Defense Work Research Articles

How does cyber incivility affect work withdrawal? The mediating role of basic need satisfaction and burnout and moderating role of conscientiousness

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the effects of cyber incivility on adverse work outcomes of work withdrawal and turnover intention. Specifically, we draw on self-determination theory and conservation of resources theory to examine the mediating roles of basic need satisfaction and burnout in the relationship between cyber incivility and work outcomes.Design/methodology/approachWe used Mplus 7.4 software with a maximum likelihood robust (MLR) estimator to test the structural equation modeling. We followed Anderson and Gerbing’s guidelines to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results based on time-lagged data from 685 full-time workers in the United States provide support for the hypotheses that cyber incivility is indirectly associated with work withdrawal and turnover intention through basic need satisfaction and burnout. We also found that for individuals with high conscientiousness, the negative direct effect of cyber incivility on basic need satisfaction and the positive indirect effects of cyber incivility on work withdrawal and turnover intention through basic need satisfaction and burnout are stronger than for individuals with lower conscientiousness.Originality/valueOur research revealed that when employees experience cyber incivility, they enter a defensive mode to protect their already stretched resources from unfulfilled basic need satisfaction. Specifically, experiencing cyber incivility interferes with meeting basic need satisfaction and leads to burnout, which, in turn, triggers defensive work withdrawal and turnover intention.

Enhancing campus OS community engagement through the miniOS pilot class: A nine-year journey

Recognized as the crown jewel of system software, Operating System (OS) is notoriously challenging to teach and learn, given its abstract concepts, broad scope, and the imperative for hands-on experience. How to cater to the keen interest in OS among students across all universities while providing a rich system software engineering experience? Engaging the OS community on campus plays a pivotal role in enhancing undergraduate education. Our institution has implemented a novel approach over the past nine years through the miniOS pilot class initiative. This program allows students enrolled in the OS course to opt into an additional, practical component where they engage in developing the OS kernel using miniOS, our teaching platform. Participants dedicate their spare time to a series of labs aimed at incrementally introducing them to miniOS, collaborate on a project to add a new functional module to miniOS, and ultimately present their work in a formal defense. This hands-on experience supplements the theoretical coursework, with the notable advantage that pilot class participants are exempt from the traditional final exam. Instead, their grade is determined by their contributions to the pilot class, with distinguished projects being integrated into the evolving miniOS kernel—a witness to the collective effort of each class. Since its inception in 2015, the miniOS pilot class has nurtured 182 undergraduates and 22 graduate students, contributing significantly to the OS community engagement on campus. Through this initiative, we have gleaned six key insights and six lessons, which we are eager to share with the broader educational community.

Transformation of Modern Chinese Maritime Strategy: A Study on Zheng Guanyings Maritime Defense Thought and Practice

In the mid-19th century, the Qing Dynasty faced continuous internal and external challenges, leading to a severe crisis in governance. Geographically, China is a typical maritime-continental composite country, and its extensive coastline poses a significant challenge to maritime security. However, after several invasions by foreign powers from the sea, the already weak late Qing maritime defense rapidly deteriorated. Numerous intellectuals dedicated themselves to the pursuit of strong maritime power and comprehensive maritime defense, among whom Zheng Guanying was prominent. As one of the pioneers of modernization reforms, Zheng Guanying had a deep understanding of the Qing courts maritime defense work. His long-term engagement in the self-strengthening movement enabled him to absorb various experiences in maritime defense from both domestic and foreign sources, thereby forming a complete and systematic maritime defense ideology through continuous practice. qq It possesses significant relevance even today.

Anti-attack algorithm of cloud storage attribute base based on dynamic authorized access

Cloud storage attribute libraries usually store a large amount of sensitive data such as personal information and trade secrets. Attackers adopt diverse and complex attack methods to target the cloud storage attribute database, which makes the defense work more challenging. In order to realize the secure storage of information, an attribute based cloud storage anti-attack algorithm based on dynamic authorization access is proposed. According to the characteristic variables of the sample, the data correlation matrix is calculated, and the principal component analysis method is adopted to reduce the dimension of the data, build the anti-attack code model, simulate the dynamic authorization access rights, and calculate the packet loss rate according to the anti-attack flow. Design the initialization stage, cluster stage and cluster center update stage to realize the attack prevention of cloud storage attribute database. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately classify the anti-attack code, has good packet processing ability, relatively short page request time, and anti-attack success rate is higher than 90%, which can effectively ensure the stability of the algorithm.

