Degree Of Gingival Inflammation Research Articles

A pilot study examining periodontally healthy middle-aged humans and monkeys display different levels of alveolar bone resorption, gingival inflammatory infiltrate, and salivary microbiota profile.

Monkeys are an appropriate model for periodontal research owing to their similar dental anatomy and physiology unlike humans. Extensive literature exists on pathological periodontitis in monkeys and humans, although concerns regarding whether healthy middle-aged monkeys and humans display the same periodontal and oral microbial status remains unclear. The current study aimed to compare alveolar bone resorption, gingival inflammatory infiltrate, and salivary microbiota profile in periodontally healthy middle-aged humans and monkeys. CBCT examination and histological analysis were performed to compare the periodontal status in middle-aged healthy humans and monkeys. Oral saliva16S rRNA sequencing was performed to analyze the oral microbial profile. The alveolar resorption was compared between humans and monkeys, to determine the periodontal health. The percentage attachment of attachment loss was more around the posteriors teeth in humans when compared to monkeys (p<0.05). The degree of gingival inflammation was analyzed in both the groups, the expression of CD 34,45was higher in humans. 16S rRNA analysis demonstrated less diversity of salivary microorganisms in humans than in monkeys. The relative abundance of Aggregatibacter, Haemophilus, Gemella, and Porphyromonas at the genus level was significantly less in humans than in monkeys (p(<0.05). The periodontally healthy middle-aged humans and monkeys display different alveolar bone resorption and gingival inflammatory infiltrate levels. Furthermore, the salivary microbiota profile showed distinctly different oral microbiomes in these two primates. Our results suggest that the difference in alveolar bone status and gingival inflammatory infiltrate in healthy humans and monkeys might be associated with the diversity of the oral microbiome.

Gingival status and prophylactic oral hygiene measures modulate salivary amino acids’ profile in children with plaque-induced gingivitis

Abstract Objectives Plaque-induced gingivitis is one of the most widely distributed periodontal disorder during childhood. The control of the pathogenic potential of the plaque is associated with oral hygiene status at individual, group, and population levels. We hypothesize that regular application of complex oral hygiene-prophylaxis could beneficially modulate salivary amino acids profile in children with different stage of plaque-induced gingivitis. Therefore, we aimed to study the salivary amino acids’ profile in relation to certain clinical indicators and environmental variables for plaque-induced gingivitis in children. Methods Fifty children (29 girls, 21 boys; mean age 8.18 ± 2.32 years) without anamnestic data for common diseases, no medication, and no data for allergy were selected. Plaque and gingival indexes were determined for assessment oral hygiene and plaque accumulation. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected, centrifuged and supernatants stored at −80 °C. Amino acid analysis was performed by liquid chromatography using analytical grade AccQ·Tag-Ultra-derivatization kit. Results Gingivitis was indicated in most of the examined children over 6 years. More than half (63.6 %) of them revealed moderate stage of the disease and a tendency to satisfactory good oral hygiene and degree of gingival inflammation. Salivary glycine, proline, arginine, serine, lysine, aspartate, glutamate, threonine, methionine, and isoleucine were higher in gingivitis children, while cysteine, tyrosine and phenylalanine decrease. In gingivitis children without regular oral hygiene-prophylaxis, some structural amino acids like glycine and proline were increased, while amino acids with protective antioxidant potential like cysteine were diminished. Conclusions Plaque-induced gingivitis is associated with increased salivary levels of certain amino acids. These may serve as distinguishing markers among children with gingivitis.

