Defense Tasks Research Articles

Contextual information in situations of uncertainty: The value of explicit-information provision depends on expertise level, knowledge acquisition and prior-action congruency

In behavioral control, contextual information is used alongside incoming sensory inputs to reduce uncertainties about the unfolding situation. However, our understanding of this weighting process is limited; particularly regarding the applied question of whether individuals should be provided with information or whether they should rather generate it by themselves. We thus compared the provision of more or less valid (i.e., “true”) contextual information with a self-generation condition by examining the performance of elite and near-elite youth handball players (N = 30 + 27) in a virtual-reality defensive task. We measured response correctness, positioning as a function of the teammates’ defensive behaviors and the degree to which the experimentally induced patterns in the teammates’ strengths were detected. The results show that providing individuals with uncertain information neither enhances nor harms performance decisively. However, valid information enhances performance in congruent situations while degrading performance in incongruent situations, more pronouncedly in elite than in near-elite players. Consequently, individuals should be provided with explicit contextual information only if (i) their expertise level is not adequate enough to rely on self-generation, (ii) the situation-specific knowledge base cannot be sufficiently self-generated, and (iii) the instructor is sufficiently certain that the explicit information actually meets the upcoming situation.

A koronavírus-járvány elleni rendkívül sikeres védekezés

A magyar büntetés-végrehajtási szervezet kétnapos nemzetközi konferenciáját előadásokkal tisztelték meg a Visegrádi Négyek, valamint Ausztria és Románia büntetés-végrehajtási szervezeteinek országos parancsnokai, illetve képviselői. A koronavírus-járvány 2020. évi megjelenése a kialakult veszélyhelyzetek kezelését, a szervezetek közötti együttműködés új dimenzióit, és az alapfeladatok ellátása mellett a koronavírus-járvánnyal összefüggő, speciális védekezési feladatok végrehajtását követelte meg. Az előadásokban elhangzott nemzeti és nemzetközi vonatkozású legjobb gyakorlatok rámutattak arra, hogy milyen jelentős az államok külső és belső biztonságáért felelős szervek, így a fegyveres és rendvédelmi szervek, valamint az államigazgatási, polgári hatóságok tevékenységének összehangolása. A sikeres védekezés meghatározó pontja az egészségügyi ellátás volt, azon belül az infrastruktúrák szakszerű és célszerű átalakítása, illetve a büntetés-végrehajtás személyi állományának sikeres felkészítése és szakmai feladatainak koordinálása. Új intézkedési tervek, módszertanok kerültek kidolgozásra annak érdekében, hogy a fogva tartás biztonságát garantáló módon kerüljenek végrehajtásra a veszélyhelyzet kapcsán felmerült intézkedések.

A comprehensive review of driving mechanisms in amphibian spherical robots

A spherical robot is based on the rolling concept inspired by the pangolins. This mode of locomotion is faster and safer as its spherical body becomes a protective shield. The mobility, adaptability, and concealment provided by a spherical robot can be used for terrestrial, aquatic, and amphibious applications such as harbour patrolling, defence tasks, rough terrains exploration, and agriculture. In designing the robot, priority on the centre of gravity position should be given as this will affect the robot’s stability, either while static or in motion. A proper driving principle can overcome this issue while ensuring that the robot can perform a given task. Therefore, this paper intends to identify the driving principle proposed for spherical amphibian robots by systematically reviewing existing driving methods and the mechanisms used. From the search, 159 titles were published since 2015. The review has identified that the driving mechanism of a spherical amphibian robot depends on the actuation method, which is the legged actuation, combined actuation, and linear actuation. Each driving principle has its trade-off in performing the terrestrial and underwater motion. Furthermore, the driving principle also affects the advantages of a spherical robot system. Hence, studies on the driving principle that are more agile and do not ignore the spherical robot’s main advantage need to be given emphasis.