DDoS Attack Defense in Big Data-oriented Urban Rail Transit Safety Evaluation System

Big data technology is playing an increasingly important role in the safety evaluation of urban rail transit, which can help improve the safety and reliability of the transportation system. However, such a big data system will also become the target of attackers, especially in the face of DDoS attacks, its stability and availability may be greatly affected. Various attacks against the Internet have become a major concern among the many flaws of the contemporary Internet. Unfortunately, attacks against the Internet continue to grow more sophisticated, unpredictable, and unstoppable. At present, many researchers have devoted themselves to the research of DDoS defense solutions, and it is necessary to summarize the existing research on DDoS defense work and the technologies used in it. In this article, we introduce the process of DDoS attacks, and summarize the characteristics, mechanism and weaknesses of various DDoS attacks according to the network layer where the attack is located. Finally, defending against DDoS attacks is crucial to the big data-based urban rail transit security evaluation system. This paper summarizes the content of this paper and discusses some open issues in the field of network intrusion detection.

Numerical Simulation of Rockfall Protection Embankments in Natural Soil

Rockfall events represent a significant hazard in mountainous regions, putting human safety and critical infrastructure at risk. Various mitigation devices are available, among which, Rockfall protection embankments (RPEs) located in natural soil are passive defense work suitable for high-energy and high-frequency events. Currently, limited research has been conducted in this area, with the Austrian standard ONR 24810 providing the sole codified design method. A parametrical analysis involving both the RPE geometry and the impact features was developed by Abaqus/Explicit FEM code, with 2270 cases overall. The research aims to identify conditions under which RPEs effectively stop falling blocks, focusing on two failure mechanisms: the block pass over the RPE after impacting the upstream side bank and the RPE structural collapse. Additionally, the interaction between RPEs and their foundations during the impact is explored. The results provide valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of these structures. In terms of design considerations, this study offers analytical equations to quantify crater depth and foundation stress induced by the impact. Furthermore, design charts are developed to assess the block passing over verification and the structural collapse verification.

How Britain’s railways prepared for nuclear war

As a nationalised industry during the Cold War, Britain’s railways were required to undertake civil defence work to prepare for a future conflict. Civil engineers that engaged with civil defence work were required to understand the destructive capacity of first atomic and later hydrogen weapons as well as the threats of nuclear fallout and radiation so that they could design and build structures capable of withstanding them. At first, these civil engineers objected as the work was beyond their expertise. But from 1952 onwards, each region of Britain’s railways, led by their civil engineering departments, began to build infrastructure and train their staff to prepare for the continued functioning of the railways following a nuclear attack. The central focus of railway civil defence changed as the bomb threat itself evolved, but its central purpose was always more focused on repair work and the assistance of military operations over civilian evacuations. However, shackled to guidance and limited available funding from the UK’s Ministry of Transport and the Home Office, planning was frequently delayed or scaled back. By the mid-1960s, alongside most other British civil defence programmes, the planning was abandoned and government funding withdrawn. But despite the myriad of setbacks and funding disappointments, those that undertook the railways’ civil defence planning and training during the early Cold War saw the value in their work and hoped to contribute to a national effort to survive and rebuild should the worst ever occur.

Experiences of criminal justice: Perspectives from Wales on a system in crisis By D.Newman, R.Dehaghani, Bristol: Bristol University Press. 2023. pp. 270. £80.00 (hbk); £26.99 (pbk); £26.99 (ebk). ISBN: 9781529214222; 9781529214239; 978152914246

Experiences of criminal justice: Perspectives from Wales on a system in crisis By D.Newman, R.Dehaghani, Bristol: Bristol University Press. 2023. pp. 270. £80.00 (hbk); £26.99 (pbk); £26.99 (ebk). ISBN: 9781529214222; 9781529214239; 978152914246

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ТА УПРАВЛІННЯ НАГОРОДНОЮ СПРАВОЮ В УКРАЇНІ У ВОЄННИЙ ТА ПОВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОДИ

