Defense Work Research Articles

국방위기에 대비한 국방민간인력 활용방안

The security situation in South Korea is unstable due to the increase in North Korea's conventional military power and asymmetric threats such as nuclear and missile. For crisis management, South Korea needs a preemptive response in line with the rapid decrease in military service resources and changes in the defense environment. The urn-shaped structure centered on the cadres and the advanced science and technology army must take a leap forward. As in the case of advanced countries, it is efficient for the military and civil defense personnel to perform defense tasks together. Accordingly, it is necessary to expand the scope and expertise of the defense civil manpower, to strengthen the capabilities of military personnel, and to prepare legal and institutional support grounds to ensure mission conditions. As such, it is necessary to review active policies on the use of defense civilian manpower to efficiently perform advanced and diversified defense work and to operate economically manpower. Efficient management of defense civilian manpower will eventually become an important element of defense manpower management policy.

LanCeX: A Versatile and Lightweight Defense Method against Condensed Adversarial Attacks in Image and Audio Recognition

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are widely deployed in various embedded recognition applications. However, they demonstrate a considerable vulnerability to adversarial attacks, which leverage the well-designed perturbations to mislead the recognition results. Recently, for easier perturbation injection and higher attack effectiveness, the adversarial perturbations have been concentrated into a small area with various types and different data modalities. When defending such condensed adversarial attacks on the embedded recognition scenarios, most of the existing defense works highlight two critical issues. First, they are particularly designed for each individual condensed attack scenario, lacking enough versatility to accommodate attacks with different data modalities. Second, they rely on computation-intensive preprocessing techniques, which is impractical for time-sensitive embedded recognition scenarios. In this article, we propose LanCeX –a versatile and lightweight CNN defense solution against condensed adversarial attacks. By examining the CNN’s intrinsic vulnerability, we first identify the common attacking mechanism behind condensed adversarial attacks across different data modalities. Based on this mechanism, LanCeX can defend against various condensed attacks with the optimal computation workload in different recognition scenarios. Experiments show that LanCeX can achieve an average 91%, 85%, and 90% detection success rate and optimal adversarial mitigation performance in three recognition scenarios, respectively: image classification, object detection, and audio recognition. Moreover, LanCeX is at most 3× faster compared with the state-of-the-art defense methods, making it feasible to use with resource-constrained embedded systems.

A Coastal Defense Work Plan 40 Years Later: Review and Evaluation of the Espinho Case Study in Portugal

A Coastal Defense Work Plan 40 Years Later: Review and Evaluation of the Espinho Case Study in Portugal

Redes empresariales y administración estatal: La provisión de materiales estratégicos en el mundo hispánico durante el largo siglo XVIII

Redes empresariales y administración estatal: La provisión de materiales estratégicos en el mundo hispánico durante el largo siglo XVIII

Wave Climate along Calabrian Coasts

The wave climate is highly variable temporally and spatially, depending mainly on the atmospheric conditions and on fetch extensions. Wave climate is one of the main causes of coastal erosion processes, together with anthropogenic pressure and with coastal and river sedimentary balance. Therefore, a detailed spatial and temporal knowledge of wave climate is very important in managing coastal areas and in planning coastal defense works. This paper describes an analysis of the wave climate carried out along the Calabrian coasts in over 50 areas, each of them covering an average of 15 km of coastline. For each area, over 40 years of wave data were analyzed to calculate over 20 parameters, representative of annual and seasonal average and maximum wave conditions. The large number of areas is related to the geomorphological and climatic complexity of Calabria. This analysis mainly highlighted that the two Ionian and Tyrrhenian coasts are very different from the wave climate point of view. Indeed, the Ionian coast is heavier in ordinary wave conditions, while the Tyrrhenian coast is heavier in extreme wave conditions.

