoxygenation of triglycerides via Co-Ca loaded SiO2-Al2O3 catalyst

Triglycerides and fatty acid derivatives can be converted to hydrocarbon-grade green diesel that are entirely fungible to the fossil fuels. In the present study, deoxygenation (DO) process of triolein was studied by using mesoporous SiO2-Al2O3 supported Co-Ca catalyst. The presence of active metals (Co-Ca) showed high DO activity exclusively via decarboxylation/decarbonylation (deCOx) pathways with maximum hydrocarbon n-(C8-C20) yield of 73%, and high selectivity of n-C15 and n-C17 fractions. This results suggested the acid-base active sites of catalyst provide selective deCOx pathway of triglycerides structure. In additional, the presence of high surface area of Co-Ca/ SiO2-Al2O3 enhance the metal dispersion for better accessment of large molecular reactant with catalyst during DO process. An optimum Co metal content (10 wt.%) for deCOx reaction was observed, while an excess Co content is not preferable due to tendency of cracking effect. The efficiency of Co-Ca/SiO2-Al2O3 was investigated by using non-edible feedstock (e.g. Ceiba oil and Sterculia oil) along with catalyst stability study were carried out. Resulst also indicated that degradation of DO activity was due to the formation of coke.

Pyrolytic-deoxygenation of triglycerides model compound and non-edible oil to hydrocarbons over SiO2-Al2O3 supported NiO-CaO catalysts

Catalytic deoxygenation (DO) of triglycerides-based feeds to diesel-like fuel was investigated over NiO-CaO/SiO2-Al2O3 and NiO/SiO2-Al2O3 catalysts using semi-batch reactor under partial vacuum and inert N2 flow. The results showed that the bi-functional catalyst exhibited the highest DO activity with product selectivity toward diesel-like fuel n-(C13–C20). The catalytic process appeared to inhibit the occurrence of side reactions via neutralization of the strong acid sites. On the other hand, DO reaction under inert N2 flow has improved the deoxygenated product, which demonstrate that N2 flow condition has effectively removed the decarboxylation/decarbonylation gasses (CO2/CO) from poisoning the catalyst active sites. The high concentration of strong basic-acid sites of the catalyst is the main reason for increased CC cleavage pathway, while milder acidic sites responsible for CO cleavage pathway. High degree of unsaturated fatty acid in the feedstock has affected adversely the DO of triglycerides by accelerating the catalyst deactivation. The N2 flow condition, degree of unsaturated fatty acid in the feedstocks, acidity and basicity of the catalysts are important factors to improve DO activity as well as product selectivity.

Deoxygenation of waste cooking to renewable diesel over walnut shell-derived nanorode activated carbon supported CaO-La2O3 catalyst

Waste cooking oil (WCO) is a potential non-edible feedstock that is sustainable for production of automotive green diesel. The present study focused on synthesis of WCO-derived green diesel through catalytic deoxygenation (DO) process using bimetallic acid-base CaO-La2O3/AC nanosized catalyst under zero hydrogen environment. Results indicated that the prepared nano-catalyst rendered high deoxygenation reactivity with 72% yield of straight chain hydrocarbons (C8-C20). The CaO-La2O3/AC catalysed reaction pathway favour in decarboxylation/decarbonylation route instead of cracking effect, which consistently formed major n-C15 fractions at approximately >80%. In addition, CaO-La2O3/AC showed high catalytic stability and reusability up to 6 cycles with >73% of yield and selectivity to n-C15 of >82%. The catalyst showed an excellent coke inhibitor with less than 2wt% of coke under TGA analysis.

Value of application of sevoflurane anesthesia induction in anesthesia management of foreign matter removal from trachea in children

Objective To explore the value of application of Sevoflurane anesthesia induction in anesthesia management of foreign matter removal from trachea in children. Methods Sixty five cases of children with tracheal foreign matter related in our hospital from January 2015 to December 2016 were selected as the study objects, and were divided into two groups according to random number table method. The control group of 32 cases was given 2.5 mg/kg propofol to induce anaesthesia, and the observation group of 33 cases was given 8% Sevoflurane inhalation to induce anesthesia. One shot success rate, deoxygenation time, operation time, recovery time and the relative parameters (systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, respiratory rate and pulse oxygen saturation) at entrance time, before and after setting the mirror were contrasted and analyzed, and the intraoperative and postoperative adverse reactions were recorded in the two groups. Results There were no significant differences in respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure between two groups at entrance time and before setting the mirror (P>0.05). The respiratory rate and blood oxygen saturation of the observation group were higher than those of control group after setting the mirror and at withdrawing mirror time, with statistically significant differences (P 0.05). Deoxygenation time, operation time and recovery time of the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The total incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions Sevoflurane anesthesia induction can obviously shorten operation time and recovery time in foreign matter removal from trachea in children, and reduce the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative adverse reactions. It has good clinical effect. Key words: Methyl ethers/AD; Foreign bodies/SU; Tracheal diseases/SU; Anesthesia

ChemInform Abstract: Diborane‐Mediated Deoxygenation of o‐Nitrostyrenes to Form Indoles.

AbstractA mild, reductive cyclization of ortho‐nitrostyrenes affords indoles via in situ generated nitroso arenes.