Definition Of Professionalism Research Articles

Nurturing professionalism in medical schools. A systematic scoping review of training curricula between 1990–2019

Introduction: Professionalism is an evolving, socioculturally informed multidimensional construct that influences doctor-patient relationships, patient satisfaction and care outcomes. However, despite its clinical significance there is little consistency in how professionalism is nurtured amongst medical students. To address this gap a systemic scoping review of nurturing professionalism in medical schools, is proposed.Methods: Levac’s framework and the PRISMA-P 2015 checklist underpinned a 6-stage systematic review protocol. Concurrent use of Braun and Clarke’s approach to thematic analysis and directed content analysis was used to identify the key elements in nurturing professionalism.Results: 13921 abstracts were identified from six databases, 854 full-text articles reviewed, and 162 full-text included articles were included. The 4 themes identified through thematic analysis are consistent with findings of the directed content analysis. These were the definition of professionalism, the approaches, content, barriers and enablers to teaching professionalism.Conclusion: Informed by a viable definition of professionalism and clear milestones nurturing professionalism nurturing professionalism begins with culturally appropriate training in clinical competence, humanistic qualities and reflective capacity. This process requires effective evaluations of professional identity formation, and the impact of the learning environment underlining the need for longitudinal assessments of the training process.

Comparing Constructions of Professionalism in Student Affairs Graduate Preparation Programs

This comparative case study examined how graduate students in two student affairs preparation programs were socialized to constructions of professionalism. One program regularly conveyed that professionalism was reflected via formal communication and dress, and through demonstrating professional competency as defined by ACPA and NASPA. The second program did not provide clear definitions of professionalism to students; consequently, students created their own definitions of professionalism by observing colleagues. At both institutions, students described professionalism as constraining.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ PROFESSIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION

The article presents the theoretical analysis and the empirical research on professional high school students’ self-determination as a final link in the chain of life events that determined or annulled formation of their professional identity. The social and professional self-determination of high school students is inextricably linked with acquired life experience, which forms the horizons and determines plans for the future, and their ambivalent social status forms such a professional life perspective, which depends not on their knowledge, skills and talents, but rather on their attitudes to professions and their basic value orientations. A person’s psychological age on the scale of his/her life path received a deep theoretical and empirical substantiation in the works of K. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, L. Antsiferova, N. Loginova, I. Kon, V. Roments, T. Titarenko, F. Vasilyuk. For experimental studies of the life path, several techniques were created: the psychobiographical method of Z. Freud, the casual-metering of E. Golovakhi and A. Kronik, the psychological autobiography of E. Korzhova, the potential of individual being of I. Manoha. Today, there are many methods to study psychological time on the life path scale. The main problem of these techniques is the lack of a clear data processing algorithm to obtain “visual” results. We consider that the casual-metering is free of this problem: it demands unambiguous answers “yes” or “no”, the results are recorded in the causative matrix and graphically presented in the causogram. It should be noted that high school students’ professional self-determination has not been investigated by this method, and conflicts and transformations concerning decisions on professional choices have not been described. In order to study the influence of socio-psychological factors on transformations of high school students’ professional self-determination, the article describes the full range of social-psychological factors and their causal relationship. Eight areas were identified that affect high school students’ professional choices (socio-political climate, economic status, stereotypes, fashion, inheritance, self-awareness, abilities and talents, values), and the interaction of these areas are analyzed. Socio-psychological factors are considered from the point of view of professional choice reflection in high school students’ consciousness. The analyzed results allows us to conclude that one and the same factor can be destructive, reflective, or affirmative, depending on the causal relations that are characteristic for situations of high school students’ professional choices. Economic reasons and the influence of stereotypes significantly influence on high school students’ refusal from their own professional orientations. Inheritance is one of the most controversial factors in transformations of decisions regarding high school students’ professional definition choices, as it can be a reflective factor when it is a consequence of an inner Self expression, or a destructive factor in the context of a socio-political or economic situation. Thus, we consider it is necessary to study the problem of professional choosing by the casual-metering method of life events, since this approach can reveal the multilayered and interconnected nature of the factors and obtain detailed results for recommendations given to psychologists and career counselors