Prevalence of Gingival Inflammation among Patients Taking Antipsychotic Drugs

Objective: To explore the prevalence and severity of gingival inflammation among the patients taking antipsychotic drugs. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in OPD of a psychiatric department of a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Sample of 1025 patients was taken with the history of antipsychotic drugs. Patients were examined for the prevalence and severity of gingival inflammation and periodontal disease using modified gingival index (MGI) and basic periodontal examination (BPE). Study was conducted from March to August 2022. Data will be entered in SPSS version 25.0. Descriptive statistics, i.e. frequency and percentage were calculated for categorical data. Results: A total number 1025 patients with history of antipsychotic drugs were examined, 873 of them had some degree of gingival inflammation. Out of 873 patients with gingival disease, 536 (61.39%) patients exhibited mild to moderate inflammation whereas periodontal status of 337 (38.60%) patients presented severe inflammation. Basic periodontal examination was performed on individuals exhibiting severe gingival inflammation and patients were guided regarding further treatment that was needed to improve periodontal health. Conclusion: The findings of current study revealed that patients who are on anti-psychotic drugs are at higher risk of developing gingival diseases due to reduced salivary flow and need advanced treatment for their periodontal condition. Keywords: Psychosis, gingival diseases, Dental caries, Self-esteem

Prevalence of Oral Health Problems and Distribution According to Socio-demographic Variables and Blood Groups among Patients in the Tripoli Region

Background: Oral health plays an important role in maintaining life functions and quality of life. Periodontal disease can vary with respect to bacterial etiology, host response, and clinical disease progression. A key role of genetic effects has suggested distribution of lesions and severity of destruction in each individual. Many diseases, particularly digestive disorders, cancer, and infection, show preferences among the ABO blood types. Knowledge of blood groups and their association with oral diseases is very important, as it may help in early diagnosis and treatment strategies‏. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the distribution of patients with oral and dental health problems according to age, regions, Socio-demographic Variables, and blood groups in the Tripoli region. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on 200 patients with oral and dental health problems attending six medical centers in Tripoli region from the 01st March 2022 to the 01st June 2022. Also, 100 healthy individuals without any oral and dental health problems or any other diseases were recruited as a control group. This study was approved by the Research and Ethical Committee of the medical centers and Libyan Academy of graduate studies. One ml of venous blood was withdrawn from each participant in the study for determination of blood groups. The data were compared using Chi-Square using SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25. Results: The results showed that the mean age of the patients was 43.03±13.82 years. The higher distribution of patients was 58 patients (29%) in the age group (26-35) years while the lower distribution was 10 patients (5%) in the age group (66-75) years. The distribution of patients according to the region were 81.5%, 13%, 4%, and 1.5% in Tripoli, South Tripoli, West Tripoli, and East Tripoli, respectively. The Distribution of patients according to occupation were 4.5% Students, 30% Housewives, 10.5% Employers, 12.5% Teachers, 14% Nurses, 7.5% Doctors, 12.5% Laboratory Technicians and 8.5% Freelance workers. The distribution of patients according to levels of education were 23.5% Pre-Secondary, 19% Secondary, 46% Bachelor's or equivalent, and 11.5% Master's or equivalent. The distribution of patients according to marital status were 26% single and 74% married. The distribution of patients according to oral and dental problems were 5% with bridge, 8% with missing teeth, 86% with dental caries, 63.5% with bleeding of gum, and 25.5% with swelling of gum. The degrees of gingival erythema among patients were 36.5% mild, 38% moderate, and 25.5% severe. The degrees of gingival inflammation among patients were 36% mild, 38.5% moderate, and 25.5% severe. The distribution of A, B, AB, and O blood groups showed a significant (P=0.000) difference between healthy individuals and oral and dental health problems among patients that, were 54%, 12%, 4%&amp; 30%, and 21.5%, 9%, 3.5% &amp; 66%, respectively. Also, the distribution of A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, O+, and O- blood groups showed a significant (P=0.000) difference between healthy individuals and patients with oral and dental health problems that, were 49%, 5%, 10%, 2%, 4%, 25%, &amp; 5%, and 18%, 3.5%, 8%, 1%, 3.5%, 60%&amp; 6%, respectively. But, the distribution of Rh+ and Rh- blood groups showed a non-significant (P=0.695) difference between healthy individuals and patients that, were 88% &amp; 12%, and 89.5%&amp; 10.5%, respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the mean age of the patients with oral and dental health problems was 43.03 years and the higher distribution of patients was in the age group (26-35) years. The higher distribution of ABO blood groups was O blood group among patients especially O+ blood groups. The distribution of Rh+ and Rh- blood groups were showed a non-significant difference between healthy individuals and patients with oral and dental health problems. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

