Demand For Grain Research Articles

Genetic yield improvement forecast and water-limited productivity of significant agricultural crops

In the next 4 decades, when growth of this segment, feed, and biofuel feedstock is expected to stabilize, improve crop yields under potential (Yp) as well as water scarcity (Yw) conditions will be important to enhancing food security. To meet predicted demand in 2050, the three main cereal crops (cereals, maize, and rice) will require 1.16-1.31% yearly increase in Yp and Yw. They may fall much more if current absolute yield increase rates continue steady, or if recent indicators of agricultural production halting in certain parts of the world become widespread. There are a variety of methods for increasing Yp and Yw genetic improvement rates, including photosynthetic genetic engineering, above-ground awareness and high design, and boosting root levels of water uptake. Because time is limited, the time scales required to progress potentially advantageous features to field prototype system, farmer-ready cultivars, and widespread farmer adoption are given special attention. The value of molecular breeding methods as tools for improving fundamental and complicated genetic features is highlighted. Only a small percentage of useful features are integrated into the breeding process, and information is not widely shared between research teams. Increasing financing for targeted research, as well as identifying and removing or decreasing roadblocks at different stages of the concept to farmer-ready cultivar chain, might help to accelerate the exploitation of these prospects. Possible genetic advances in Yp or Yw, such as using hybrid vigor in rice or genetically engineering photosynthesis, are unlikely to alter this prognosis. No amount of optimism can hide the reality that without sustained investment in genetic improvement and breeding aids, unfulfilled demand for grains in 2050 will be much higher.

Manor estates in the context of changes in the economic situation of Poland in the 14th–17th centuries

Considering “Folwark” (Manor) as one of components of an estate, the authors focus on its development and changes in form of its organization, against a background of a changing economic situation. They treat the 14th and the 16th centuries as a time of prosperity and the 15th, 17th centuries as a period of decrease in demand for agricultural products. Big “Folwark”, understood as an estate connected with a local market, emerged during the 14th c. mainly as a result of great land estates’ reorganization. Its concomitant was the gradual and equivalent removal of feudal rent’s point of gravity from a rent in money to labour (e.g. Lesser Poland). This was caused also by an insufficient supply of money in peripheral parts of Poland. A villein manor in the middle gentry’s estate appeared on the turn of 15th and 16th centuries as a result of peasant holdings’ crisis, as they were not able to sell their productsand get money to pay a rent, gradually being changed into a labour. It is concomitant was peasants’ aiming to make services lower by diminishing an area of tillage. The followingcorrelation can be noticed: the villein manor – “folwark” – developed faster in the regions less connected with the market and predominated by big rental peasant holdings. It wasdifferent in parts of Poland predominated by big rental peasant farms, situated in the territories of a greater demand for agricultural products. In regions connected with the market(e.g. East Pomerania) manors of the great landowners did not make use of villein services, but of a hired labour. The change of service forms from a money-rent to labour resultedfrom worsening of the sales conditions. The increase in both kinds of rent in the 16th c. was caused by a growth of peasants’ profits as a result of improvement in the economic situation in Poland, caused by an external demand for grain. The money-rent predominated in periods of prosperity and greater supply of money; the villein labour predominatedwhen the economic situation was not good. Regions connected with the Gdansk market developed in a different way than the rest of the country – they were predominated by peasant rental economy and hired manor; the last aimed to displace peasants from the selling market. The paper was originally published as Folwark i zmiany koniunktury gospodarczej w Polsce w XIV–XVII wieku, “Klio” 2003, vol. 4 (2), pp. 25–40.

COVID‐19 and the Demand for Online Food Shopping Services: Empirical Evidence from Taiwan

We investigate how the coronavirus pandemic affected the demand for online food shopping services using data from the largest agri‐food e‐commerce platform in Taiwan. We find that an additional confirmed case of COVID‐19 increased sales by 5.7% and the number of customers by 4.9%. The demand for grains, fresh fruit and vegetables, and frozen foods increased the most, which benefited small farms over agribusinesses. The variety of products sold on the e‐commerce platform also increased during the pandemic, which suggests the concentration of sales on niche products could increase as more consumers are drawn to online platforms. Our investigation of mechanisms for the shift to online food shopping indicates that sales were highly responsive to COVID‐19 media coverage and online content.

