Board Density Research Articles

Influence of Board Density on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Oriented Strand Lumber

The process of bamboo-oriented strand lumber (BOSL) represents one of the best opportunities for automation, property control and consistency, and high utilization of material from abundant, fast-growing, and sustainable bamboo. In this study, BOSLs were prepared, with reference to the preparation process of bamboo scrimber, by compressing and densifying constituent units under the action of moisture-heat-force and resin polymerization, and then the effects of density variation on their physical and mechanical properties were investigated. The results revealed that the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength and shear strength of BOSL with density of 0.78–1.3 g/cm3 ranged from 124.42 to 163.2 MPa, 15,455 to 21,849 MPa, 65.02 to 111.63 MPa, and 9.88 to 18.35 MPa, respectively. The preparation of BOSL with bamboo as raw material could retain the good mechanical properties of natural bamboo, and produce bamboo-based structural products with different properties by controlling the density. The high strength of BOSL with high density was primarily due to the increased volume fraction of elementary fibers, the reduced porosity, and the enhanced gluing interface. The performance of BOSL can be comparable to, or surpass that of, wood or bamboo products. This study provided necessary basic research for the engineering design and application of BOSL.

Development and characterization of wood-polypropylene plastic-cement composite board

The utilization of agricultural residues and industrial wastes such as plastics to complement the use of solid wood in the manufacturing of composite panels presents an effective and efficient way of waste management for sustainable utilization of resources, especially in developing countries. Thus, the present study aimed at developing a cheap, safe, and energy-efficient composite board for effective house partitioning from sawdust and polypropylene plastic using cement and expanded polystyrene (EPS). Composite boards were developed from the blend of sawdust and polypropylene plastic using cement and expanded polystyrene (EPS) as adhesives. The composite boards were made by varying the sawdust-polypropylene ratio as well as the cement-EPS ratio. A constant load of 0.2 MPa was used in compacting the materials in a prepared aluminum mold under a hydraulic press machine. Physico-mechanical properties of the composite board such as density, water absorption, moisture content, compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strengths were evaluated. The density of the composite boards varied from 490 to 630 kg/m3. The moisture content ranged from 6.04 to 9.09% while the water absorption ranged from 30 to 80% after 2 and 24 h immersion. The highest flexural, tensile and compressive strength for the composite boards were 7.10, 1.52, and 3.72 MPa, respectively. The composite samples met all the requirements of a partitioning wall except for flexural strength based on IS3087 standard. Cement and EPS were found to be suitable as adhesive for the development of composite boards from sawdust and polypropylene.

The possible use of surian tree (Toona sinensis Roem) branches as an alternative raw material in the production of composite boards

The current research focuses on the utilization of branches and twigs of surian as raw material for making composite boards in an effort to utilize the waste part of surian stem wood waste. The types of particle board and oriented strand board were bonded with phenol formaldehyde (PF) of 10% resin content. Variations of board density and board types were focused in this research. The boards were evaluated based on Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS). The results showed that the density of the board affected the physical and mechanical properties of the composite board. Strand boards were better than particle boards with regard to mechanical properties. Physical properties that met the testing standards were moisture content, density, water absorption and thickness swell for both after soaking 2 h in water, while for the mechanical properties test, only modulus of elasticity (MOE) met the standards. However, for further study, it seemed that generally this initial study informed that it was possible to make composite boards from the raw materials, both branches and twigs, with the additional treatment such as changing the size of particles and strands that could improve the properties of the board.