What do indigenous communities want from their surgeons and surgical services: A systematic review

BackgroundThis investigation was undertaken to define the factors determining the optimal and most productive relationship among indigenous communities, surgeons, and providers of surgical services. MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies reporting on the experience of indigenous communities with surgeons, medical practitioners, and the providers of surgical and other health services. The databases searched were MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, including all literature available until the search date of April 3, 2019. The reference lists of all included articles and related review articles were searched manually to identify further relevant studies. An inductive approach was used to identify common themes. ResultsThirty-three publications discussed the experiences of New Zealand Māori (n = 2), Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (n = 20), North American First Nation (n = 10), and Indigenous Latin Americans (n = 1). Across all indigenous peoples, 6 themes emerged: accessible health services, community participation and community governance, continuous quality improvement, a culturally appropriate and clinically skilled workforce, a flexible approach to care, and holistic healthcare. ConclusionTo provide medical and surgical services in indigenous communities successfully requires a diverse range of skills and core technical and academic competencies. Many skills lie within the definition of professionalism and advocacy as well as the ability to undertake and operationalize community consultation and empowerment. If surgical services serving Indigenous communities are to be successful in addressing health disparity, specific training in these skills will need to be developed and made available.

Refining Concepts by Machine Learning

In this paper we deal with machine learning methods and algorithms applied in learning simple concepts by their refining or explication. The method of refining a simple concept of an object O consists in discovering a molecular concept that defines the same or a very similar object to the object O. Typically, such a molecular concept is a professional definition of the object, for instance a biological definition according to taxonomy, or legal definition of roles, acts, etc. Our background theory is Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL). In TIL concepts are explicated as abstract procedures encoded by natural language terms. These procedures are defined as six kinds of TIL constructions. First, we briefly introduce the method of learning with a supervisor that is applied in our case. Then we describe the algorithm ‘Framework’ together with heuristic methods applied by it. The heuristics is based on a plausible supply of positive and negative (near-miss) examples by which learner’s hypotheses are refined and adjusted. Given a positive example, the learner refines the hypothesis learnt so far, while a near-miss example triggers specialization. Our heuristic methods deal with the way refinement is applied, which includes also its special cases generalization and specialization.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION MULTILINGUALISM POLICY ON THE TRAINING OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS IN ROMANIAN UNIVERSITIES

The article highlited the European policy of multilingualism and multiculturalism of language education in European countries. Besides the article also deals with directions of joint activities of countries of the European Area in the organization of training foreign language teachers, the formation of uniform professional qualification standards for determining the professional definition of foreign language teachers, strategies and practical steps for the implementation of projects in the field of training foreign language teachers funded by the European Union and participation of European countries, in paticular Romania, in these projects. The European Union constantly emphasizes the fact that every citizen should be able to speak in his native language plus two other European languages, stresses the need to promote of linguistic diversity and the motivation of European citizens to learn less widely used languages and improve the quality of teaching foreign languages in educational establishments at different levels and focus its efforts to realize these ideas through the implementation of projects and programs that it has funded. The author focuses on the fact that Romania like all European countries is actively involved in the numerous projects and programs offered by the European Union as one of the priority areas of the Romanian Government is the quality of education at all levels and brings it in conformity with European standards. At the end of the article, the author concludes that the multilingual policy of the European Union has a certain influence on the training of foreign language teachers at the Romania Universities. The author also sums up that due to the participation in various educational projects and programs financed by the European Union among higher education institutions aimed at the development of multilingualism and multiculturalism of language education, the professional level of foreign languages teachers in Romania is increasing.

Definition of professionalism and tools for assessing professionalism in pharmacy practice: a systemic review.