Morphological study of different varieties of rice traits influencing nitrogen and water uptake efficiency

This research aimed at establishing the morphology of the root and sizes under various irrigation cultures. The comparison was made for root to shoot ratio under the traditional culture of flooding. We hypothesize that, due to limited root system development under aerobic conditions, rice is poorly adapted to different environments. In the meantime, there has to be an increase in demand for grain and output per area, as newly planted areas are scarce. This study discusses the latest theoretical physiological, metabolic and genetic factors affecting nitrogen intake and use in different N processes. It covers the root system's position and nitrate- ammonium assimilation and its relationship with Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE), were discussed. Phenotyping and molecular breeding techniques concerning N and water regimes and genetic diversity were also evaluated and simulated.

Analysis of Climatic Potential Productivity and Wheat Production in Different Producing Areas of the Northern Hemisphere

Cultivation patterns under water saving management are closely related to climate change and crop productivity. Survey data for wheat production in China, Canada, and the USA from 1965 to 2014 was analyzed through classification statistics, comparative analysis and weighting methods. The results showed that China, Canada and the USA wheat grain production accounts for 26.49% to 34.68% of global wheat production. Of these three countries, both the highest total yield and the highest average yield per area sown were in China post 1985. Since 2000, China has accounted for 10.70% to 11.12% of global wheat planted area, producing 15.73% to 17.45% of global wheat output. Achieving high wheat yield in China was mainly based on consuming more irrigation water. The per capita arable land in China, Canada and the USA was 0.10 ha, 1.31 ha and 0.70 ha, respectively. The per capita arable land in Hebei, China, Saskatchewan, Canada and Oklahoma, USA was 0.09 ha, 16.11 ha and 3.48 ha, respectively. Hengshui, China (HS) produces two crops a year. Outlook, Saskatchewan, Canada (OK) and Woodward, Oklahoma, USA (WW) produce one crop a year. Mean precipitation averages 109 mm, 210 mm and 291mm during the wheat growing season, respectively. Due to less per capita arable land in China, achieving high yield means higher water consumption, which creates a sharp contradiction between water scarcity and demand for grain in China. Consequently, high water use efficiency technologies in agriculture are more needed in China than in the other two countries. High demand for water at post 1985 yield levels cannot be met by rain-fed production in HS. Grain yields of 5975.6 kg/ha to 7031.2 kg/ha can be achieved with irrigation. Economic benefits mainly determine wheat production in the USA and Canada, whereas in China production is driven by food security and sustainable production goals. The conclusions of this paper could provide a reference for wheat production in different regions.

Global trends in the crop protection industry.

With the world’s human population expected to reach nearly 10 billion by 2050 and the negative impact of climate change on agriculture, maintenance of a stable global food supply is under significant threat. Given these dynamics, this article outlines the current market trends in the crop protection industry, including corporate consolidations and agrochemical regulations, comments on new technologies and the situation surrounding research and development (R&D) in the industry. It also highlights how agrochemicals contribute to building a more sustainable society. 1. Environmental trends (population growth, grain demand, and climate change) According to an estimate by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world population has reached 7.55 billion in 2017 and will reach 9.8 billion by 2050. Accompanying this growth is a demand for grain that is expected to increase at least 2.2-fold from 1970 to 2020 (2.5 billion tons). In contrast to needed increases in grain demand to parallel population growth, the amount of cultivated area in the world in 2015 was virtually the same as it was in 1965, with no rapid increase expected in the future. Therefore, combined with the predicted population growth, it appears that cultivated area per person will continue to decline worldwide. Climate change is also looming as a major threat to grain production. On the one hand, temperatures rise could extend the growing season in certain areas, and it is possible that increased carbon dioxide levels may facilitate photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation in certain types of plants, potentially leading to increases in grain productivity. Especially in areas in the Eurasian continent and high-latitude regions of North America, increased temperatures are expected to enhance grain crop yields. Many other areas, however, are likely to witness lower grain crop yields due to the influence of climate change. Moreover, many of the areas predicted to suffer reduced crop yields are currently major grain-producing regions. This means climate change threatens to greatly affect crop production as a whole. Across the world, the loss of yield in 2050 compared to 2000 is expected to be 24% for maize, 11% for rice, and 3% for wheat.1) Open in a separate window Fig. 1. Cultivated area worldwide and per person. Source: FAOSTAT (http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home) Consequently, it is obvious that it will not be possible to maintain the balance of supply and demand of grain down the road at current rates of grain production. In addition to the negative effects of climate change, it is unreasonable to expect a rapid expansion of cultivated area synchronously with the increasing demand for grain production that results from population growth. Under such environmental conditions, agricultural productivity per unit cultivated area must be increased to provide sufficient food to support the world’s population. Furthermore, it is imperative to use agricultural materials, including agrochemicals, more effectively than ever before and adopt innovative technological approaches to overcome these problems.