Факторы трансформации политического ислама в мировой политике: возникновение насилия и терроризма

The article studies factors of transformation of political Islam and reasons for its “tightening” in the modern context. On the basis of the ideas of social constructivism, the author traces the main milestones in the evolution of political Islam and the formation of its radical branches that orient towards violence and terrorism. The article examines nine mega-events that ultimately determined the specifics of the modern union of Islam and poli tics — the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the Islamic revolution in Iran, the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the September 11 attacks (2001), the overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s regime, the “Arab Spring”, and the establishment of political Islam with a “Turkish face”. The author demonstrates that after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Islam began to gradually transform from the social phenomenon into the world-political factor. Initially, this tendency was observed in the intellectual and ideological spheres, but then penetrated practical politics. The article identifies four models of modern political Islam — Shiite, Salafi-jihadist, Takfirist-jihadist and moderate political Islam. According to the author’s conclusion, the attitude towards violence within these models is largely determined by the peculiarities of the formation, geographic ambitions and goals of the respective branches. The Shiite branch of political Islam that has established in Iran justifies violence for solving defensive tasks and appeals mainly to the categories of justice and protection of the oppressed. Salafijihadist and Takfirist groups, in essence, see violence as a key instrument for implementing the commandments of Allah and rebuilding the world on the principles of Sharia. The moderate political Islam (as shown by analyzing the case of Turkey) completely rejects violence, and religion remains largely a social phenomenon, although it is used for political purposes, in particular, to attract the electorate. On the basis of his analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the idea of violence as an inherent element of political Islam is erroneous, but at the same time he points out risks of the increasing significance of this factor.

PocketCTF: A Fully Featured Approach for Hosting Portable Attack and Defense Cybersecurity Exercises

Capture the flag (CTF) challenges are broadly used for engaging trainees in the technical aspects of cybersecurity, maintaining hands-on lab exercises, and integrating gamification elements. However, deploying the appropriate digital environment for conducting cybersecurity exercises can be challenging and typically requires a lot of effort and system resources by educators. In this paper, we present PocketCTF, an extensible and fully independent CTF platform, open to educators to run realistic virtual labs to host cybersecurity exercises in their classrooms. PocketCTF is based on containerization technologies to minimize the deployment effort and to utilize less system resources. A proof-of-concept implementation demonstrates the feasibility of deploying CTF challenges that allows the trainees to engage not only in offensive security but also in defensive tasks that have to be conducted during cybersecurity incidents. When using PocketCTF, educators can deploy hands-on labs, spending less time on the deployment and without necessarily having the advanced technical background to deploy complex labs and scenarios.

Ocena wybranych elementów potencjału Sił Zbrojnych RP

The article contains a presentation of the Polish Armed Forces and in-depth characteristics of selected areas, which, in the author's opinion, determine the level of its military potential. The Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland were characterized, focusing on the main defense tasks that are set for soldiers of the Polish Army in the context of fighting and securing the interests of the Polish state, as well as tasks resulting from international agreements. A definition of the Armed Forces potential was showing the approach to this issue by various authors. The number of soldiers was assessed and compared with the strength of the world's most powerful armies as well as the armies of neighboring countries. An analysis of material resources was made, presenting not only their current state, but also the prospects for development. In this context, the current state of armament of the Land Forces of the Polish Armed Forces as well as the main armament and equipment of the Polish Armed Forces are presented in detail. Additionally, it was emphasized that apart from personal and material resources, an extremely important element influencing the military potential is the psychophysical condition of Polish soldiers. Therefore, the elements of the psychophysical condition were characterized, including mental health, personality traits and physical fitness. It was emphasized that a particularly important feature that should characterize a soldier is high level of physical fitness. In order to understand this problem well, physical fitness has been defined according to the approach of various authors, gross motor skills have been described, broken down into fitness and non-fitness skills, and the method of assessing the physical fitness of soldiers of the Polish Army has been presented. In the last stage, reference was made to the results of the physical fitness assessment presented in the available national literature. In this approach, the basic results of research carried out, among others, are presented. on soldiers of Special Forces and air cavalry.