PurposeIn contemporary pharmacy, the role of pharmacists has become more multifaceted, as they now handle a wider range of tasks and take more responsibility for providing patient care than 20 years ago. This evolution in pharmacists’ responsibilities has been accompanied by the need for pharmacists to display high-quality patient-centred care and counselling, and to demonstrate professionalism, which now needs to be taught and assessed as part of pharmacy education and practice. This study aimed at identifying definitions of professionalism in pharmacy practice and critically evaluating published instruments for assessing professionalism in pharmacy practice.MethodsWe searched the medical literature listed in Scopus, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2018. All papers meeting our selection criteria were reviewed and summarised into a clear review of professionalism requirements in pharmacy practice. Details of the instruments measuring professionalism were reviewed in detail.ResultsThere is no accepted simple definition of professionalism, although we identified several theoretical and policy frameworks required for professional pharmaceutical practice. We identified 4 instruments (the Behavioural Professionalism Assessment Instrument, Lerkiatbundit’s instrument, the Pharmacy Professionalism Instrument, and the Professionalism Assessment Tool that build on these frameworks and measure professional practice in pharmacy students. These were found to be reliable and valid, but had only been used and tested in student populations.ConclusionGiven the increasingly broad role of community pharmacists, there is a need for assessments of professionalism in practice. Professionalism is a complex concept that is challenging to measure because it has no standardised definition and the existing literature related to the topic is limited. Currently available instruments focus on measuring the development of the elements of professionalism among pharmacy students, rather than pharmacists.

Resilience, not frailty: A qualitative study of the perceptions of older adults towards "frailty".

Despite increasing importance placed upon the identification of frailty among the older population, scholarship is limited around the perception of older adults towards the term. This qualitative study aimed to investigate the perceptions of older adults in a New Zealand setting towards the term "frail". Twelve participants identified as frail based on unrelated comprehensive geriatric assessment were approached and interviewed in their own homes. Interviews were transcribed ad verbatim and analysed by general inductive approach. There was a diverse conceptualisation of frailty among the participants, across physical, cognitive and social dimensions, which differed from professional definitions of frailty. Participants maintained a neutral stance towards the concept of frailty and, however, reject its application to themselves. They also highlight the importance of independence and resilience in the staving off of frailty and the maintenance of quality of life. This study suggests health professionals should shift focus on clinical encounters with the older patient, away from the deficits of frailty and towards independence, resilience and autonomy. Frail older adults often reject the term frailty when used about themselves, therefore using this term in communication with older adults may have negative consequences.

Main concepts and categories of structural and functional training of managerial personnel

This article discusses the actual basic concepts that are used in the training of specialists. The difficulties in concluding the system of science or doctrine are in finding the principle, the basis for basic concepts classification. The main differences between definitions of “manager” and “executive” have been revealed. It was proved that if they are misunderstood, it will affect the further introduction of the managing system. Carefully chosen terminology plays an important role in achieving concrete and correct communication. When studying the basic composition of the term “administration”, it was revealed that it can be both effective and ineffective. Whereas the term “management” usually is exceptionally effective (in practice is may be ineffective, of course, but this precedent won’t be justified). Professional definition of administrative process is connected with studying its main components. The connection between management and economic organization functioning has been established as well as the main directions of actions.

What Makes a Teacher a Leader?

Definitions of teacher leadership versus teacher professionalism can be fraught with ambiguity, making it difficult to identify when teacher leadership is emerging. A study of teachers' perceptions reveals some key attributes of teacher leaders.