The article examines the peculiarities of the development of the award case in the conditions of the war and in the post-war period. It has been studied that in the conditions of war, one of the important levers for raising the efficiency of the organization as production, social coexistence, defense work, social development is the reward factor and tools, which are formed on the basis of the state ideological doctrine, the political situation, the state of socio-economic development, and the personnel policy of the state in the sectoral and territorial spheres and the scientific validity of management decisions in this specific area. The reward policy as a component of the formation of the management strategy for the future, in the post-war period in the context of Ukraine's accession to the EU and NATO, is a derivative of the implemented general strategy of the state's development. As a rule, the direct object of the award case in the state administration is not only the personnel potential of state authorities, industry and territorial sectors of the national economy, but also, of course, the personnel of the civil service, local self-government bodies, and society. Actually, these circumstances determined the expediency of the formation of organizational and economic mechanisms for the management of award activities, and with their use it is necessary to coordinate and establish relationships (the work of the public sector of Ukraine, we mean the award department of the President's office), executive bodies of the state and local self-government bodies, territorial communities and public organizations in war and post-war (for the future) circumstances, both in the industry and in the territorial sectors of the National Economy. The article attempts to determine the reasons for the ineffectiveness of reward policy, at the current stage, and proposes an updated system of reward principles and ways to solve this problem in the war and post-war period in the context of our country's accession to NATO and the EU. The development of a scientifically based, clear and transparent reward management system is an urgent need of Ukrainian society, the most important prerequisite for strengthening the state, strengthening its defense positions, restoring the national economy and preparing for joining the EU and NATO.

Wave Overtopping and Flooding Costs in the Pre-Design of Longitudinal Revetments

Wave overtopping, mainly caused by growing coastal erosion processes, directly affects populations, causing coastal flooding and potential damages. This work aims to develop the relationship between overtopping phenomena and their impact costs through an approach that considers wave runup, corresponding overtopping events, their flow volume and related flooding costs. Herewith, it is possible to evaluate the relationship between the structure construction and maintenance costs and the consequent costs due to overtopping and flooding damages, leading to the design of optimised coastal structures solutions. To apply the proposed approach, a real case study on the Portuguese northwest coast (Ovar municipality) was analysed, evaluating overtopping and flooding data recorded by the Portuguese Environment Agency (APA), allowing costs per unit flooded volume to be estimated. Then, future scenarios were predicted to assess the influence of climate change, discuss intervention scenarios and evaluate the uncertainty of economic parameters’ evolution. The proposed methodological approach represents a step forward in the estimative of coastal overtopping and flooding impacts, leading to increasing the knowledge about flooding and overtopping costs and optimised mitigation measures in artificialised coastal areas, where coastal defence works (longitudinal revetments) are present. This approach fills a gap in knowledge regarding this type of forecast in a medium- to long-term perspective.

Apologist Arnobius, a Christian rhetorician from Sicca Veneria

The article is devoted to one of the most interesting Christian apologists of the turn of the 3rd and 4th centuries from the Afri-can city of Sicca Veneria — Arnobius. Being a pagan and a teacher of rhetoric, he converted to Christianity after the Great Persecution of Diocletian and wrote an extensive work in defense of the Christian faith as confirmation of his new views, known as “Seven Books Against the Pagans”. This Christian apology is a unique example of an essay composed independently of the pre-ceding Christian tradition. Apparently, Arnobius did not have ac-cess to the texts of Sacred Scripture when he wrote it and could not fully rely on the works of preceding Christian authors. The apology is largely devoted to a systematic exposition of the cri-tique of classical paganism, which was characteristic not only of ecclesiastical but also philosophical works. The aim of this arti-cle is to reconstruct Arnobius' worldview, based on which one can judge what he taught as a teacher of rhetoric at the beginning of the 4th century. This allows us to recreate the picture of the educational environment in the Roman provincial town of that time. Arnobius actively uses the writings of Greek and Roman authors, which, as it seems, were his main teaching material. The article raises the question of the relationship between the rhetori-cal school and the Christian community in an ancient city. Tradi-tionally, Arnobius' acquaintance with Christianity is considered from the moment of his conversion to the new faith, but the anal-ysis of his apology suggests that the version of Christianity he proposed was not born by chance and was the product of deep creative search, which allows us to reassess the teaching of rheto-ric in provincial urban spaces. Moreover, it is evident that the conflict between Arnobius and the church initially went beyond the line of paganism-Christianity, and the apologist was closer to the Eastern idealistic model of church doctrine, which was not typical for Roman North Africa.