Study Regarding the Analysis of Mobile Defense at the Level of the Land Forces

Abstract From analysis of various doctrines belonging to NATO’s armies, some inconsistencies can be identified regarding the use of operational procedures, one of which concerning on mobile defense. Taking into consideration the importance of this defensive task at the level of Land Forces, the study aims to clarify the principles of its use by organic tactical military structures, respectively to identify doctrinal similarities and differences, analyzing in a comparative manner different doctrines of NATO Land Forces. Also, highlighting the operation phasing the operation specific to mobile defense is more than necessary for the present study.

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF PROTOTYPES OF MODERN STORAGE OF CIVIL PROTECTION

The system analysis of the development of prototypes of modern civil protection storages as key elements of the system of individual and collective protection of the population in the conditions of spreading emergencies of different nature of origin is carried out. Collective and individual means of protection are widely used to protect: civilians from the destructive factors of emergencies in peacetime and wartime, rescuers during the localization and elimination of emergencies and workers from dangerous and harmful production factors. In recent years, the range of protective equipment has expanded, there are fundamentally new tools, increased their protective properties, improved ergonomic characteristics. The effectiveness of the use of means of protection depends on many factors, and above all on the rational choice and competent use of specific means of protection, taking into account the peculiarities of working conditions, production process, type of predictable sources of emergencies and modern weapons of mass destruction. Undoubtedly, in modern conditions, fast-forming engineering protection is the most effective way to protect the population from the dangers that arise during or as a result of hostilities, which is an urgent task of civil defense of Ukraine. During which the history of terminological definitions and the evolution of modern types of shelter and their functional features are analyzed. The classification of civil protection storages is carried out and the functional purpose of the main life support systems is determined. Some recommendations for the development of modern prefabricated storages of transformers for various functional purposes are given. The obtained results of the work allowed to establish a step-by-step chronology of the evolution of engineering prototypes of modern civil defense repositories, which historically formed modern parameters that have stood the test of time and are the basis laid down in legal documents. The performed analysis of the designs of prototype storage facilities and their functional and engineering content contains combined technical information that can be used for further research in order to develop modern prefabricated storage facilities for transformers for various functional purposes. Key words: emergency situation, civil protection storages, system analysis.

The Impact of Dietary Sphingolipids on Intestinal Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Immune Homeostasis.

The large surfaces of gastrointestinal (GI) organs are well adapted to their diverse tasks of selective nutritional uptake and defense against the external environment. To maintain a functional balance, a vast number of immune cells is located within the mucosa. A strictly regulated immune response is required to impede constant inflammation and to maintain barrier function. An increasing prevalence of GI diseases has been reported in Western societies over the past decades. This surge in GI disorders has been linked to dietary changes followed by an imbalance of the gut microbiome, leading to a chronic, low grade inflammation of the gut epithelium. To counteract the increasing health care costs associated with diseases, it is paramount to understand the mechanisms driving immuno-nutrition, the associations between nutritional compounds, the commensal gut microbiota, and the host immune response. Dietary compounds such as lipids, play a central role in GI barrier function. Bioactive sphingolipids (SLs), e.g. sphingomyelin (SM), sphingosine (Sph), ceramide (Cer), sphingosine-1- phosphate (S1P) and ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) may derive from dietary SLs ingested through the diet. They are not only integral components of cell membranes, they additionally modulate cell trafficking and are precursors for mediators and second messenger molecules. By regulating intracellular calcium levels, cell motility, cell proliferation and apoptosis, SL metabolites have been described to influence GI immune homeostasis positively and detrimentally. Furthermore, dietary SLs are suggested to induce a shift in the gut microbiota. Modes of action range from competing with the commensal bacteria for intestinal cell attachment to prevention from pathogen invasion by regulating innate and immediate defense mechanisms. SL metabolites can also be produced by gut microorganisms, directly impacting host metabolic pathways. This review aims to summarize recent findings on SL signaling and functional variations of dietary SLs. We highlight novel insights in SL homeostasis and SL impact on GI barrier function, which is directly linked to changes of the intestinal microbiota. Knowledge gaps in current literature will be discussed to address questions relevant for understanding the pivotal role of dietary SLs on chronic, low grade inflammation and to define a balanced and healthy diet for disease prevention and treatment.