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL VALUE OF THE REVIEWS ON UKRAINIAN TERMINOLOGY DICTIONARIES OF THE LATE XXth AND THE EARLY XXIst CENTURIES

The aim of the research is to determine the theoretical and practical significance of the reviews on natural sciences terminology dictionaries. The object of the research is a system of parametric measurements of terminology dictionaries, the subject is critical remarks on the structural parameters representation of terminology dictionaries. The research material is the texts of the reviews published during the late XXth and the early XXIst centuries. Тhe following methods were used: lexicographic analysis of the dictionary parameters, the quantitative analysis and the comparative one. As a result of the research, it is determined that throughout the analyzed period the experts focus on definition and translation dictionaries as well as reference dictionaries. Most remarks are made to the dictionaries of the early XXIst century. The potential importance of practical application of the results is to improve the theoretical and methodological principles and means of terminology dictionaries creation, as well as their use to develop new (combined) type that comprehensively represent the vocabulary of a particular branch of science. Conclusions: 1) the critical comments on professional definition dictionaries relate to such of their parameters as: ‘introduction / preface’, ‘encyclopedia information’, ‘dictionary register’, ‘definition’, ‘list of references’; 2) translation definition dictionaries have quantitative drawbacks regarding the representation of such structural parameters: ‘dictionary register’, ‘translation area’, ‘definition’; 3) to the parameters of reference dictionaries the following critical comments are made: to replace the title loan term by the normative term; to add the ‘accent characteristic’ parameter; to match the title terms with their definitions etc. Theoretical and practical significance of the reviews on terminology dictionaries gives the possibility to systematize the drawbacks revealed by critics in the representation of structural parameters of such publications, for the purpose to improve the fundamental theoretical and methodological foundations of metaterminography and the practical realization of high-quality works.

Measuring Military Professionalism in Partner Nations: Guidance for Security Assistance Officials

ABSTRACTThe U.S. spends billions of dollars in its security cooperation program to develop “professional, accountable, and capable security forces” in other nations, part of a grand strategy to improve global stability and counter violent extremism. Despite its great investment in professionalizing foreign militaries, however, the U.S. has no functional definition of military professionalism – a term that until now has been considered too vague and multi-faceted to operationalize. In this article, the author seeks to remedy this oversight, drawing from twenty years of security cooperation fieldwork in Latin America and Africa, as well as a vigorous literature review, to define four important components of military professionalism: (1) formal military education and vocational training, (2) military subordination to elected civilian officials, (3) knowledge and practice of the law of armed conflict and human rights law, and (4) a clearly established program of professional military ethics. This article provides guidelines for U.S. and European officials who work with partner nations to develop more professional military forces and, in particular, for officials managing security assistance programs with developing countries.

Professional autonomy and surveillance: the case of public reporting in cardiac surgery.

Professional autonomy has come under greater scrutiny due to managerialism, consumerism, information and communication technologies (ICT), and the changing composition of professions themselves. This scrutiny is often portrayed as a tension between professional and managerial logics. Recently, medical autonomy has increasingly been shaped in terms of transparency, where publication of clinical performance (via ICT) might be a more pervasive form of surveillance. Such transparency may have the potential for a more explicit managerial logic but is contested by clinicians. This paper applies notions of surveillance to public reporting of cardiac surgery, involving the online publication of mortality rates of named surgeons. It draws on qualitative data from a case‐study of cardiac surgeons in one hospital, incorporating interviews with health care managers and national policymakers in England. We examine how managerial logics are mediated by professional autonomy, generating patterns of enrolment, resistance and reactivity to public reporting. The managerial ‘gaze' of public reporting is becoming widespread but the surgical specialty is accommodating it, leading to a re‐assertion of knowledge, based on professional definitions. The paper assesses whether this form of surveillance is challenging to or being assimilated by the medical profession, thereby recasting the profession itself.