Modeling Tephra Fall and Sediment-Water Flows to Assess Their Impacts on a Vulnerable Building Stock in the City of Arequipa, Peru

Arequipa, Peru’s second economic center hosting c. 1,110,000 inhabitants, is the largest South American city exposed to a large variety of natural hazards. At least 200,000 live in areas likely to be affected by hazards from El Misti volcano, located 17 km to the NE. A multidisciplinary project aims to address the impacts of tephra fall and frequent mass flows on the vulnerable building stock and roofs along two ravines that cross the city, enabling decision-makers to undertake retrofitting projects and improve urban risk planning. Two recent eruptions, that is, the 1440–1470 CE Vulcanian event and c. 2070 years BP Plinian eruption, were chosen as references for probable scenarios of potential tephra fall impacts from El Misti on the building roofs. Tephra fall impacts on the city depend on the eruptive style, column height, and patterns of wind directions and velocities over south Peru and roof mechanical resistance. Estimates of potential damage levels and cost range values rely on nine structural types and four classes of vulnerable roofs. Simulation runs of hyperconcentrated flows (HCF) and debris flows (DF), using three depth-averaged flow models (Titan2F, VolcFlow, and Flo-2D) along two drainage basins on the SW flank of El Misti and across Arequipa, examined three scenarios from a database of 39 recent events and other historical lahars. Simulation results showcase the extent toward the city, inundation depths ≤4.6 m, flow velocities ≤9 m/s, and dynamic pressure up to 100 kPa from three different magnitude HCFs and DFs. In both ravines, overbank flows occurred in key urban areas due to channel sinuosity and constrictions near bridges. Potential impacts on habitat stem from ranges of flow dynamic pressure and measurements of construction material. We estimated the monetary loss of buildings according to hyperconcentrated flows and debris flows scenarios to contribute to retrofitting procedure, implementation of defense work, and relocation policy.

Jewish Forced Labor in Romania, 1940–1944 by Dallas Michelbacher

Reviewed by: Jewish Forced Labor in Romania, 1940–1944 by Dallas Michelbacher Paul A. Shapiro Dallas Michelbacher. Jewish Forced Labor in Romania, 1940–1944. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2020. 174 pp. The Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, issued in 2004, made it clear that the Romanian state, recognized as Nazi Germany's most significant military ally on the Eastern Front, was also a major perpetrator of Holocaust-era crimes. The Final Report provided a platform for what since has become a significant outpouring of new scholarship on the Holocaust in Romania, most of which has concentrated on topics that were the focus of the Final Report. These fell into five broad categories: Romanian antisemitism; anti-Jewish legislation and crimes committed by the fascist Iron Guard during the "National-Legionary State" (September 1940–January 1941); the effort of Ion Antonescu's wartime regime to rob and rid the country entirely of its Jewish population; Jewish response; and postwar obfuscation and denial. Barely five pages of the four-hundred-page Final Report were dedicated to forced labor,1 and the topic languished largely unaddressed for years. Dallas Michelbacher provides the first monograph in English on Jewish forced labor in Romania.2 He makes ample use of the major document collection published in Romanian by Bucharest's Elie Wiesel Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania3 as well as other published documents. To this he adds in-depth research in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum archives and in major oral history collections. The result is a much more granular study of Romanian forced labor than previously available. The book provides a review of the orders and guidelines issued by the multiple civil and military authorities which administered the forced labor regime. But to this Michelbacher adds a nuanced picture of the corruption that permeated the administration of forced labor, with officials at every level encouraging and accepting payments against labor exemption certificates, preferential retention at one's traditional job, assignment to a particular locality, etc. He describes the varying degrees of risk of verbal [End Page 216] or physical abuse faced by forced laborers according to the personality and motivations of the civilian and military officials overseeing laborers performing tasks that ranged from heavy rail, road, and defense construction work in so-called "external" labor detachments, to humiliating snow shoveling duty assigned to Jews able to remain in their home towns. He captures the antagonistic attitude of local non-Jews toward Jewish laborers and the resentment that the need to keep some 75,000 Jews in technical, managerial, and administrative jobs in order to keep the national economy running created in both official and civil society circles. He provides a glimpse of the impact that removing able-bodied men for labor, under threat of deportation to Transnistria, had on Jewish community organizations and Jewish families left vulnerable to intimidation and blackmail, often lacking in basic necessities, and uncertain as to what would come next. A picture of forced labor at the ground level emerges most vividly in Michelbacher's chapters 4 and 5, which trace developments leading up to Romania's planned mass deportation of Jews to the Nazi death camp at Belzec, and then following Antonescu's decision to abandon the deportation plan. In these chapters the author moves beyond reliance on published sources and draws heavily on previously untapped archival and testimonial source material. He introduces survivor voices, largely absent from earlier studies, and provides graphic detail regarding several well-documented and painfully remembered labor sites—railroad track repair, a canal, defense works, a quarry, etc. Given the power of this new material, it is unfortunate that the book's footnotes provide only partial information, clarifying where a document can be found, but not the precise nature of the cited document. There is an aspect of Michelbacher's approach that leads the author to some problematic conclusions. The difficulty stems from the geographic limitation of the study, for the most part, to forced labor inside the borders of the Old Kingdom (Regat) and Southern Transylvania, isolated from the broader context of what was taking place in Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Transnistria. It...