DETERMINANTS OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND AND PRICES FOR SOME MAJOR CROPS IN GLOBAL MARKETS FOR THE PERIOD (1990-2010)

Supply and demand analysis is of a great importance in economic studies, especially the supply and demand of grain crops strategy in the global market because of its close link themes of food security and strategic stocks, and prices play an important role in influencing the volume of production, consumption and distribution in the structure of economic communities. This research adopted on analysis quantitative and economic method to achieve the objectives. The analysis has found that the trend overall time for each of the rate of growth of production and consumption has taken a growing trend rate (35.8) and (29.2) million tons, respectively. The results showed significant variables acreage and technological development in the influence function display World cereal and by (86.3%) of the total changes, as shown by significant variable size of the population only in function of global demand and by (89.6%) of the total changes, either for variables of global supply and global demand for grain only noon legal entities in their impact on the function world prices. The study reached at a set of findings and recommendations.

Assessment of Developing of the Grain Market Stability

The grain market has strategic importance for economy of the Russian Federation. This is reflected in the provision of national needs and income from the sale of grain. Russia is situated on a large territory and has regions with sufficient bioclimatic potential for grain production and regions, which are located in harsh natural and climatic conditions, which are not suitable for commercial agriculture. The main task of the national grain market is uninterrupted provision of needs. The possibility of filling of the interregional market with grain can be provided only on condition of high stability of development of all regional grain markets of the Russian Federation subjects, located in the southern and central parts of the country. The object of the research was the grain economy of the Tambov region. The research has shown that almost all economic laws of agricultural development are violated due to the lack of availability of agricultural producers resources. The intraregional demand for grain, which is increased by 47.7% for 2013-2017 years, is fully satisfied. The current situation of grain prices does not allow receiving sufficient income. The level of the profitability of grain production in 2017 amounted to only 17.4%, exceeding the official inflation rate by only 13.4%. The main problem of agricultural producers of grain is the lack of resources for the production process. The unfavorable economic conditions determines the system character of the problems of the grain market. Under these circumstances, the sustainability of the grain market can be assessed only as conditionally sufficient.