Acoustical behaviour of natural fibres-based composite boards as sound-absorbing materials

The studies on acoustical behaviour of composite boards made from five different types of natural fibres (bagasse, bamboo, banana, coir and corn husk) have been carried out for their utilization as sound-absorbing materials. The composite boards of all five types of fibres were prepared in three different density range (low, medium and high). The ranges of low, medium and high density boards varied from 280 to 300 kg/m3, 320 to 350 kg/m3 and 400 to 450 kg/m3, respectively. The porosity, which was calculated based on bulk board density and fibre density, was found to vary from 50 to 79% depending upon the types of fibres and density of board. The damping coefficient (tan δ) was determined using dynamic mechanical analyzer and found maximum (0.09) in banana and corn husk fibre boards having density 280–297 kg/m3). The variation of sound absorption coefficient of fibre boards with frequency (up to 4 kHz) was measured. The noise reduction coefficient (NRC), which was calculated as an average of sound absorption coefficient values at 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz, was found to decrease with the increase in board densities for all the five types of boards. The maximum NRC value of 0.40 was found for banana fibre boards having density of 280 kg/m3 and therefore found comparatively more suitable as sound absorbing material.

The improvement on physical and mechanical properties of particle board from jatropha press cake

Jatropha press cake (Jatropha curcas L) has high crude fiber which is potential to be utilized as raw material for particle board production. The objective of this study is to assess the physical and mechanical properties of Jatropha press cake particle board and effect of addition of paraffin and sago starch to improve the quality of particle board. The paraffin was added at 0, 1, and 3%, and the sago starch was added at 6, 8, and 10%. The physical and mechanical properties of particle board product were evaluated. The density of particle board ranged at 0.84-0.95 g/cm3, moisture content 4.56-6.19%, the thickness-swelling for 2h and 24h by soaking in water were 11.67-20.12% and 16.22-25.70%, respectively. The water absorption of particle board for 2h and 24h by soaking in water were 48.74-62.20% and 63.10-72.75%. The Modulus of Rupture (MoR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) of particleboard were 19.70-97.44 kgf/cm2 and 1552-7235 kgf/cm2, respectively. The addition of paraffin and sago starch can improve the physical and mechanical properties of particle board. The particle board with paraffin addition of 3% and sago starch of 10% passes the MoR in accordance with Japan Industrial Standard (JIS) of A 5908:2003.

Distribution of Vascular Bundles and Physical Properties Analysis of Variety DxP Oil Palm Trunk Based on Various Zones and Trunk Heights

In an attempt to obtain a homogenous board density from the palm trunk, this research was carried out to analyze the distribution of vascular bundles and the physical properties of the oil palm trunk (moisture content, density, and specific gravity) in various zones and trunk heights. Oil palm trunk samples were used from 29 years old palm (Planted on 1991) which acquired from Aek Pancur Experimental plantation, Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute (IOPRI). The oil palm trunk sample was cut based on the trunk zones (peripheral, central, and inner), and trunk heights (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 m). The observed parameters were vascular bundles, moisture content, density, and specific gravity. The results showed that the highest number of vascular bundles in the peripheral zone (73.66 vb/cm2). In addition that, the highest density and specific gravity also found in peripheral zone with an average 0,73 gram/cm3 and 0.53, whereas the highest moisture content was found in the inner zone with an average value 141%(w/w). Furthermore, the statistical analysis ((ANOVA and regression test (R2)) in this study showed that the trunk zone factor was more significant than the trunk height for all observed parameters (distribution of vascular bundles, moisture content, density and specific gravity).

Hydration Characteristics and Humidity Control Performance of Calcium Silicate Board Prepared from Mine Tailing and Diatomite

The feasibility of utilizing molybdenum tailing and diatomite as siliceous materials to prepare calcium silicate board was explored. The influences of molybdenum tailing/diatomite proportion on hydration characteristics, thermal conductivity, water absorption, flexural strength and moisture adsorption-desorption property of calcium silicate board were investigated in detail. The experimental results reveal that molybdenum tailing is environmentally friendly to prepare building materials. The main hydration products in calcium silicate board under autoclaved condition are C-S-H with low crystallinity and tobermorite. Molybdenum tailing is favorable to the formation of tobermorite. The flexural strength and bulk density of the calcium silicate board gradually increase when the content of molybdenum tailing increases. Netlike C-S-H is formed with the increase of diatomite content during autoclaved curing process, resulting in the enhancement of moisture adsorptiondesorption performance and the reduction of thermal conductivity. The optimal content of molybdenum tailing is 20%, furthermore, the flexual strength and thermal conductivity of calcium silicate board at this content meet the Chinese standard JC/T564.1-2008.