THE ANONYMOUS ANCIENT TREATISE “ON EXCELLENCE (PERI ARETES)” IN LIGHT OF CONTEMPORARY LEGAL DEBATES ON CIVIL LIBERTIES

The series of oligarchic coups of the late fifth century (from the oligarchic coup of the Four Hundred in 411 BCE to the coup of the Thirty in 404 BCE) actualized in Athenian society the question of the fundamental importance of overcoming these tyrannies for the restoration of democracy. A political treatise by an unknown author called Anonymus Iamblichi is of interest precisely in this regard, especially when considered in the context of contemporary legal theories concerning civil liberties. It seems to us that this unique work in defense of democracy is best understood in the Pythagorean context as contrasted with the Sophists and Plato.

A novel independent heat extraction-release double helix energy pile: Numerical and experimental investigations of heat extraction effect

The application of ground source heat pump buried pipe can meet the requirements of concealment, protection and high reliability in civil air defense works, but the thermal imbalance in operation restricts the performance of system. To alleviate the problem of underground thermal imbalance, a novel independent heat extraction-release double helix energy pile was proposed, and a two-dimensional equivalent numerical model was developed and verified. Based on the numerical model, a comparison was made between independent operation of heat release and joint operation of heat release and heat extraction, and “effectiveness Ω” and “saturation degree Se” were defined as the evaluation index to research the heat extraction effects of different conditions during joint operation, the results showed that the average temperature rise in the backfill area of joint operation is 54.5% lower than that of independent operation, the heat-extracting pipe can effectively take away the heat accumulated in the energy pile area. The lower the inlet temperature of the heat-extracting pipe is, the better the heat extraction effect is. When the flow rate is about 50L/h, both the saturation degree and effectiveness are high, which has a better heat transfer effect. The larger the pipe diameter is, the greater the total heat extraction capacity of the heat-extracting pipe is, and the more favorable to the heat extraction, but the improvement effect is gradually declining, the diameter of the heat-extracting pipe is more applicable around 20 mm. For pipe length, when the effectiveness of the heat-extracting pipe is low, the length of the heat-extracting pipe can be properly reduced, which can reduce the initial cost, but when the effectiveness is close to 1, further reducing the pipe length will weaken the heat extraction of the heat-extracting pipe.

From institutional work to transition work: Actors creating, maintaining and disrupting transition processes

This contribution outlines how transition processes can be analysed as ‘transition work’. We draw on the concept of institutional work, review existing applications in transition research and adapt it to transitions, labelling the result ‘transition work’. Transition work details how actors ‘create’, ‘maintain’ and ‘disrupt’ transition processes. By analysing instances around the evolution of policies, organisations, networks and technologies in two cases of energy transitions in Germany, we observe how actors apply transition work to accelerate and decelerate transitions. Despite analysing very different cases, we find that creating, maintaining, and disrupting are all integral activities of transition processes. Particularly, we observe a lack of stabilisation of a transition process where ‘maintain’ activities of transition proponents are scarce: Maintain activities cannot only preserve the status quo, but also stabilise transition activities. For understanding disruption, likewise, we need to consider both disruptive and defensive work.

Changing views on gender and security : Finland’s belated opening of military service to women in the 1990s

ABSTRACT This article studies the historical shift in societal understandings of gender and security in Finland that led to the introduction of women’s voluntary military service and the opening of the military professions to women in 1995. With a focus on how the gendered division of defence and military labour was conceptualized at various stages, the study analyses what caused Finland to lag behind its Scandinavian neighbours in this respect, and what caused a sweeping reform process to come about in the early 1990s. Drawing on press materials, parliamentary records and policymaking documents, it traces public debates and policymaking over two decades. It shows that women’s defence work was a controversial issue, for both historical and political reasons. This caused an emphasis being placed on women’s non-military tasks within a broad understanding of societal security during the 1980s. Around the end of the Cold War, a surge of neo-patriotism coincided with the normalization of formal gender equality to effect a significant shift in notions of female citizenship towards military participation. Positive Scandinavian examples of women’s military integration were decisive at this point, as was the political impact of Finland acquiring its first female minister of defence.

