Abstract
ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine the impact of nonsurgical periodontal therapy considering the salivary stress-related hormone and cytokine levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) on pregnant and nonpregnant women.Material and MethodsThirty non-pregnant (control group) and 30 pregnant women (test group) that met the study inclusion criteria were chosen. Only participants with gingivitis were included. Clinical data and samples of GCF and saliva were collected at baseline and after periodontal therapy. The levels of interleukin-1 beta (Κ-1β) and IL-10, and concentration of salivary chromogranin A (CgA) hormone were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The repeated measures analysis of variance was used for intragroup and intergroup analyses.ResultsA major decrease in the gingival inflammation was observed in both groups after periodontal therapy (p<0.05). Periodontal treatment decreased the level of IL-1β in GCF (p<0.05) in control group, but no statistical difference was determined for GCF IL-1β in the test group. However, after periodontal therapy, the CgA hormone concentration was reduced in both groups (p<0.05). However, there was no difference in salivary CgA concentration, GCF IL-10 levels, and perceived stress scale (PSS)-10 between the groups (p>0.05).ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, periodontal therapy significantly improved the periodontal status and stress level. In addition, the severity of the gingival inflammation during pregnancy was related to stress. However, further studies will be needed to substantiate these early findings.
Highlights
Pregnancy gingivitis has been described as a prominent inflammatory reaction of the gingiva to the microbial dental plaque, which typically happens in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy11
There has been no consensus on the etiology of pregnancy gingivitis since periodontal complication is multifactorial in nature19
Periodontal probing depth index, gingival index, and plaque index scores were higher than the control group (p
Summary
Pregnancy gingivitis has been described as a prominent inflammatory reaction of the gingiva to the microbial dental plaque, which typically happens in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The clinical and histological features of pregnancy gingivitis are similar to plaque-induced gingivitis. There is a moderate-to-severe inflammation, which can progress to severe hyperplasia, pain, and bleeding. Different etiological pathways have been suggested in an attempt to understand the intense gingival inflammation. The most important theories to define pregnancy include hormonal effects on the immune system, the subgingival biofilm, the specific cells of the periodontium, and the vasculature. These potential etiologies have been studied in other articles. There has been no consensus on the etiology of pregnancy gingivitis since periodontal complication is multifactorial in nature
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