Влияние антироссийских санкций на выполнение задач, стоящих перед оборонно-промышленным комплексом России

The article is devoted to the research of the anti-Russian sanctions’ influence on the performing the defense tasks, that are set by the government. Scientific approach and findings in the research domain are under consideration. The author concludes that sanctions have changed the situation in the defense industry: government’s tasks are performed at a high level, nevertheless additional resources such as investments in science and modernization are required.

Determinants Improving the Organization's Strategy in Terms of the Implementation of Tasks for Safety

Purpose: The aim of the research was to identify critical variables for the improvement of the organization’s strategy for the implementation of security tasks, and to develop recommendations for organizational units supporting the implementation of tasks for the defense needs of the state. Design/Methodology/Approach: In the research process, to achieve the assumed research goals, it was decided to use the following research methods, “Delphi Method”, and CAWI method (Computer Assisted Web Interview). The survey was conducted among 680 representatives of local government authorities and 62 people working for entities that carry out defense tasks. Findings: As a result of the research, factors were established supporting the degree of implementation of defense tasks both in enterprises and local government units. In the case of enterprises, all factors were assessed much higher than in local government units, human resources, information flow in communication with state administration units, financial resources, information flow in the organization, infrastructure resources, technical means, information processing, storage, procedures and instructions, organizational structures, regulations, norms, and standards (for example PKN, NATO). Five actions have been identified that can be considered necessary to improve the process of preparing the surveyed organizations for the implementation of defense tasks, the most important ones include, making specific procedures available, comprehensive coverage of defense tasks in existing legal acts and other documents, organizing legal regulations. Practical Implications: Increasing the effectiveness of implementing tasks for safety requires the improvement of the organization’s strategy. Therefore, it is crucial to improve human resources, information flow in communication with state administration units, financial resources, information flow in the organization, infrastructure resources, technical means, information processing and storage, procedures and instructions, organizational structure, legal regulations, norms, and standards. Originality/Value: There is a need to conduct research aimed at improving the procedures related to the improvement of security and, where applicable, the defense needs of the state.