A proof of concept study to confirm the suitability of an intra oral scanner to record oral images for the non-invasive assessment of gingival inflammation

ObjectivesTo compare gingival inflammation scores obtained chairside using the non-invasive modified gingival index (MGI) with MGI scores from an intraoral scan (IOS) captured at the clinical visit but viewed 10 days later. MethodsSingle visit, anterior teeth, observational, proof of concept study in healthy adult participants with a spectrum of gingival inflammation. One investigator performed both clinical and intraoral scan MGI assessments, a second repeated the MGI evaluation from the IOS. Results23 participants aged 18–72 yielded data for 552 gingival sites. There was agreement at 90 % of sites comparing clinical with IOS MGI scores. The commonest disagreements were MGI grade 0 read as 1 and 2 read as 3, the highest single probability of error occurring where a clinical score of 0 was scored 1 from the IOS: 0.118 and 0.129 for examiners 1 and 2 respectively. The second most common probability of error occurred where an IOS score of 3 was scored clinically as 2: 0.089 and 0.097 for examiners 1 and 2 respectively. MGI scores from the scans were similar for both examiners (91 % agreement), with no discrepancies of greater than 1 scale point. There was very close agreement between clinical MGI and IOS colour/texture scores. ConclusionThis study conclusively demonstrated that the MGI score from the scanned image was very similar to the MGI scored clinically. This study confirms that a digital IOS accurately captures gingival contour images allowing a clinician to determine health or degree of gingival inflammation from it using MGI scores. Clinical Significance StatementThis study confirms that IOS images of teeth and soft tissues are sufficiently accurate to allow the clinical evaluation of health or inflammatory gingival status using non-invasive indices. IOS has great potential for efficient and accurate data capture, for general practice and research facilitating remote evaluation and data verification.

Clinical periodontal and dental findings in liver transplant patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives This systematic review aimed to investigate the oral health of post-liver transplant recipients (postLTx), in terms of dental and periodontal clinical results.Data sources Pubmed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases were searched electronically.Data selection Prospective, cross-sectional and case-control studies comparing periodontal and dental health of postLTx patients with healthy and/or pre-liver transplant patients.Data extraction This was performed independently by two authors. Quality assessment was done by using tools from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.Data synthesis Nine studies were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. A meta-analysis was performed on gingival inflammation, expressed by scores, on four studies including healthy controls. The gingival index scores were significantly higher in postLTx patients compared with healthy controls (p <0.001). The weighted mean difference was 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.44 to 1.38, heterogeneity I2 = 99.5%). Increased tendency of gingival enlargement was noticed in postLTx patients, especially after immunosuppression with Cyclosporine A. Controversial results were reported for the prevalence of caries in postLTx recipients, but there seems to be an increase.Conclusion The results suggest that patients with liver transplants, due to systemic condition and immunosuppressive therapy, exhibit a higher degree of gingival inflammation compared with unexposed patients.Prospero registration number: CRD42019121893.

Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on the degree of gingival inflammation and stress markers related to pregnancy.