Detecting backdoor in deep neural networks via intentional adversarial perturbations

Recent researches show that deep learning model is susceptible to backdoor attacks. Many defenses against backdoor attacks have been proposed. However, existing defense works require high computational overhead or backdoor attack information such as the trigger size. In this paper, we propose a novel backdoor detection method based on intentional adversarial perturbations. The proposed method leverages intentional adversarial perturbation to detect whether an image contains a trigger, which can be applied in both the training stage and the inference stage (sanitize the training set in training stage or detect the backdoor instances in inference stage). Specifically, given an untrusted image, the adversarial perturbation is added to the image intentionally. If the prediction of the model on the perturbed image is consistent with that on the unperturbed image, the input image will be considered as a backdoor instance. Compared with most existing defense works, the proposed method is faster and introduces less computational overhead during backdoor detection process. Moreover, the proposed method maintains the visual quality of the image (as the ℓ2 norm of the added perturbation is as low as 2.8715, 3.0513 and 2.4362 on Fashion-MNIST, CIFAR-10 and GTSRB datasets, respectively). Experimental results show that, for general backdoor attack, the backdoor detection rate of the proposed defense method is 99.63%, 99.76% and 99.91% on Fashion-MNIST, CIFAR-10 and GTSRB datasets, respectively. For invisible backdoor attack, the backdoor detection rate of the proposed defense method is 99.75% against blended backdoor attack and 98.00% against sample-specific backdoor attack. It is also demonstrated that the proposed method can achieve high defense performance against backdoor attacks under different attack settings (trigger transparency, trigger size and trigger pattern). In addition, the experimental comparison with related work demonstrates that the proposed method has better detection performance and higher detection efficiency.

Criminal defense work in a sample of arrest hearings in three states of Mexico: the micro-dynamics of case-level engagement, influence, and strategy

Criminal defense work in a sample of arrest hearings in three states of Mexico: the micro-dynamics of case-level engagement, influence, and strategy

Impulsive Artificial Defense Against Advanced Persistent Threat

Advanced persistent threat (APT) as a new type of cyber espionage poses a severe threat to modern organizations. Artificial APT defense, in which an organization engages experienced cybersecurity experts to artificially check if there exist rootkits implanted by APT actors within the organizational internet and, if so, artificially remove the discovered rootkits, is recognized as an indispensable part of APT defense. There are two different ways of artificial APT defenses: continuous artificial defense (CAD), where the defense work is conducted at all time points, and impulsive artificial defense (IAD), where the defense work is conducted at a scheduled sequence of time points. IAD is superior to CAD in terms of the overall service cost. In the context of IAD, we refer to each sequence of service costs as an IAD policy. This paper addresses the problem of developing a cost-effective IAD policy (the IAD problem). First, by introducing an impulsive state evolutionary model for the organizational intranet, the IAD problem is reduced to an optimal impulsive control model (the IAD model). Second, by deriving the optimality system for the IAD model, an iterative algorithm for solving the IAD model (the IAD algorithm) is presented. Next, the convergence and effectiveness of the IAD algorithm are validated through numerical experiments. Finally, the effect of some factors is inspected. To our knowledge, this is the first time IAD is inspected from the perspective of optimal impulsive control theory.

Rach Cat Fort in the French estuaries and coastal defense system in Cochinchine in the early 20th century: Historical value and potential for tourism development

The article focuses on studying Rach Cat Fort – which is considered the largest French military fortress in Indochina in the French estuaries and coastal defense system in Cochinchine during the colonial period. Based on the research results, the article suggests some solutions to promote the value of Rach Cat Fort for tourism development. Based on primary and secondary data sources along with specialized research methods and other research manipulations, the research has clarified the strategy of French colony after occupying the entire Cochinchine province. Due to the fearness of the spreading risk of World War I and in order to protect Saigon – the capital of the six southern provinces of Cochinchine from the eyes of Western countries, the French chose Long Huu islet (Can Duoc district, Long An province) – a “special location” at the mouths of three great rivers to build a military fortress called Ouvrage du Rach Cat (Rach Cat Fort). Along with other defensive works in Cochinchine, Rach Cat fortress became an important link in the defense system along the coast and estuaries, helping the French control all navigation into Saigon and down to the South, West and part of Vung Tau sea area with long-range artillery. This would made contributions to controlling the maritime route from Saigon to other countries in the region. After nearly 120 years of existence, Rach Cat Fort is still quite intact, is a prime example of western garrison architecture and classified as a national relic with great potential for tourism development.

Portrait of the Ukrainian Capital Defenders in Award Documents for the Medal "For the Defense of Kyiv"

The purpose of the work is to analyse the informative potential of little-known documents from the collection of the State Archive of Kyiv (SAK) which describe the awarding process for the medal for the defense of Kyiv in July-September, 1941. We determine the reliable number of awardees, as well as create a socio-demographic collective portrait of them. For the first time the documents for the medal "For the Defense of Kyiv" from the funds of the SAK are considered as a source of scientific research in the field of restoring the national memory of the Ukrainians and for the first time as well they are comprehensively introduced into scientific circulation. From decision protocols and the witness testimonies, award letters, etc., it’s possible to distinguish the main categories of persons who applied for awards, to divide them by gender, age, and types of work they did during the defense of Kyiv. The reporting documentation of the awards department of the Kyiv City Council for the period 1962–1992 provides rich material for the reconstruction the image of city defenders, studying the ways of involvement for the civilian population in defence work, as well as understanding the course of the awarding process over the 30 years. Prospects for further studies are possible through the further, more detailed prosopographic and demographic studies, the search for new information about awarding, further research work related to the period of June-September 1941. Personal information about people in award letters is also a valuable source of information for genealogical research.