Characteristics of particleboard manufactured from bamboo shoot sheaths

This study emphasizes on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of single-layer particleboard manufactured from bamboo shoot sheaths. Particleboards were produced through the hot-pressed process and glued together by Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate (MDI) adhesive. This is in order for producing specified densities of boards as 400-kg, 600-kg, and 800-kg per m3. The raw material was sieved into four sizes: No.1-No.4 mesh. The particleboards were used to find board density, water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture in bending, and internal bonding according to the JIS standard. Coefficients of thermal conductivity (k) of boards were discovered by a heat flow meter in steady-state conditions. The results showed that the particleboard performed outstandingly in terms of tensile strength perpendicular to the surface (internal bonding) and low thermal conductivity. However, there were some weaknesses found from their characteristics that were high water absorption and thickness of swelling, low modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture comparing to standard criteria. The results also indicated that bamboo shoot sheaths, the agricultural residue, can be produced as particleboard, and are appropriate for an indoor heat insulator, but further investigation is required to improve the strength and durability of the particleboard.

Properties of Board Manufactured from Sawdust, Ricehusk and Charcoal

In this study, the environmentally friendly material charcoal was added to ricehusk, an agricultural by-product, and sawdust, which emerges during the sawing process, to produce board by mixing ratio and concentration levels of ricehusk and charcoal; it then investigated its physical properties for development purposes and achieved the following results. The water absorption and thickness swelling of the compounded board produced per adding ratio of ricehusk and charcoal showed a gradually decreasing tendency along with the increase in adding ratio of the charcoal, and as the density of the compounded board increased, the water absorption decreased, while the thickness swelling increased. The internal bond strength of the compounded board had indicated its highest value of 0.49N/mm2 at the density of 0.7g/cm3. This satisfied the quality standard for KSF 3104 Particleboard. The internal bond strength of the compounded board manufactured per adding ratio of ricehusk and charcoal showed a steady decrease with the decrease in the adding ratio of ricehusk, and an increase in the addingratio of the charcoal. Also, in cases when the ratio of the ricehusk and charcoal by KSF 3104 quality standard were 35:5 and 30:10, it satisfied the quality standard of 15.0-type, whereas it satisfied the 13.0-type quality standard if the ratios were 25:15 and 20:20. It showed a tendency of increasing hardness of the compounded board with the increase in density, and decreasing hardness with the increase in the adding ratio of the charcoal.

Effect of wood and panel density on the properties of lightweight strand boards

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of wood and panel density on the properties of lightweight strand boards (SB). For this purpose, we compared lightweight SBs made of low-density kiri wood (Paulownia tomentosa), medium-density pine wood (Pinus sylvestris) and high-density beech wood (Fagus sylvatica). Single-layer non-oriented SBs were manufactured with target densities of 300 and 400 kg m−3. Cohesion of beech boards was insufficient for further testing. The larger compaction ratio of kiri boards resulted in a steep density profile and mechanical properties, namely modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and internal bond (IB), superior to those of pine boards. However, Kiri panels exhibited a higher thickness swelling (TS). MOR of kiri boards was 2.6 and 1.6 times higher than that of pine boards at 300 and 400 kg m−3, respectively, while these ratios were only 1.8 and 1.2 for MOE. We conclude that the effect of wood density on bending properties reduces as panel density increases and that the compaction ratio affects MOR more than MOE, which is mainly determined by panel density. Hence, utilization of low-density kiri wood allows reduction of board density with MOE being the limiting factor.