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine the impact of nonsurgical periodontal therapy considering the salivary stress-related hormone and cytokine levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) on pregnant and nonpregnant women.Material and MethodsThirty non-pregnant (control group) and 30 pregnant women (test group) that met the study inclusion criteria were chosen. Only participants with gingivitis were included. Clinical data and samples of GCF and saliva were collected at baseline and after periodontal therapy. The levels of interleukin-1 beta (Κ-1β) and IL-10, and concentration of salivary chromogranin A (CgA) hormone were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The repeated measures analysis of variance was used for intragroup and intergroup analyses.ResultsA major decrease in the gingival inflammation was observed in both groups after periodontal therapy (p<0.05). Periodontal treatment decreased the level of IL-1β in GCF (p<0.05) in control group, but no statistical difference was determined for GCF IL-1β in the test group. However, after periodontal therapy, the CgA hormone concentration was reduced in both groups (p<0.05). However, there was no difference in salivary CgA concentration, GCF IL-10 levels, and perceived stress scale (PSS)-10 between the groups (p>0.05).ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, periodontal therapy significantly improved the periodontal status and stress level. In addition, the severity of the gingival inflammation during pregnancy was related to stress. However, further studies will be needed to substantiate these early findings.

Зміни показників ротової рідини дітей дошкільного віку з гінгівітом під впливом лікувально-профілактичних заходів

Summary. The significant prevalence of inflammatory processes in periodontal tissues of children of different ages indicates insufficient effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic measures. Children of preschool age need special attention in the choice of therapeutic and prophylactic means.The aim of the study – a comparative evaluation of traditional treatment of children aged from 3–5 years with chronic catarrhal gingivitis with therapy with the use of anti-inflammatory gel with neovitin.Materials and Methods. 47 children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis were taken for dispensary observation and divided into groups: the main (23 children) and the comparative (24 children). All children underwent conventional therapy according to the protocols of medical care – basic therapy. In the main group, for a month, pathogenetic agents were used – an anti-inflammatory gel with neovitin, hygiene products were recommended. In the comparative group for local therapy, a 3 % hydrogen peroxide solution was used to rinse the oral cavity (during the first week of treatment) – Rotokan, a therapeutic and prophylactic toothpaste. Control examinations and examination with the definition of the hygienic state of the oral cavity using the hygienic index of Yu. A. Fedorov and V. V. Volodkina, the prevalence and intensity of the inflammatory process in the gums were assessed using the Schiller-Pisarev test and the PMA index, the oral fluid index (formation of oxyradical, urease activity, pH, viscosity, lysozyme content, degree of dysbiosis).Results and Discussion. After the treatment, elimination of gum inflammation in patients of the main group was accompanied by a 2.8-fold decrease in the PMA index; GI – 1.6 times. The reduction in the period of treatment of children was revealed in the application of the proposed treatment regimen. The effectiveness of the treatment was confirmed by a decrease in the formation of oxyradicals immediately after treatment by 15.67 % and 10.98 % (p&lt;0.05), a decrease in urease activity was observed in 8.43 % and 5.47 %; the viscosity of the oral fluid decreased by 54.51 % and 50.51 % (p&lt;0.05), the incidence of dysbiosis decreased by 22.49 % (p&lt;0.05) and 10.36 % in children of the primary and comparative groups, respectively. After 0.5 years, the lysozyme content in the oral fluid of children increased by 21.12 % and 7.09 % (p&lt;0.05), the pH increased by 1.39 % and 0.25 % (p&gt;0.05) in children of the primary and comparative groups, respectively.Conclusions. The use of the proposed therapy with gel with neovitin contributed to the best results of treatment: a decrease in the degree of gingival inflammation by the PMA index by 2.8 times, a decrease in the number of visits to a doctor by 1.1, improvement of the oral fluid of children, and, to a greater extent, six months after the performed treatment.