Anton Vitalievich Nemilov: A Versatile Talent

The article is dedicated to the outstanding Russian histologist Professor Anton Vitalievich Nemilov, who, being a student of St. Petersburg Imperial University, was one of the first students of Alexander Stanislavovich Dogel, the world-famous Russian scientist, the founder of neurohistology. Having so far shown a bright talent of a researcher and experimenter in his student years, Anton Vitalievich was invited to prepare for a professorship at the university and over and above met expectations based on him. He significantly contributed to the development of neurohistology, histophysiology, including histophysiology of the reproductive system. Anton Vitalievich did a lot for development of endocrinology, which he studied in a general biological but not in a purely medical aspect; this was new and valuable for that period. Finally, he made his contribution to the development of cell theory. A talented teacher, an excellent lecturer, an author of a number of brilliant textbooks, a consummate popularizer of science, an active public figure – Anton Vitalievich demonstrated so many diverse talents during his life, which was not really long, that their combination in one person seems simply unbelievable. His life was in full swing, he was full of creative plans, but the Great Patriotic War prevented their implementation. It started when Anton Vitalievich was 62 years old. Professor A.V. Nemilov wanted to continue research at his native Leningrad University, refused to be evacuated, and remained in the besieged city. With his peculiar enthusiasm, Anton Vitalievich joined defense work, angrily denounced fascism in his articles and radio speeches. However, hunger and cold of the blockade undermined his strength, and he died of exhaustion on February 2, 1942. He was under 63 years old. The article dedicated to Anton Vitalievich Nemilov presents milestones of his life and work, his contribution to science, his professional and personal traits. The paper also highlights his participation in the fight against fascism and tragic death during the blockade of Leningrad.

Preserving the White Man's Republic: Jacksonian Democracy, Race, and the Transformation of American Conservatism

Preserving the White Man's Republic: Jacksonian Democracy, Race, and the Transformation of American Conservatism

RIVERBED, BANKS AND BEYOND: AN EXAMINATION OF ROMAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND INTERVENTIONS IN RESPONSE TO HYDROLOGICAL RISK IN THE PO–VENETIAN PLAIN

Water poses a particular challenge to the cities and settlements of the Po–Venetian plain. The region has some of the highest levels of precipitation in Italy and is criss-crossed by dozens of rivers, including the Po, Adige and Tagliamento. Throughout history, there was considerable hydrological risk to the well-being of riparian communities from hazards such as flooding and lateral channel movement, yet local residents did not sit idly by. This article synthesizes the available evidence for Roman responses to hydrological risk in the Po–Venetian plain from the first century BC to the sixth century AD, examining their workings and the hazards they sought to counteract, integrating them into wider discussions on risk in the Roman world. The responses are divided into the categories of defensive works (embankments and dykes) and channel interventions (channel rectification, channel diversion and dredging). While the effectiveness of these methods is questioned, in particular their potential to cause unintended changes to the watercourse, the decision by riparian communities to undertake them suggests a degree of local success. Nevertheless, an examination of the archaeological and palaeoclimatic evidence suggests a discrepancy between peak intervention and peak risk, implying increasing vulnerability and risk acceptance amongst riparian communities during late antiquity.