The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan by Sarah Cameron

Reviewed by: The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan by Sarah Cameron Aminat Chokobaeva (bio) Sarah Cameron, The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2018). 277 pp., ills. Bibliography. Index. ISBN: 978-1-5017-3043-6. Compared to the Ukrainian famine, or Holodomor as it has become colloquially and academically known, the famine of 1930–1933 in Soviet Kazakhstan has attracted only modest scholarly attention since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Sarah Cameron's book is a significant and timely contribution to the historiography of Soviet Central Asia and the debates about the nature of Soviet modernization and nation-building in the national peripheries. Clearly structured and written in a highly accessible style, the book follows the unfolding of one of the worst famines in human history. Cameron opens the book with an overview of the nomadic economy before and during the agricultural colonization of the Kazakh Steppe, focusing particularly on the environmental conditions of the steppe and the ways in which nomads adapted to its arid climate. Cameron observes that the rapid increase in the human and livestock population of the steppe caused by the mass resettlement of Russian peasants led to the exhaustion of soil and water sources, putting considerable pressure on the resources available to Kazakhs. As greater stretches of land were transferred to new colonists, nomads began migrating shorter distances and grew more dependent on grain grown by the peasants. At the same time, the number of animals that individual nomadic groups could pasture dwindled. By 1907, the average nutrition levels of nearly half of the Kazakh population of the steppe fell below the norm. The combined turmoil of civil conflict and drought that enveloped the region between 1916 and 1920 foreshadowed the collectivization famine; although forced grain requisitions were the primary reason for the famine of 1917–1920, its scale and lethality were magnified by the drought. Chapter 2 details the first Soviet efforts to build socialism in the steppe by promoting the development of the modern Kazakh nation and implementing land reforms that transferred agricultural land from Cossacks and settlers to Kazakhs to encourage nomads to take up settled farming. The failure of these reforms, which resulted in a dramatic drop in grain production, exposed the tensions between the Soviet nationality policy and Soviet agricultural policy. Furthermore, it convinced Moscow that nomadism and the clan structure of Kazakh society were to blame for the reluctance of Kazakhs to abandon [End Page 299] their nomadic lifestyle. The closure of the New Economic Policy and the demand for grain to finance rapid industrialization in the second half of the 1920s spelled the end of expert thinking that saw nomadism as making the best possible use of the steppe resources. The beginning of "Little October" in Kazakhstan, examined in chapter 3, signaled an assault on the traditional Kazakh society. The authorities confiscated the wealthy Kazakh elites, in the process impoverishing their poor kin who depended on kinship networks for survival and protection. To mobilize support for unpopular policies and to shake loose the established and customary loyalties, the authorities recruited local Kazakhs to implement the campaign. The drought that struck northern Kazakhstan in 1928 further compounded the effects of dekulakization in the republic. The first signs of impending famine became apparent already in 1928 as Kazakhs were forced to give up their livestock or slaughter their animals to avoid confiscation, but as Cameron explains in chapter 4, Moscow prioritized grain production at the expense of pastoralism. Collectivization appeared to be the perfect solution to the issue of falling rates of grain collection as it would allow both settling the nomads and expanding the sown area by freeing up additional lands. The freed land would in turn be cultivated by agricultural settlers from European Russia. In practice, collectivization had disastrous implications for the nomadic economy; in addition to losing their livestock to collective farms, which were woefully underfunded and underprovided for–of the planned 318 million rubles only 12 million was allocated for collectivization–nomads were required to shoulder both meat and grain procurement quotas. As more Kazakhs slaughtered or sold their animals...

Influence of mixing and diffusion on moisture content of maize in a feed mill wet bin

To keep up with the increasing demand for grain, proper drying and storage of grain is critical. Increasing the efficiency of these systems has been investigated, but there has been very little focus on the phenomena that occur inside a wet bin. This research investigated the influence of mixing and diffusion on the moisture content of maize as it leaves the wet bin. To determine the effect of mixing and diffusion of maize on moisture contents as it exits the wet bin, moisture content was established and dye and diffusion tests were conducted. The results of showed that the mixing and diffusion of the each load directly affect the moisture content in the unload increments. The moisture content profile was divided into four sections. Section I, the unload increments 1–3 are primarily load A only; Section II, unload increments 4–6 are primarily mixing of only load A and B with increasing of load B effect; Section III, Unload increments 7–11 are primarily mixing of only load B and C with increasing of load C effect; Section IV, unload increments 12–13 is affected by funnel flow and load B in a stagnation zone near the wall boundary slightly increases.

Effects of urbanization on food demand in China

Urbanization in China has been on a steady rise recently, which has contributed to the changing consumer food preferences and consumption patterns. This carries significant implications for food security in China and the global food trade, given the role China plays on global food markets. This study investigates the effects of urbanization on food demand in China by adopting an empirical framework that incorporates urbanization into a theory plausible demand system. It also considers the effects of urbanization-induced loss of agricultural land and increased pollution on food production resource quality and food supply. Modeling the demand and supply components simultaneously allows us to undertake equilibrium analysis to determine prices. Based on the urbanization elasticities derived and estimated in this study, our findings indicate that urbanization has increased demand for meats, fruit, and eggs, while reducing demand for grains, vegetables, and fats and oils.