Features of cellular mechanisms affecting the pathogenesis and course of chronic catarrhal gingivitis

Aim. To investigate the cellular mechanisms of chronic catarrhal gingivitis to develop the appropriate treatment schemes based on the analysis of obtained data. Methods. 57 patients aged 16 to 22 years were observed and divided into the control group (18 subjects with the intact periodontium with no orthopedic constructions) and the study group of patients with chronic catarrhal gingivitis (39 subjects, group 1). The degree of gingival inflammation was evaluated by papillo-marginal alveolar index as well as by gingival bleeding index. In addition, laboratory parameters were measured: spontaneous nitroblue tetrazolium test and zymosan-stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium test. Leukocyte-modulating activity of oral fluid was determined by measurement of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. The activity of lysosomal enzymes - acid deoxyribonuclease and acid phosphatase - was determined in whole oral fluid, supernatant fraction of oral fluid and in sediment, obtained by centrifugation. Antioxidant activity was determined in whole oral fluid by biochemiluminescent method with hydrogen peroxide. Results. The performed investigations demonstrated that the development of chronic catarrhal gingivitis is accompanied by a sharp increase of the number of neutrophils and macrophages with a significant increase of their functional activity. At the same time, more than two-fold increase of the activity of lysosomal enzymes, lysosomal membrane labilization and release of enzymes outside the organelles and cells were observed, that indicated the increase of destructive potential in chronic catarrhal gingivitis. Use of indometacin in the complex treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis contributed to normalization of clinical parameters, increased neutrophil functional activity and enhanced their functional reserve, reduced the activity of phlogogenic factors and normalized the antioxidant activity of oral fluid. Pro- and anti-inflammatory factors secreted into the oral cavity during inflammatory periodontal diseases collectively have leukocyte-modulating activity. Conclusion. The obtained data indicate the important role of both high oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent biocidal activity of neutrophils and macrophages in the pathogenesis and clinical course of chronic catarrhal gingivitis.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE DEGREE OF GINGIVAL INFLAMMATION AND 25-HYDROXY VITAMIN D STATUS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

Objective: To evaluate the association of the degree of gingival inflammation and 25-hydroxy Vitamin D (25(OH)D) level in postmenopausal women.Methods: A cross-sectional study involved 71 postmenopausal women. Data were obtained using questionnaires, clinical periodontal examinations, and evaluations of blood samples. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were determined using human 25-dihydroxy Vitamin D ELISA kit.Result: Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among postmenopausal women was 74.64%. The papillary bleeding index (PBI) was lower (1.07±0.18) in postmenopausal women with normal serum 25(OH)D levels than that in postmenopausal women with Vitamin D deficiency (1.41±0.1). However, this difference was not statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). This result indicated increasing trends in PBI.Conclusion: There is no association between the degree of gingival inflammation and the 25(OH)D status among postmenopausal women.

Індексна оцінка стану тканин пародонта в осіб із первинним гіпотиреозом

In recent decades, both in the world and in our country, thyroid gland diseases are not only widespread, but also have a tendency to constant growth. Currently, more attention is paid to diseases of the thyroid gland that are associated with endemic foci of iodine defi ciency in soil and water.The aim of the study – to investigate the state of periodontal tissues in individuals with primary hypothyroidism.Materials and Methods. We conducted a survey of 86 people with primary hypothyroidism, 16 of them with manifestation and 70 with subclinical forms. A comparison group was 45 people without thyroid gland diseases. Index assessment of periodontal tissues included the defi nition of a simplifi ed oral hygiene index of the oral cavity of the Green-Vermillion (Oral Hygiene Index-Simlifi ed, Green-Vermillion, 1964), the degree of gingival infl ammation was determined by Parma (C. Parma, 1960, Papillary-Marginal Alveolar Index)), the state of periodontal tissues in the complex periodontal index (KPI) (1987), destructive changes in the bone tissue of the alveolar appendix were determined by the Fux index.Results and Discussion. The article presents the results of the index estimation of periodontal tissues in individuals with primary hypothyroidism. An analysis of the conducted index evaluation found that they had a poor level of hygienic state of the oral cavity. This was manifested by the development of infl ammatory and, to a lesser extent, infl ammatory and dystrophic lesions of periodontal tissues, as evidenced by papillarymarginalalveolar (PMA) and complex periodontal indices (KPI).Conclusions. Even more signifi cant changes in these indicators were found in individuals with a manifestation of hypothyroidism. So, we can conclude that in persons with primary hypothyroidism metabolic processes ofthe organism are violated, which leads through a number of pathophysiological changes to the activity of parodontopathogenic microfl ora and the development of infl ammatory and infl ammatory and dystrophic periodontal diseases.