Amersfoort’s city walls

The development of Amersfoort’s two city walls can be divided into five periods. The first city wall was built in the first period 1259-1379. Although Amersfoort had been granted a charter in 1259, construction of the wall did not commence until after a serious assault by troops from the duchy of Gelre (Geulders) in 1274. The defensive wall was made stronger on that side, probably in expectation of more attacks from that direction.
 Between 1380 and 1500 Gelre troops attacked Amersfoort on multiple occasions and offensive firepower increased. Interestingly, Amersfoort opted to build a second city wall rather than reinforcing the existing one, considerably increasing the size of the city in the process. However, the project proved difficult to finance, defend and maintain, most likely due to the stagnating economy. Instead of being demolished after the second wall was in place, the first wall was reinforced with abutting houses, thereby becoming a kind of rampart within a rampart.
 The new fortifications turned out to be ineffective and in 1501 the city council decided to demolish the first city wall. This freed up space for a second generation of wall houses, mostly built from reused stone and with their front elevation on the trajectory of the first wall, with the exception of the houses along Krankeledenstraat and the southern section of Breestraat. In this same period, up until 1644, there was an attempt to strengthen Amersfoort’s defences. Several fortification plans were drawn up, none of which was implemented in its entirety, most probably due to a lack of financial resources. The ramparts that were realized are concentrated in the south-west since in this period the possibility of a new Spanish incursion was greater than any threat from Gelre.
 In the third period, 1645-1828, the council’s approval of additional openings in the city wall marked the beginning of a gradual deterioration of the defensive works. They had always been a big budget item, yet they had not been particularly effective. Accordingly, the council decided to convert the fortifications into lucrative functions. The Davidsbolwerk, for example, was turned into a cemetery. The most extensive demolition probably started in 1778 when it was also decided to dismantle various outer and inner gates in the second city wall.
 By 1829 the fortifications had entirely lost their defensive function and the city council proposed converting the outer line into a green pathway encircling the city, which would have resulted in the disappearance of all remaining traces of the wall. However, this was averted in 1844 by a national ban on the demolition of fortifications and they were subsequently integrated with the walking route. City planners continued to submit applications for demolition but encountered fierce resistance from heritage organizations. In addition, many remnants avoided demolition because most urban expansion occurred outside the historical centre. This resulted in a concomitant shift in the economic focus so that the fortifications no longer needed to be sacrificed to industrial development. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, with appreciation for the heritage value of fortifications growing, money became available for their restoration and Amersfoort’s historical centre was declared a conservation area.

To Be Rational or Not to Be

Abstract Rationalist Imāmī Shī‘ī’s attempt to deal with problems with which the Muslim society grapples on the basis of the rational potentialities of Shī‘ī jurisprudence. It refers to the claim of correlation between rulings dictated by human reason and those commanded by the divine texts. Certain scholars have attempted to offer a partial support of the rationalist stance. They try to show a middle way by which reason and the text may be kept under the same roof. Nevertheless, it does not seem that the partial defence works. Hence, a number of scholars have endeavoured to put forth a theory of identity of Shar‘ and reason. In this study, negative and positive arguments shall be introduced and appraised so that a justifiable conclusion on the issue may be offered. Overall, the breakthrough appears to lie in the different field of theories of axiology and religion, rather than jurisprudential reasoning and theology.

About Archaeological Research of Some Medieval Fortifications of Azerbaijan

Medieval fortifications, fortified settlements and castles were absolutely important part of history. In last decade archaeologists were led scientific researches in different parts of Azerbaijan Republic, studied different type of fortresses and fortifications. Medieval fortresses of Azerbaijan were built at strategical geographical areas. Our article dedicated to some medieval fortresses which studied during archaeological excavations. Azerbaijani castles and fortresses which built in the middle ages were historically and architecturally important for national defensive history. Azerbaijani archaeologists investigated at the medieval castles and the results of some researches were concluded in this article. Fortifications, which have an important place among the medieval monuments of Azerbaijan, were the main object of research in the monograph. For the first time, medieval fortification-type monuments were systematically classified and studied according to this classification. The defensive structures built during this period to prevent various attacks and to protect the territorial integrity of the country are distinguished by their grandeur. Among the fortified monuments of Azerbaijan, settlements and fortified cities with defensive walls, defensive walls, towers, towers, guard posts, military camps, strategic mountain passes and passes of special importance have been scientifically studied in the article. The results of archaeological researches were coordinated with the information provided by written sources, important scientific results were obtained, a number of issues were clarified as a result of systematic study of the history of Azerbaijan and its defensive monuments. The results of the research show that the defense work was perfectly organized in the territory of Azerbaijan in the medieval period. In fact, the political situation in the region has made it necessary. The fact that such magnificent monuments of the local population have left us a monument has served as a kind of source for the study of the history, archaeology, architecture, martial arts and other historical issues of that period. The fortifications of Azerbaijan show the prosperity of its medieval architecture, too.

Допризывная подготовка учащихся средних школ Северной Осетии в годы Великой Отечественной Войны.