Security and defense forces in military security system of the state

Problem setting. The relevance of the article is confirmed by the fact that the interaction between the main components of the Security and Defense Sector of Ukraine, namely the security forces and defense forces, in both peacetime and wartime, is the main condition for national (state) security. The problem of the Security and Defense Forces development is at the planning stage, as, given their current state, there are still many shortcomings in the actions of the state leadership and the governing bodies of the Security and Defense Sector. With the adoption of the new version of the National Security Strategy, the tasks of the security and defense forces become more complicated, which requires some adjustments for changes in strategic planning. This very point actualizes the topicality of the article.
 Recent research and publications analysis. The analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature has shown that the issues, considered following the topic of the research, are now covered in the studies of many authors, such as V. Bogdanovich, O. Bodruk, O. Vlasyuk, V. Gorbulin, S. Kononenko, G. Perepelytsia, V. Pocheptsov, O. Reznikov, A. Semenchenko, G. Sytnyk, M. Sitsinska, M. Sungurovsky, V. Lipkan, I. Hrytsyak, A. Kachynski, V. Telelym, A. Paderin, T. Starodub, A. Sitsinsky, O. Sukhodolia, L. Chekalenko, V. Chaly and other scientists. However, a comprehensive study to determine the role and place of the security and defense forces of Ukraine in the system of military security of the state has hardly been conducted.
 Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The purpose and the objective of the article is to analyze the problems of security and defense forces development in the context of ensuring Ukraine’s military security, and to identify ways to improve the effectiveness of interaction between the security and defense sector components in the course of implementation of the new national security strategy.
 Paper main body. The main element of the security and defense forces is the Armed Forces. The Armed Forces of Ukraine is a military formation, which, according to the Constitution of Ukraine, is responsible for the defense of Ukraine, protection of its sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability. The Armed Forces of Ukraine provide deterrence and repulse of armed aggression against Ukraine, protection of state airspace and underwater space within the territorial sea of Ukraine; in cases specified by law, they participate in activities aimed at combating terrorism.
 The main military formation of the security forces is the National Guard of Ukraine, which is designated to perform tasks of the state security and protection of the state border, and which also participates in cooperation with the Armed Forces of Ukraine, while repelling armed aggression against Ukraine and eliminating armed conflict by conducting military (combat) actions, and in the implementation of territorial defense tasks as well.
 Conclusion of the research and prospects for further studies. It is stated that, given the complexity of the threats the country is facing, the accumulation of efforts of all components of the security and defense forces is required, especially in conditions of aggravation of the social and political situation in Ukraine, caused by the active influence of the Russian Federation on the spread of anti-state and separatist tendencies and direct intervention in all social processes of our state. Therefore, only after the elimination of the threat from the Russian Federation it will be possible to divide the issues into separate security or defense ones, since such issues as ensuring the territorial integrity of the state, preserving public peace, freedoms and rights of citizens are very interrelated.

Sea Defense Strategy Strengthening Through Improving The Readiness of Indonesian Naval Vessel Crew (Study: The Health Office of 1st Fleet Command)

One of the sea defense strategies in the scope of deterrence is by presenting the Indonesian Navy force in the sea. This demands the readiness of the Indonesian Naval Vessel includes the platform material readiness and its personnel. The Indonesian Naval Vessel unit is generally different from the land unit makes it difficult the crew and need the health manipulation to avoid health problems or diseases that can interfere with their performance. Research errors regarding the implementation of the Indonesian Naval Vessel crew/soldier medical checks at the 1st Fleet Command Health office for readiness in order to support the defense task, the factors that influence and what is the effort supposed to do. The aim of the study was to analyze the implementation of the Indonesian Naval Vessel crew checks at the 1st Fleet Command Health Office what factors influenced and the best strategies implemented to obtain optimal results of the implementation of the Indonesian Naval Vessel crew soldier medical checks. This study uses a qualitative method. The analysis uses the theory of policy implementation from George Edward III. Data were obtained from informants related to the implementation of medical checks for Indonesian Naval Vessel crew in 1st Fleet Command which were then analyzed using qualitative. The results showed that the implementation of medical checks for Indonesian Naval Vessel crew was not optimal. Efforts are being made to coordinate at the planning stage, it is necessary to make a policy that requires Indonesian Naval Vessel crew to carry out medical checks without exception and provide Covid-19 vaccinations. So that soldiers can serve optimally.

КРИТЕРІЇ ТА ПОКАЗНИКИ ПСИХІЧНОГО ЗДОРОВ’Я ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ УКРАЇНИ

У статті розглядається актуальна проблема збереження психічного здоров’я військовослужбовців Збройних Сил України, як головного фактору успішного виконання бойових завдань в складних та екстремальних умовах діяльності. Визначені та обґрунтовані основні критерії та показники психічного здоров’я військовослужбовців з урахуванням досвіду їх участі в бойових діях.