Sifat Fisis Dan Keunggulan Papan Semen Dari Limbah Kulit Batang Sagu

This research aimed to determine the physical properties and advantages of cement boards made from sago stem bark waste based on the test results of several parameters, according to JIS A 5908 (2003) standard. The results show that the physical properties of cement board from sago stem bark waste with the addition of the CaCl2 catalyst were good with the average value of cement board density ranged from 1.19-1.26 gr/cm³, water content 7,67-8,02%, water absorption after immersion 2 hours 6,03-7.65% and after 24-hour immersion 11,62-12,91%, respectively. The averages swelling value of board thickness after immersion 2 hours 1.62-12,91% and after immersion 24 hours 1.40-3.41%. Furthermore, sago bark waste in various positions of the tree trunk (tree base, middle, and top) can be utilized to manufacture the cement board. However, the board made from sago stem bark waste at the ground with the addition of a catalyst CaCl2 6% has the best physical properties and meets JIS A 5908 (2003) standard. Cement boards from sago stem bark waste have an excellent waterproof capability and can be used as outdoor materials.

Manufacture of thin rice straw particleboards bonded with various polymeric methane diphenyl diisocyanate/ urea formaldehyde resin mixtures

Reducing particleboard thickness is one of the major approaches to decrease consumption volume of particleboard for furniture manufacture. This study employed an adhesive mixture of polymeric methane diphenyl diisocyanate (PMDI) and urea formaldehyde (UF) to produce single-layer medium density thin rice straw particleboard. The effects of various PMDI/UF formulations as well as board density on mechanical properties and water resistance of rice straw particleboard were studied. The results indicated that the mechanical properties and water resistance of the thin rice straw particleboard were appreciably affected by resin formulation. The panels bonded with PMDI/UF adhesive mixtures had mechanical properties and water resistance far superior to those bonded with UF. Higher PMDI content levels in resin mixtures led to improved mechanical properties and water resistance. Density influenced mechanical properties and water resistance of the thin rice straw particleboard. Increasing the density of the panel could upgrade the mechanical properties of the thin rice straw particleboard. The experimental outcomes showed that PMDI/UF resin systems had potential to substitute for pure PMDI resin in producing thin rice straw particleboard, which could effectively lower manufacturing cost and bring economic efficiencies due to reduced amount of pricey PMDI.

Experimental Evaluation of a New Giant Reed (Arundo Donax L.) Composite Using Citric Acid as a Natural Binder

The raw materials used to manufacture thermal insulation in buildings consume a large amount of energy and are not generally biodegradable, which means it is necessary to increase the use of renewable, eco-friendly resources such as plant fibers in order to reduce the environmental problems this generates. The wood adhesives developed by the petrochemical industry offer excellent performance and are affordable. However, their use has an expiry date and in the future they will be rejected due to the environmental and health problems they can cause. The objective of this work was to develop a new eco-friendly biocomposite that could be used for thermal insulation in buildings. Boards were manufactured from giant reed particles with a particle size of 2 to 4 mm, using 5 and 10% by weight of citric acid as a natural binder. Experiments were then carried out to investigate the effect of board density on mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. A new type of composite was obtained with a thermal conductivity of 0.081–0.093 W/m K, which makes it suitable as an insulating material. The boards with a density of 850 kg/m3 had a modulus of rupture (MOR) of 12.5 N/mm2, a modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 2440 N/mm2, and an internal bonding strength (IB) of 0.61 N/mm2, and they could be used as insulation panels for divisions and enclosures in buildings.

Evaluation of selected properties of oriented strand boards made from fast growing wood species

Three fast-growing wood species in Romania, namely birch, willow, and poplar, were considered in this work. These species may have potential to replace softwoods or mixtures of wood species frequently used in the production of oriented strand boards (OSB). This study evaluated some physico-mechanical properties of these wood species that influence the performance of OSB boards made using 100% of strands from each individual species. Wood strands were cut, dried, screened, and sorted in order to form the core and surface layers of OSB boards. They were blended with a polymeric diphenyl methane diisocyanate adhesive (pMDI) and compressed with the help of a hydraulic press. The mechanical tests were performed under standard laboratory conditions. The obtained OSB boards made of each of the wood species met the EN standard of minimum requirements for OSB/2 properties, except the MOE of poplar-OSB, while its MOR was higher than that obtained for OSB made of birch even for small differences in board density. The birch-OSB presented superior elastic properties. Results of this experimental work can have industrial applications for an efficient use of low-grade raw material.