Investigations of the Oral Health Status of a Group of Libyan Children and Its Relation to Home Care

The aim: this study was aimed to investigate the oral health status of a group of Libyan children. Subjects and Methods: Two hundred and eight children were included in the study. The samples were subdivided into 3 age groups (6, 6-12 and &gt;12 years old). Both the extent and the degree of gingivitis severity were assessed in the incisor area of the maxilla and the incisor and canine area of the mandible in the anterior teeth by using extent of gingivitis (GE) and gingivitis severity (GS) indices. The individual gingival units: papillae (P), Margins (M) and attached gingivae (A) were assessed for the presence of inflammation based on visual examinations. The caries experience was assessed by using dmft for deciduous teeth and DMFT for permanent teeth.Results: EG &amp; GS were assessed and the majority (206 out of 208 i.e. 99%) of children suffered from different degrees of gingival inflammation. Untreated carious lesions were noticed in 194 (93%) of cases in this group. Conclusion: There has been more untreated caries and more pronounced gingival inflammations of various degrees in this sample due to the lack of proper dental care.

Correlation between the expression of activator protein-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) mRNA and gingival inflammation

Objective To study the correlation between the expression of activator protein-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) mRNA and gingival inflammation, so as to discuss the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Methods The gingival tissues were divided into three groups according to the gingival index (GI), including GI=0 group (control group, 14 cases), GI=1 group (15 cases) and GI=2 group (11 cases). The total RNA in each gingival tissue was extracted, and cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription synthesis. The expressions of c-Fos and c-Jun mRNA in healthy gingival tissue (GI=0 group) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The levels of c-Fos and c-Jun mRNA in all the groups were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Results Both c-Fos and c-Jun mRNA was expressed in healthy gingival tissues. The levels of c-Fos and c-Jun mRNA in GI=1 group was 15.58±9.19 and 3.47±1.77, respectively, which was significantly higher than 1.31±1.03 and 1.32±0.94 in GI=0 group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P 0.05). Conclusions Activator protein-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) is associated with the degree of gingival inflammation, suggesting that it is involved in the occurrence and development of gingival inflammation. Key words: Activator protein-1; c-Fos; c-Jun; Gingival inflammation; Gingival index

An Investigation of the Oral Health Status of a Group of Libyan Children with Congenital Heart Disease at Benghazi Children Hospital

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the oral health of a group of children with congenital heart disease in Benghazi children’s hospital attending (out-patient) or admitted (in-patient). Subjects and Methods: Seventy children with congenital heart disease (mean age of 7.2) were included in the study and subdivided into 3 age groups (29 children were 12 years old. Both extent and severity of gingivitis were assessed in the incisor area of the maxilla and the incisor and canine area of the mandible using extent of gingivitis (EG) and gingivitis severity (GS) indices. The individual gingival units: papillae (P); margins (M) and attached gingivae (A) were assessed for the presence of inflammation based on visual examinations. Extent of inflammation was measured by scoring the colour change of the most severe gingival unit in upper and lower index teeth. Caries experience was assessed using dmft for deciduous teeth and DMFT for permanent teeth. Results: Different degrees of gingival inflammation EG&GS were present in 94.3% of children, which was predominantly moderate gingivitis (GS2, 59%) and was not age related (p>0.05). Untreated dental caries were present in 49% children and was age related (p≤0.001). Total DMFT (mean ± Std.) was 0.271 ± 0.75 while dmft was 2.0 ± 3.4 and was significantly increased with age (p<0.001). Conclusion: There has been more untreated caries and pronounced gingival inflammation of various degrees due to lack of proper dental care that prompts the importance of eliminating the sources of infection from the oral cavity.