Аналіз галузі дистанційного зондування Землі високої просторової розрізненості для вирішення завдань у сфері безпеки і оборони

The article analyzes the field of remote sensing of the Earth of high spatial resolution from space and presents the main trends in this field. It is shown that the main consumers of remote sensing materials are government and law enforcement agencies (the share of the latter is about 60%).The main companies of commercial space systems for remote sensing of the Earth of high spatial resolution and companies-distributors (operators) of these systems representing their interests in the Ukrainian market are given. These companies provide information for security and defense tasks and provide pricing policies for remote sensing services. The materials of optoelectronic and radar surveying are considered and the possibilities of the State Space Agency of Ukraine of the National Center for Control and Testing of Spacecraft to obtain space survey materials of high spatial resolution are reviewed.Described projects for the reception of special information of high spatial diversity, namely: with the Israeli company Image Sat International N.V. (spacecraft “EROS-B”) (panchromatic images with a spatial resolution of 0.7 m); with the Chinese company China Great Wall Industry Corporation four spacecraft series “SuperView-1” (multispectral images with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m).The possibilities of receiving and processing materials of remote sensing of the Earth from the specified spacecraft resulted.

Аналіз особливостей використання спеціального програмного забезпечення оборонного планування в НАТО

The paper reviews the state and retrospective analysis of special software used to support defense planning processes in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, namely: the Defense Resources Management Model (DRMM) and the subsystem of the Unified Management System for Administrative and Economic Processes of the Armed Forces of Ukraine based on the SAP ERP software platform.The paper reviews the state and retrospective analysis of special software used to support defense planning processes in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, namely: the Defense Resources Management Model (DRMM) and the subsystem of the Unified Management System for Administrative and Economic Processes of the Armed Forces of Ukraine based on the SAP ERP software platform. In accordance with the provisions of the Strategic Defense Bulletin, the Armed Forces of Ukraine are moving to capability-based defense planning. This type of planning is a standard type for NATO countries. The NATO planning structure outlined in the paper is a prototype for the future planning of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. There is a need for defense planning software tools that meet the requirements of interoperability with NATO defense planning systems. To this end, a general analysis of the special software of NATO's military planning systems was conducted during the study.The authors of the article have identified the main trends in the construction of modern foreign military planning systems. Classification of planning systems according to their purpose, which is common for NATO countries, was carried out. These technologies not only include the Dynamic Analysis and Rescheduling Tool (DART) and the Joint Defense Planning Analytical Request Toolkit (J-DARTS) but also in terms of its functional purpose and content, best meets the tasks of defense planning at the national level. Therefore, a comprehensive software tool for planning and analyzing defense planning in NATO has been explored in more detail. Given the broad functionality of J-DARTS, this tool is proposed to be considered to test the needs of defense planning in the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

National security of independent Ukraine: comprehension of the essence

An important component of the state-building process in Ukraine is the government’s activities to ensure national security, which is an attribute of independence. The ruling political forces in Ukraine have created the necessary legal framework for national security (parliamentary resolutions, laws, decrees of the head of state). The process of ensuring the national security of Ukraine should be divided into stages: 1991−2014 (imitation) and after 2014 (essential). The peculiarities of the first stage were the wide involvement of Soviet approaches in the formation of the institutional basis for ensuring national security, the imitation of the defense activity of legitimate armed formations, and the development of the military organization of the state. It was considered that the proper level of military security of Ukraine is evidence of national security in general. At the beginning of 2014, the system of ensuring Ukraine's national security on the basis of imitation collapsed, which failed to counteract Russia's aggressive plans. Seeking to hinder the will of the Ukrainian people for a European future, Russia occupied part of Ukraine’s territory − the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, and unleashed military aggression in eastern Ukraine. The beginning of the essential stage of ensuring the national security of Ukraine is connected with the initiative involvement of civil society in the implementation of security and defense tasks. Evidence of this were: the rapid organization of the emergence of volunteer battalions and their practical application in eastern Ukraine; active formation of local self-defense forces; powerful volunteer movement; deployment of information resistance structures to the enemy’s propaganda influences; implementation of the values of patriotism in the spiritual and cultural life of the population, etc. The violent reaction of civil society to the threats and dangers that threaten the very existence of an independent and sovereign Ukraine has become a social reality. In Ukraine, there has been a fundamental shift in emphasis in the understanding of national security. The main subject of its ensuring is the security and defense sector, which combines state authorities, state armed formations and civil society structures interested in solving security and defense tasks. In Ukraine, which seeks to become democratic, security activities have been de-ethicized, which is not the case in authoritarian countries. If earlier national security was interpreted as a state of protection of national interests, now (at the request of civil society) − as a state of protection of national interests and values. The theory and practice of creating national security of Ukraine are developing dynamically. The subject of scientific research and public discussions are methodological, institutional, public administration, social compensation aspects of national security and defense. It is a matter of practical implementation of their results with the leading participation of constitutional state structures. Key words: national security, state-building, legal framework on national security, military organization of the state, security and defense sector, civil society, security, danger.