Determination of shear force capacity of H-type box furniture joints connected with different demountable type of connection elements

In this study, the performances of type of demountable connectors used as connecting elements in the frame construction furniture are compared with the forces against shear force. The test samples were prepared from melamine-coated particle board (YL-Lam) and medium density fiberboard (MDF-Lam). Four types of demountable type of connection elements are used: metal L connection, plastic T connection, metal T connection and moon connection. The experimental samples were subjected to static stress tests under the critical loads that could be affected during the use. As a result of the experiments, the highest shear force was obtained from the test specimens prepared by using MDF-Lam and metal T connectors. The lowest was determined by using YL-Lam and plastic T connector. According to the results of the experiment, in the H type construction prepared with YL-Lam, when the shear force bearing capacity of the connection element is ordered from highest to lowest, respectively; Metal T, Moon, Metal L and Plastic T connectors were determined while in the construction prepared with MDF-Lam it is ordered as Metal T, Metal L, Plastic T and Moon connectors. In this study, the load-bearing capacity of the test samples and the load-deflection graph formed under this loading are given.

Sifat fisik, mekanik dan akustik papan partikel berbahan dasar batang jagung (Zea mays L.) [Physical, mechanical and acoustical characteristics of particleboard made from corn stalk (Zea mays L.)

Corn stalk is considered as agricultural by-products that is abundance and easy to obtain in Indonesia. Corn stalk is an agricultural by-product that highly potential to be exploited as raw material for particleboard production. The research was aimed to evaluate the use of corn stalk in the production of particleboard especially for its acoustics and physical properties. Targeted board density was 0.5 g/cm 3 and 0.7 g/cm 3 . The Adhesive used in the board production were urea formaldehyde 10%, phenol formaldehyde 10% and isocyanate (pMDI) 10% based on their solid content. Board dimension was 35 x 35 x 1 cm. The pressure used was 25 kgf/cm 2 , temperature of 130℃ and 150℃ for 10 minutes. After production, boards were conditioned at room temperature for 7 days prior to testing. The standard for physical and mechanical properties JIS A 5908-2003, Acoustic properties testing was according to JIS A 1405-1963. The result shows that particleboard with isocyanate adhesive both with low and medium density had the best result. Acoustic testing shows that the highest sound absorption coefficient was given by particleboard with isocyanate at frequency 1500 Hz.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIK KOMPOSIT GIPSUM BERPENGUAT SERAT ALAM SISAL SUMBAWA SEBAGAI PAPAN PLAFON

The gypsy composite ceiling of the sisal fibre amplifier is a potential environmentally friendly alternative replacing the commercial gyssum without fiber or a gypsy sum reinforcing fiber synthesis. In this study, manufactured a gypsy composite ceiling of a Sumbawa sisal fiber with a faction composition of the volume of 65% of a gypsy, cement 29% and sisal fiber 6%. The direction of fiber is variated with four conditions namely continuous fibre (SC) fiber woven (SW), discontinuous fibre (SDC) and hybrid fiber (SH). As a comparison of the use of Gypsy board without fiber with a fraction of the volume of a gypsy 65% and cement 35%. Then carried out physical testing (density test and water absorption) and mechanical testing of broken forces (modulus of rupture/MOR) and bending strength (modulus of elasticity/MOE). The results of physical testing showed an increase in the the density of a gypsy board of the 1.17 g/cm3 to ± 1.71 g/cm3 after reinforced fiber and absorbent water ± 42.76% for all fiber board. For the mechanical properties of MOR and MOE the highest value is produced by specimen with a directional continuous fiber direction (SC) of 10.58 MPa and 3890.6 MPa. And the lowest is owned specimen with a random discontinuous fiber direction (SDC) of 5.05 MPa and 1530.2 MPa. However, the value of fracture and bending of the SDC specimen is still higher than the commercial gypsy board without fiber. Feasibility analysis is performed by comparing the physical and mechanical properties of JIS A 5417-1992 and ISO 8336-2017 standards.