Toward a Global Definition of Professionalism for Nutrition and Dietetics Education: A Systematic Review of the Literature

BackgroundProfessionalism of health care practitioners is central to safe and ethical health care, and forms part of the trust that the public places in health care practitioners. Lapses in professionalism in health care present considerable challenges and can have serious consequences and outcomes. Teaching, learning, and assessing professionalism is an important component of nutrition and dietetics education. There is scant peer-reviewed published research related to professionalism in nutrition and dietetics. Providing a definition of professionalism will support progress in curriculum planning and design, teaching, learning and assessment of students, and ongoing professional development of educators and practitioners. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to conceptualize and define professionalism for the purpose of teaching nutrition and dietetics. DesignThis study included a critical systematic literature review of original research and a targeted and systematic search of national and international dietetics competency standards, exploring the concept and definitions of professionalism in nutrition and dietetics. Competency standards were chosen as an additional focus in the systematic literature search, as they are the key framework documents that guide curriculum development and education standards internationally. Thematic analysis was used to synthesize extracted data and an inductive, interpretivist approach was then applied in conceptualizing a definition of professionalism. ResultsSeven studies and six national and international sets of competency standards were included in the literature review. Four major themes conceptualizing a definition of professionalism for nutrition and dietetics were identified from the integration of the original research and targeted gray literature reviews: 1) personal attributes; 2) interpersonal communication; 3) approach to practice; and 4) commitment to lifelong learning. ConclusionsDefining professionalism for nutrition and dietetics supports progress toward shared understandings, building trust, and assisting in dietetics education and practice. It can be used to support and extend teaching, learning, and assessment of professionalism.

Health literacy: An essential element of health care professionalism and resilience

This report discusses the importance of incorporating health literacy into health care professionalism and resilience. It defines health care management professionalism and its subcomponents. The report addresses the need for an improved definition of health care management professionalism. The inclusion of health literacy is not only important to the improved definition, but also to health care management education competencies. The report builds on the move towards competency-based education as a strategy to address health literacy in the areas of professionalism and ethics for healthcare professionals. This could lead to building healthcare systems with healthcare professionals who encompass high levels of professionalism as well as incorporating tools to combat burnout and increasing resilience.

Professionalism in pediatric anesthesiology: Affirmation of a definition based on results of a nationally administered survey of pediatric anesthesiologists.

Previously published work established the need for a specialty-specific definition of professionalism in pediatric anesthesiology. That work established a composite definition consisting of 11 domains and their component "defining themes" for professionalism in pediatric anesthesiology. As a next step toward assessing generalizability of our single-center findings, we sought to gain input from a national sample of pediatric anesthesiologists. The aim of this study was toestablish the construct validity of our previously published multidimensional definition of professionalism in pediatric anesthesiology using a nationally representative sample of pediatric anesthesiologists. A survey was distributed via snowball sampling to the leaders of every pediatric anesthesiology fellowship program and pediatric anesthesia department or clinical division in the United States. Survey items were designed to validate individual component themes in the working definition. For affirmed items, the respondent was asked to rate the importance of the item. Respondents were also invited to suggest novel themes to be included in the definition. A total of 216 pediatric anesthesiologists representing a variety of experience levels and practice settings responded to the survey. All 40 themes were strongly supported by the respondents, with the least supported theme receiving 71.6% approval. 92.8% of respondents indicated that the 11 domains previously identified formed a comprehensive list of domains for professionalism in pediatric anesthesiology. Four additional novel themes were suggested by respondents, including wellness/self-care/burnout prevention, political advocacy, justice within a practice organization, and respect for leadership/experienced partners. These are topics for future study. The survey responses also indicated a near-universal agreement that didactic lectures would be ineffective for teaching professionalism. This national survey of pediatric anesthesiologists serves to confirm the construct validity of our prior working definition of professionalism in pediatric anesthesiology, and has uncovered several opportunities for further study. This definition can be used for both curriculum and policy development within the specialty.

Civil Society and Professions: US Civic and Politicized Lawyering

It is important to include civil society in the purview of the sociology of professions because many professionals and professions interact not just with the state and the market but also with civil society actors. Moreover, members of professions engage in civic action and political activism not just as citizens or single professionals but also as the (founding or regular) members of their professional associations. They also establish think-tanks, research and counseling centres, consortia, and on occasion even citizen initiatives or social movements. Professional life can be explored more comprehensively when these professional interactions and activities are included in the analysis. The text provides a standard definition of professions, argues for considering professions’ role in civil society, defines civil society, and draws on US research on civic and political lawyering to buttress its arguments. Some examples from other professions are also offered.