Introduction. At all levels, there is a search for a new model of military-patriotic education; given that the period of active military service is 1 year, the need for military training in schools, gymnasiums, colleges becomes very important and significant. This is related to the relevance of the topic of military-patriotic education at different stages of the history of Russia. The purpose of this article, which is part of the author's dissertation research, is to analyze the forms and methods of military-patriotic education of schoolchildren and pre-conscription training in educational institutions of North Ossetia during the Great Patriotic War. Materials and methods. Historiographical analysis of the problem allows us to conclude that the problems of military pre-conscription training have found their place in the works of historians (Shatunova G.P., Peshkova I.A., Molokov E.V., Reutova L.P., Zhuravlev Yu.I., etc.). Researchers analyze the mass defense work of party and state bodies during the war, study non-military methods of training the population, reconstruct the types and forms of work. Historians analyze many aspects of the big problem in different regions of the country (Mukhametov P.A., Banzaraktsaeva E.V., Sukhanov S.V., Petkov V.A., etc.). This was made possible by the introduction of a large body of new archival documents into scientific circulation. General patterns of Vsevobuch and its manifestations in the regions were established. However, based on the materials of North Ossetia, this topic has not become the subject of scientific study. The main general scientific methods are the method of historicism and objectivity. Interdisciplinary approaches were used in the work, which allowed us to reveal the essence of the studied processes more deeply. The historical and comparative method made it possible to compare the processes in military sports training on the eve of the war with the implementation of the military training program during the war. The historical and chronological method was used when considering the process of pre-conscription training at different stages of the war. The methods of ethnography made it possible to focus on the specifics of military education characteristic of the region. The results of the study. The analysis of the source base and the available historiography on the issue of military education in schools makes it possible to determine the methods of conducting pre-conscription training classes on the territory of North Ossetia, and an attempt is also made to analyze the forms of military training of school youth for service in the army, for first aid. In addition to military training, the emphasis was placed on the education of a patriot who was able to love his homeland and protect it from the enemy. Attention is also paid to the institute of the school military leader (military instructors) and their role in pre-conscription training.

Lithological control on scour hole formation in the Rhine-Meuse Estuary

River deltas commonly have a heterogeneous substratum of alternating peat, clay and sand deposits. This has important consequences for the river bed development and in particular for scour hole formation. When the substratum consists of an erosion resistant top layer, erosion is retarded. Upon breaking through a resistant top layer and reaching an underlying layer with higher erodibilty, deep scour holes may form within a short amount of time. The unpredictability and fast development of these scour holes makes them difficult to manage, particularly where the stability of dikes and infrastructure is at stake.In this paper we determine how subsurface lithology controls the bed elevation in net incising river branches, particularly focusing on scour hole initiation, growth rate, and direction. For this, the Rhine-Meuse Estuary forms an ideal study site, as over 100 scour holes have been identified in this area, and over 40 years of bed level data and thousands of core descriptions are available. It is shown that the subsurface lithology plays a crucial role in the emergence, shape, and evolution of scour holes. Although most scour holes follow the characteristic exponential development of fast initial growth and slower final growth, strong temporal variations are observed, with sudden growth rates of several meters per year in depth and tens of meters in extent. In addition, we relate the characteristic build-up of the subsurface lithology to specific geometric characteristics of scour holes, like large elongated expanding scour holes or confined scour holes with steep slopes. As river deltas commonly have a heterogeneous substratum and often face channel bed erosion, the observations likely apply to many delta rivers. These findings call for thorough knowledge of the subsurface lithology, as without it, scour hole development is hard to predict and can lead to sudden failures of nearby infrastructure and flood defence works.

El castillo de Alba no fue un castillo de naipes

Recent archaeological research on the Alba Castle have for the first time uncovered evidente of the topographical and constructive features of this castle, which was briefly described by M. Gómez Moreno at the beginning of the last century. This medieval fortification (IX-XII) was placed on the top of a large crest encircled by an impressive wall and other defensive works. The situation and characteristics of this castle refute those which was recoginized by L. Avelino Gutiérrez as 'Castillo de Alaba' in "El Bufo", an ensemble of ephemeral structures which probably to relate to shepherd huts, sheep enclosures, or defensive occurrences (breastworks) from the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).