A cross sectional study of nutritional status among a group of school children in relation with gingivitis and dental caries severity

To determine nutritional status among a school children of Barru Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, in relation with gingivitis and dental caries severity. Cross-sectional study. A total of 127 school children in the age range of 9-12 years from Barru Regency were included in this study as a sample of simple random sampling. Nutritional status of children (BMI index), degree of gingival inflammation (using chi-square test statistic), and missing teeth (DMF-T index) were recorded. Additional information was collected using a questionnaire survey regarding knowledge about dental health, dietary habits, and oral health behaviors. The data were processed using the program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). A group of who severe underweight (102 children), had higher odds for mild gingivitis (GI 79.4%) than others group of who has an ideal weight (16 children), had mild gingivitis (GI 62.5%). Children, who severe underweight, had higher odds for moderate caries (38.2%) than others group of who has an ideal weight, had moderate caries (18.8%). Based on chi-square test, there are correlation of nutritional status and dental caries severity (p=0.000&lt;p=0.05). There is a relationship of nutritional status with gingivitis and dental caries severity among a school children.

Mundgesundheit von berufstätigen und nicht berufstätigen Frauen – Ergebnisse einer regionalen Untersuchung und Umfrage

In the present study oral health conditions and oral hygiene measures of women with and without occupation were examined and compared. In addition to a dental assessment, oral hygiene measures and socio-demographic data were collected by means of a questionnaire. A total of 415 subjects (210 women with and 205 women without occupation) with an age range of 25-65 years were enrolled in this study. All women underwent a dental assessment, including a radiographic examination (orthopanthomogram). The dental assessment comprised the number of teeth, caries frequency (DMFT index), type and frequency of restorations, quality of oral hygiene (API), degree of gingival inflammation (SBI), probing depths and the presence of recessions. In addition, a questionnaire, concerning anamnestic data and information about the familial situation, level of education and occupation, was filled in. The study was approved by the ethics commission (Rhineland-Palatinate). Of the women without occupation (mean age: 38.1±9.7 years) 90% were married, only 3% were heavy smokers, and only 2% had a university degree. Of the working women (mean age: 43.2 ±11 years) 73% were married, 17% were heavy smokers (> 20 cigarettes/day), and 10% had a university degree. Oral hygiene of the working women was slightly better than that in women without occupation; however, severe periodontal disease was seen more frequently in working women (15% vs. 3.3%; p<0.027). With respect to the periodontal situation, the probability of developing an aggressive periodontitis was with an odds ratio of 4.23 (95% CI: 0.77-23.17) considerably higher for the group of working women. The oral health of women with or without occupation differed slightly. These findings suggest that occupation, level of education and life style of the women have an influence on oral hygiene measures and on oral health.

Impact of the Distinct Sampling Area on Volumetric Features of Gingival Crevicular Fluid

Volumetric features of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) are under the influence of many factors, including sampling variables. Standardizing such factors may enable a more precise methodology. Thus, analysis of the possible impact of the clinical periodontal status and the distinct location of sampling sites on fluid volume was performed. Clinical parameters were recorded, and fluid samples were obtained from 931 maxillary sites. The potential site-specific volumetric differences among healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis sites; between multirooted or single-rooted teeth and mesio-buccal or disto-buccal sampling sites; and the correlations between volume and clinical measures were statistically analyzed. Although volume increased in a disease-related pattern (healthy < gingivitis < periodontitis; P <0.05), the distribution range of volume was widespread, with prominent overlaps between the different clinical periodontal conditions. Multirooted teeth presented more fluid volume, and even mesio-buccal or disto-buccal sites exhibited some volumetric differences (P <0.05). Constant correlations between volume and clinical parameters could be observed only at gingivitis sites (P <0.05). The spectrum of fluid volume is disease related in general. However, the wide range of volumetric distribution, the site-specific nature, and the clear impact of the distinct sampling site on volume are important volumetric features of this biologic fluid. Whenever possible, standardization of the extent of probing depth, degree of gingival inflammation, and distinct sampling area is likely to improve the reliability of GCF methodology.