Tıp Öğrencilerine Göre Profesyonellik: Saygın, Saygılı ve Şefkatli

The medical education defined in the medical school curricula aims to ensure that each student not only has the knowledge and skills required to treat patients, but also has a Professional identity and professional understanding to enable them to think and act as a physician. However, in recent years, the definition, functioning and measurement of professionalism has become an important concern for medical students, institutions and educators involved in the education of students. In this paper, the perception of professionalism of intern medical students was investigated. This study is a conceptual analysis of the phenomenon of professionalism in medicine with the Word Association Test (WAT) among intern physicians. A qualitative study was conducted with the word association test method with 44 students. Face to face interview methods were used. When the data of the research were analyzed, six themes were determined internally for professional medical students in the internal context. Theme names and frequency numbers they received: dutifulness, respectfulness, compassionateness, equitability, trustworthiness, and empathy. The article discusses the first 3 themes with the highest frequency values due to space limitations. These themes are in line with the Professionalism content, which is one of the seven core capabilities of the CANMed-New Generation Competency-Based Medicine Education program. The findings show how effective role model and clinical practice are in the learning of professionalism. The theoretical and clinical internship training given by medical educators should be managed professionally and the interventions required by the academic hierarchy must be carried out in a timely manner.

Learning medical professionalism – the application of appreciative inquiry and social media

ABSTRACTBackground: Medical professionalism is often considered difficult to be clearly observed and learned. However, although most medical students or residents affirm the necessity of medical professionalism courses, few agree that those currently offered are adequate for a medical career.Objective: To develop a curriculum for teaching professionalism by enabling students to share positive examples of professionalism in social media that reflects the authentic experience in clinical environment.Design: Between October 2015 and June 2017, the authors developed a clerkship program to teach professionalism with the support of social media and appreciative inquiry. Medical students were required to write posts on the positive behaviors they observed during clinical practice in the Facebook group. Other students and course instructors commented or responded to the posted content. The content on Facebook analyzed by course instructors and was based on the definition of medical professionalism according to the 18 attributes proposed by Cruess et al.Results: In total, 103 medical students in their first clinical year participated and posted 435 records of role model learning in the Facebook group. The majority of students learned the most when the clinical instructors were passionate about their teaching and guidance in medical expertise; this accounted for 23.0% of all role model behaviors. Other attributes of professionalism that students appreciated most were being caring and compassionate (17.2%), competence (9.6%), openness (8.8%), and presence (7.7%). More than 90% of the students reported enjoying this type of course and would like to integrate their learning experiences into future behavior.Conclusions: This innovative training program was well accepted in the formal curriculum and the predesigned social media environment. Appreciative inquiry for medical professionalism should be integrated into the organizational culture and the culture of social media interaction.

Public Art in the Private City: Control, Complicity and Criticality in Hong Kong

Abstract Responding to Open Philosophy’s call ‘Does public art have to be bad art?’, in this paper we argue that this discussion should pay attention to the consequences of structural transformations that guide the production and presentation of public art in today’s increasingly private city. While entrepreneurial governance and corporate branding strategies generate new opportunities, they might also result in increased risk averseness and control over the content of public art, thus putting its critical potential at risk. That observation ushers in urgent questions about control, complicity and criticality. We aim to reflect on those questions through two public art projects in Hong Kong: Antony Gormley’s Event Horizon (2015) and Our 60-second friendship begins now (2016) by Sampson Wong Yu-hin and Jason Lam Chi-fai. After drawing conclusions on the justification of public funding for co-productions, the legitimacy for artists to sometimes not ‘follow the rules’, and the problematic nature of a narrow definition of professionalism as a means to discredit artists, our analysis underlines the urgent need to develop a framework that can guide discussions on the consequences of control and complicity for the critical potential of public art.