Практика военно-оборонной работы по подготовке боевых резервов для РККА в 1941–1943 гг. на территории Ханты-Мансийского национального округа

The article analyzes the practice of military defense work in the early years of the Great Patriotic War on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk National Okrug, the largest rear area in Western Siberia. The main attention is paid to the study of the activities of the Party and Soviet authorities involved in organizing activities aimed at providing the army with trained manpower reserves. The central place in this process was the organization of mass military training of the population. The study is carried out on the basis of office documentation of the Party and Soviet authorities from the State Historical Archive of the Omsk Region and the State Archive of the Socio-Political History of the Tyumen Region. Based on statistical data, the author comes to the conclusion about the significant contribution to the training of combat reserves for the Yugra front in 1941–1943. The successful military-defense work in the region was provided by the Vseobuch system and the activities of the Osoaviakhim and Red Cross organizations.

Alone in the Lone Star State: How a Lack of Centralized Public Defender Offices Fails Rural Indigent Defendants

The criminal justice system is stacked against indigent defendants. The disadvantages indigent defendants face are exacerbated when mixed with the unique qualities of rural America. For instance, rural court-assigned attorneys are often picked through ad hoc systems by the very judges these attorneys must appear in front of, creating a judicial conflict of interest. The financial realities of rural public defense work often force counsel to manage a private practice while also balancing court-appointed cases. To the extent integral resources like investigators or experts are present in rural spaces, they are seldom used. This Note highlights the way Texas organizes its public defense system as an example of how the unique properties of rural America interact with our criminal justice system to create substandard representation. As a solution, this Note proposes that rural counties should pool together resources to create centralized, regional public defender offices that serve multiple counties. Centralized offices, rather than private attorneys selected by judges to represent indigent defendants on an ad hoc basis, would sever judicial conflicts of interest; they would allow defenders to focus on their indigent clients rather than be forced to manage a separate practice; and they would have the ability to retain in-house services like investigators. Because establishing these centralized offices requires increased state funding and political will, this Note concludes by analyzing impact litigation lawsuits in several states that successfully improved rural public defense.

Research on Groundwater Control Technology in Construction Based on Foundation Pit Construction Condition

With the rapid development of national economy and the restriction of urban construction land, high-rise buildings are mostly concentrated in urban centers. The construction and development of high-rise buildings promote the rapid development of deep foundation pit engineering, and the number and scale of foundation pit engineering are increasing day by day. In urban construction, a large number of high-rise buildings appear, and with the need of subway engineering and civil air defence works, deep foundation pit engineering in buildings is very common. In order to ensure the safe construction of deep foundation pit, groundwater must be controlled. If the groundwater is mainly phreatic water, vadose water or confined water with low water pressure, it should be blocked mainly. The specific technology is to construct a water-stop curtain around the foundation pit to stop the groundwater outside the foundation pit. If the groundwater is confined water with high pressure, measures should be taken to remove the water in the pit to prevent the foundation pit from surging. By analyzing the relationship between deep foundation pit engineering and groundwater, this paper summarizes the control methods of groundwater in deep foundation pit engineering.

Measures to Ensure the Sustainability of Information Systems in the COVID-19 Environment

National defense requires uninterrupted decision-making, even under direct or indirect impacts of non-traditional threats such as infectious diseases. Since all work utilizes information systems, it is very important to ensure the sustainability and availability of information systems. In particular, in terms of security management, defense work is being performed by dividing the network into a national defense network and a commercial Internet network. This study suggests a work execution plan for sustainability that takes into account the efficiency of work performed on the Internet and the effectiveness of security through effective defense information system operation. It is necessary to minimize the network contact points between the national defense network and the commercial Internet and to select high-priority tasks from various tasks and operate them efficiently. For this purpose, actual cases were investigated for an institution, “Organization A”, and characteristics were presented. Through the targeted tasks and operation plans presented in this paper to improve the effectiveness of defense tasks and ensure security, it will be possible to increase the sustainability and availability of task performance even under non-traditional threats such as infectious diseases.