A socio-eco-efficiency analysis of integrated and non-integrated crop-livestock-forestry systems in the Brazilian Cerrado based on LCA

Crop-livestock-forest (CLFi) and crop-livestock (CLi) systems are among the most recent agricultural developments in Brazil, and aligned with the principles of cleaner production. Such integrated systems can provide at least three types of product from the same land area over a defined period. This paper presents a holistic sustainability evaluation using life cycle assessment to compare combinations of integrated and conventional systems in the Brazilian Cerrado region. The study assesses a comprehensive set of indicators in the three sustainability dimensions: environmental, economic, and social (socio-eco-efficiency). By prioritizing CLFi, the production area to meet the demand of grains, meat and energy for 500 Brazilians, from 2007 to 2014, reached 70 ha, while the conventional systems would need 420 ha to meet the same demand. This result shows that it is possible to increase production to meet the growing food global demand without the need of expanding the agricultural frontier, preserving the remaining forestland. CLFi combinations systems decreased 55% in climate change potential (2389 t of CO2 equivalent), when compared to the conventional systems. It was also observed that the more integrated systems improved the quality of employment, promoted future generation investments in society, and decreased the total production costs in 54%, when compared to conventional systems. Therefore, intensification achieved through good practices such as association, rotation, and succession by an agroforestry system, optimization of inputs (including water, energy, fertilizers, and crop protection agents), land use, soil quality, biodiversity and social aspects.

穀類(コメ)の新しい需要を開拓するための鮮度評価技術の開発

穀類(コメ)の新しい需要を開拓するための鮮度評価技術の開発

Review of water footprint components of grain

Burgeoning global population, economic development, agriculture and prevailing climate pattern are among aspects contributed to water scarcity. In low and middle income countries, agriculture takes the highest share among water user sector. Demand for grain is widespread all over the globe. Hence, this study review published papers regarding quantification of water footprint of grain. Review shows there are various methods in quantifying water footprint. In ascertaining water footprint, three (green, blue, grey) or two (green, blue) components of water footprint involved. However, there was a study introduced new term in evaluating water footprint, white water footprint. The vulnerability of varying methods is difficulty in conducting comparative among water footprint. Salient source in contributing high water footprint also varies. In some studies, green water footprint play major role. Conversely, few studies found out blue water footprint most contributing component in water footprint. This fluctuate pattern influenced by various aspects, namely, regional climatic characteristics, crop yield and crop types.

Водные ресурсы и продовольственная безопасность: партнерство России и стран Азии

The volume of renewable water resources and specific water availability in countries of Asia is shown. It has been found that at present more than 1.7 billion people live in the conditions of water stress and scarcity. Volumes of fresh water withdrawal for various purposes in Asian countries for 1980–2010 and predominant role of agrarian sector have been shown. Some measures aimed at the water availability for agriculture have been presented. Forecasts of increase of the global demand for grain and cattle-breeding products by 2050 is given and it has been found that Asia will play the leading role in global agriculture trends formation. It has been shown that Russia could become one of the leaders on the market of water-consuming agricultural products as it possesses enormous reserves for grain production increase. Problems with pure drinking water supply in Asian countries have caused drastic increase of bottled water consumption. Bottled water markets in Asian countries are the most rapidly growing in the world. Possibilities of Russia’s cooperation with its Asian neighbors in bottled water supply are shown.

Pyrethroids levels in paddy field water under Mediterranean conditions: measurements and distribution modelling

The cultivation of rice (Oriza sativa L.) under Mediterranean conditions regularly requires the use of treated wastewater due to shortage of freshwater. As a consequence, the intensification of rice production to supply the uprising demand of grain could break the stability between agriculture and environment. In this work, we studied the occurrence and distribution of pyrethroids in surface water and groundwater collected during two periods (flooding and dry soil conditions) in paddy fields located in the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Pyrethroids were detected at concentrations ranging from 14 to 1450 ng L−1 in surface water and from 6 to 833 ng L−1 in groundwater. The results obtained were evaluated statistically using principal component analysis, and differences between both sampling campaigns were found, with lower concentrations of the target compounds during the flooding sampling event. Moreover, a geographic information system program was used to represent a model distribution of the obtained results, showing wastewater treatment plants as the main sources of contamination and the decrease of pyrethroids during flooding condition when water flows over the paddy fields. The impact of these compounds on water quality was discussed.