Local Gingival Blood Flow at Healthy and Inflamed Sites Measured by Laser Doppler Flowmetry

This investigation aimed to: 1) develop a method to obtain reproducible laser Doppler flow readings (LDFRs) at the gingiva of the maxillary front teeth; 2) evaluate regional gingival blood flow (GBF) in healthy gingiva by laser Doppler flowmetry; 3) compare hand-held LDFR (H-LDFR) with splint LDFR (S-LDFR); and 4) monitor changes in GBF in experimental gingivitis (EG) and chronic gingivitis (CG). The LDFR, gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) were measured at 13 gingival sites (teeth #6 to #11) in 10 healthy volunteers (five males and five females), 23 to 34 years of age, over a period of 12.5 +/- 3.27 days employing a partial-mouth EG model and in 11 patients (three males and eight females), 20 to 63 years or age, with CG. LDFRs were obtained by S-LDFR or H-LDFR. H-LDFRs were significantly higher than S-LDFRs (P <0.05). All EG subjects developed gingivitis (PI: 2.77 +/- 0.23; GI: 1.5 +/- 0.53). EG-LDFRs at diseased sites increased slightly but not significantly over the study period. All CG-patients had high plaque and inflammation scores (PI: 2.8 +/- 0.2; GI: 1.63 +/- 0.78). CG-LDFRs at sites with GI >1 were significantly higher than LDFRs at healthy sites (P <0.05). CG-LDFRs were significantly higher than EG-LDFRs at sites with a comparable GI (P <0.05). LDFRs are positively correlated with the degree of gingival inflammation. GBF demonstrated significant differences in EG and CG. Modifications of the probe are needed to enhance its clinical applicability in clinical research of periodontal diseases.

Measurement of total antioxidant capacity in gingival crevicular fluid and serum in dogs with periodontal disease

To determine whether gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum total antioxidant capacities (TACs) correlate with the degree of severity of periodontal disease in dogs. 41 Toy and Miniature Poodles. After assessment of the degree of severity of naturally occurring periodontitis, GCF samples from both maxillary fourth premolars and a blood sample were collected from each dog. The condition of the periodontium of the entire dentition and at each site of GCF collection was recorded. Clinical parameters assessed included plaque index, gingival index, and probing depth. Radiographic analysis of alveolar bone level was also performed. Total antioxidant capacity was measured in GCF and serum samples by use of a commercial kit. Dogs with gingivitis and minimal periodontitis had significantly higher TAC in GCF than dogs with advanced periodontitis. Bivariate regression analysis revealed significant negative correlations between TAC in GCF and clinical parameters and age. The TAC in serum was significantly negatively correlated with the degree of gingival inflammation but was not significantly correlated with age. TAC in GCF is related to the degree of severity of periodontal disease in dogs. This is likely the result of release of reactive oxygen species by activated phagocytes and fibroblasts in the inflamed periodontal tissues. The results of our study suggest that the local delivery of antioxidants may be a useful adjunctive treatment for periodontitis in dogs.

Evaluation of gingival immunoglobuline G . level in gingival blood from health to gingivitis

As the immunoglobulin G. play a central role during the immunologic process of the gingival inflammation ,the evolution of its quantity from health condition to gingivitis and visa-versa , seemed to be essential to have a Clear picture about its importance .The immunonephelometer-laser ,able to quantify the amount of immune complex , when a specific antibody anti IgG is used to form a measurable immune complex in vitro . Sampling the gingival blood in health, diseased, then reversed to health conditions gave a suggesting result that the IgG amount progress in faible significant positive correlation with the degree of gingival inflammation, the conclusion suggest that the gingival blood could give a close-clear picture of the evolution and quantification of immunoglobulin elements, and that the IgG amount progress positively with the disease progression .