Promena izazova i metoda upravljanja krizama u okviru stabilne vladavine prava - ustavni odgovor Mađarske na izazove 21. veka

The defence and security of Hungary is a national matter, on which the survival and development of the nation, the community and individual rights are based. It is a priority objective to enhance the security of the country and the nation and to fulfil Hungary's obligations in the international alliance system. In view of this, the continuous functioning of the State organisation, the performance of security and defence tasks and, if necessary, the restriction of citizens' rights within the constitutional framework must be ensured with adequate operational efficiency and in full compliance with the guarantees of the rule of law, even in the context of the peacetime and special legal order periods defined in Fundamental Law, and in the course of coordinated preparation and defence against various threats, harmful, influencing and offensive behaviour based on natural and civilizational events and human actions. The security challenges of the 21st century and the rapidly changing environment call for a new regulatory framework that can provide a flexible, transparent way in which defence and security system can operate in peacetime and in times of special legal order. A framework for the preparation of state bodies needs to be provided and measures along which the competent bodies can act in a period of special legal order need to be defined in detail, so that the country's functioning and its legal order can return to normal as soon as possible after the reason of the special legal order has been lifted. It is an important pillar of stability of a democratic state that the freely elected legislature, Parliament, determines the content and the form of cases in which it is possible to derogate from the general rules. There are different types of special status, so the concentration of power should be implemented only to the extent strictly necessary to resolve the situation, in accordance with the principle of proportionality. The institutions of special legal order are therefore institutions of a temporary and urgent nature which can be deployed as ultima ratio of state instruments in a situation of necessity, provided that their constitutional conditions are met.

Theoretical Research on Football Tackle Technique

Tackle is one of the more difficult techniques in football technology to learn, and it has a wide range of applications in high-level football players. This article analyzes the principle, classification, and usage scenarios of tackles through literature method, interview method, and case analysis, and draws the following conclusions: 1. The tackle technique is a sequential and sporty open skill, which is unstable. Sex, complexity and difficulty. 2. The number of tackles and the success rate are the highest in the backcourt, followed by midfields and the lowest in the frontcourt. The reason is that tackles are mostly defensive tackles in the game, and the backcourt is the area where defensive tasks are the most important. 3. It is reasonable to classify the offensive and defensive attributes of tackles by area.

The Work of Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union at the Grassroots Level

This study focuses on clarifying the activities of the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union at the grassroots level, clarifying the views and practical activities of this organization. With this goal, the author gives 2 hypotheses: 1 / Many views have shown awareness of the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union's importance in the cause of national defense and development. 2 / The Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union at the grassroots level organizes activities, creates an educational environment, trains union members and young people to contribute to the implementation of political, economic, cultural social, national defense and security tasks of localities; represent, care for and protect the legitimate rights and interests of cadres, union members and children; coordinate with the authorities, unions and socio-economic organizations to do well the youth work, pay attention to the development of the Youth Union, actively build the base of groups, associations, and teams in residential areas, participate building and defending the Party and government. To achieve research goals and hypotheses, the author uses scientific research methods such as analysis and synthesis, interpretation and induction, abstraction and generalization, logic and history, history and compare to come to general conclusions and conclusions that research towards the work of the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union at grassroots level.