PENGARUH JENIS BAMBU DAN UKURAN PARTIKEL TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK PAPAN SEMEN

Objective of the study was to measure effect of bamboo species and the types of particles to the physical properties of cement board. Type of wood particles used in cement board were sawdust, flake, and mixture of flake and sawdust. Factorial experiment in randomized complete design was applied in the study with two factors such as species of bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper, Backe), (Gigantochloa atter (Hask) Kurz ex Munro) and (Bambussa vertilatta), and type of wood particles (sawdust, flake, and mixture of flake and sawdust). Result of the study indicated that types of wood particles was highly significant effect to the cement board such as density of board in oven dry condition and air dry condition. Combination of species of bamboo and types of wood particles was significant effect to the thickness swelling of the board. Species of bamboo was not significant effect to physical properties of the board.

Influence of production variables on dimensional stability of bamboo–gmelina cement-bonded particle board

Negative environmental impacts caused by many materials, such as asbestos and various types of polymers, have triggered the search for environmentally friendly inputs, wood – cement composite materials are now being investigated with their potentials in this area.This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of selected production variables of dimensional stability on cement-bonded particle board produced from a mixture of Bambusa vulgaris, Gmelina arborea cement and addictive. The production variables are particle geometries (2.0 mm and 2.5 mm), mixing ratios (2.0:1.0:1.0, 2.5:1.0:1.0 and 3.0:1.0:1.0) and density of 1000 kg/m3, 1100 kg/m3 and 1200 kg/m3. The experiment was 2x3x3 factorial in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Parameters investigated in the study were Water Absorption (%) and Thickness swelling (%).The result showed that the highest mean values for water absorption (WA) was observed in density 1000 kg/m3 at mixing ratio 2:1:1 with mean values of 31.8% and 30.45%, while the least mean value was observed in density 1200 kg at mixing ratio 3:1:1 with mean value of 8.0% and 6.25% for both particle sizes (2.0mm and 2.5mm) respectively. However in thickness swelling the highest mean values, was observed in density 1000kg/m3 at the mixing ratio 2:1:1 with mean value7.99% and 6.18% while the least mean value was observed at the density 1200kg/m3 at mixing ratio 3:1:1 with mean value 0.86%, and 1.48% for both particle sizes (2.0mm and 2.5mm) respectively in cold water immersion. Production variables such as mixing ratio, board density and particle size have great influence on the selected physical properties of Bamboo – Gmelina cement-bonded particle board investigated.Keywords: Productionvariables,Cement-bonded particle board,Dimensional Stability

Currency Note Paper and Banana Fiber Pulp Waste Utilization and its Effect of Density, Moisture and Temperature on Wood Products

Possibilities for use of banana fiber and currency notes thermally modified groups were evaluated for the production of plywood boards in industrial conditions. Formats of groups were treated at temperatures of 190 °C, 200 °C, 210 °C, and 215 °C for each 9 h to making the pulp process. By combining the treated and non-treated formats of veneer in types of board groups, thirteen different types of board were made. Analysis showed that the examined physical and mechanical properties were influenced by both the type of construction and the applied thermal treatment. Boards composed only of thermally modified group achieved the best results regarding moisture absorption and dimensional stability, and boards composed of the combined currency notes and banana fiber had better mechanical properties. As per the analysis of plywood board when used banana fiber used in pulp of plywood board is suitable at190 °C temperature rather than 215 °C temperature with comparing the other types of board. 25 °C temperature is less requires for control group board. We can consume cost of heat which is used in this process and getting the hard quality of plywood. At 215 °C temperature of processing cost of heat is 10% of plywood cost and when at 190°C of processing the cost of heat is 9.06% of plywood cost so that we can consume 0.94% cost of heat. Moisture content of temperature conditioned boards of control group is 9.01% density of conditioned boards 436.36 kg/m3. Highest bending strength and modulus of elasticity of boards is 48.07MPa and 6078 MPa in longitudinal direction and bending strength and modulus of elasticity of boards in cross-section 28.40MPa and 2027 MPa.