Development of Sustainable Agriculture in China

Sustainable agricultural development comprises sustainability of agricultural production, sustainability of the rural economy, ecological and environmental sustainability within agricultural systems and sustainability of rural society. China's prime aim is to ensure current and future food security. Based on projections of China's population, its economy, societal factors and agricultural resources and inputs between 2000 and 2050, total grain supply and demand has been predicted and the state of food security analyzed. Total and per capita demand for grain will increase continuously. Total demand will reach 648 Mt in 2020 and 700 Mt in 2050, while total grain yield of cultivated land will reach 470 Mt in 2010, 585 Mt in 2030 and 656 Mt in 2050. The per capita grain production will be around 360 kg in the period 2000-2030 and reach 470 kg in 2050. When productivities of cultivated land and other agricultural resources are all taken into consideration, China's food self-sufficiency ratio will increase from 94.4% in 2000 to 101.3% in 2030, suggesting that China will meet its future demand for food and need for food security. Despite this positive assessment, the country's sustainable agricultural development has encountered many obstacles. These include:a. agricultural water-use shortage; b. cultivated land loss; c. inappropriate usage of fertilizers and pesticides, and d. environmental degradation.This paper aims to give an insight into opportunities and challenges of sustainable agricultural development in China. It also introduces the concepts and aims of Chinese sustainable agriculture. The paper concludes that the current ecological agricultural development in China is the result of a long-term planning system and the outcome of a number of market principles that have been introduced in the last three decades. It is imperative to move the ideology of ecological agriculture into the political realm and promotes a continuous dialogue between researchers, practitioners, and policy makers.

Analysis and Prediction of Chinese Medium and Long Term Total Demand of Grain and Economic Structure

Analysis and Prediction of Chinese Medium and Long Term Total Demand of Grain and Economic Structure

Impact of Different Salts in Soaking Water on the Cooking Time, Texture and Physical Parameters of Cowpeas.

The characteristics of modern life has led consumers to seek convenience and speed in food preparation, but storage, which is often prolonged, can result in grain hardening, leading to higher energy consumption during preparation, grain with increased hardness is often discarded. Due to the increasing global demand for grain, the use of alternative techniques aimed at reducing grain waste is necessary. Therefore, we studied a method that meets consumer demand and results in better use of harvested grain. The beans studied were cowpea beans (Vigna unguiculata) of the BRS Guariba cultivar after 1 and 12 months of storage. Sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) were added to soaking water at different concentrations as a way to reduce cooking time. These beans were placed in soaking water for 12 h at 3 concentrations (0, 1.0 and 2.5%). The cowpeas soaked in water containing NaHCO3 presented the highest hydration coefficient, which increased with the salt concentration; these beans also had decreased hardness, chewiness and cooking time.

Grain, Local Politics, and the Making of Mao's Famine in Wuwei, 1958–1961

AbstractMao's Great Famine in Wuwei County, Anhui Province, between the years of 1958 and 1960, resulted in the deaths of about 245,000 people, a quarter of the local population. By focusing on grain production and consumption, this article adopts a local perspective to examine the county's official archives and analyse the background, rationale, and processes of local authorities that led to one of the highest death rates in the country. A local perspective provides an empirical microanalysis of the Great Famine; illustrates the complexity of this catastrophe; argues for local factors such as factional struggles, central-local interactions, and the political atmosphere created by the series of pre-1958 campaigns as key to local variations of the disaster; and delivers national implications for viewing Mao's China. Official archives explored in this article reveal that an over-reporting of grain output might have resulted in the Great Famine, but did not necessarily lead to the massive death toll, and that local politics, particularly intra-party factional struggles, intertwined with central-local political interactions, were crucial for the terrible tragedy that ensued in Wuwei, and that the end of this famine resulted not from peasants’ resistance, nor the change of radical polices to moderate ones, but from the decreased demand for grain caused by the massive number of deaths.