Defense Tasks Research Articles

Reinforcing deterrence: assessing NATO’s 2022 Strategic Concept

ABSTRACT At the June 29, 2022, NATO summit in Madrid the heads of state and government adopted a new strategic concept for the alliance. The eighth strategic concept is the official long-term vision of NATO, at the same time it is the second most important document after the North Atlantic Treaty. This document describes the security environment the alliance faces, reaffirms the purpose and principles of the organisation, as well as its core defence tasks for the coming decade. As a crucial NATO document, it has an impact on the security and defence policy of the alliance and its member states; and sooner or later its ideas, principles, and requirements described in the concept will be materialised in the form of different policies, priorities, and tasks. The article examines comprehensively NATO's 2022 Strategic Concept, compares it with the 2010 Strategic Concept and the NATO 2030 Report. Given that the new Concept was adopted in the wake of the Russian-Ukrainian war, the study primarily deals with the Alliance's new perception of deterrence and defence and its planned measures. The analysis concludes that the Strategic Concept represents a significant shift away from the previous one, although it is an evolutionary document, and it has brought NATO into a new era of great power competition.

The system of entities providing territorial defence of Ukraine and the role of local self-government bodies within it

It has been found that the system of entities providing territorial defence of Ukraine consists of: 1) The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is responsible for establishing the legislative framework for the territorial defence of Ukraine and for exercising parliamentary control over the compliance with the requirements of the legislation in this area by the committees established by it; 2) The President of Ukraine and the National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine are responsible for the global management and control over the functioning of the entire defence and security sector of Ukraine, including territorial defence, and ensure the deployment of territorial defence if necessary; 3) The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, ministries and other central executive authorities whose activities are aimed at building the organisational and administrative architecture of territorial defence, determining the vector of development and implementation of the state policy in the field of defence and territorial defence of Ukraine; 4) target subjects of territorial defence implementation including regional state administrations, military authorities and law enforcement agencies. They are responsible for the proper implementation of territorial defence measures, the realisation of its functions, tasks and objectives, as well as the ongoing maintenance of their effectiveness; 5) local self-government bodies.
 The conducted analysis allows us to say that local self-government bodies have an independent and special place in the system of entities providing territorial defence of Ukraine. The reason for this is that they ensure the formation of an environment for the effective and efficient implementation of territorial defence tasks on the ground within the framework of a certain legal status and territory of jurisdiction. Consequently, the efficiency of local self-government directly affects the effectiveness of territorial defence, its staffing, etc.

INTEGRATION OF THE DISASTER MEDICINE SERVICE AND CIVIL DEFENSE UNITS OF THE TERRITORIAL CENTER OF DISASTER MEDICINEON THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

Background. In the current environment the civil defense medical service requires a number of corrective and reorganization measures. Aim. The purpose of the research is to choose the optimal format of the activity of authorized personnel for solving tasks in the field of civil defense in the Territorial Center of Disaster Medicine in the system of the disaster medicine service. Materials and Methods. The activity of those in charge of civil defence tasks of seven ambulance stations, which are a part of the Territorial Center of Disaster Medicine, has been studied in two forms of activity organization. The first form: civil defense units are directly subordinate to the head of the ambulance station. The second form: the forces and means of civil defense are included directly in the department of the Disaster Medicine Service of the Department of the Territorial Center of Disaster Medicine. Results. As a result of the conducted trainings on organization of communication and alerting in administration and divisions of the Territorial Center of Disaster Medicine in the conditions of passing civil defense signals, it is shown that where the civil defense units of the Territorial Center of Disaster Medicine are included in the department of the disaster Medicine Service, the teams are brought to the performers 2.8 times faster compared to where the forces and means civil defense is directly subordinate to the head of the ambulance station. Conclusions. For the first time proposed format of activity, where the forces and means of civil defense and disaster medicine service of the Territorial Center of Disaster Medicine are structured into one unit with a single management vertical, is the most promising form of interaction between services of the same functional purpose to protect the territories and population from emergencies: prevention of emergencies, elimination of medical and sanitary consequences.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE EVALUATION INDICATORS AND THE MECHANISM FOR IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF THE MATERIAL RESOURCES SUPPLY OF THE OPERATIONAL TACTICAL GROUP OF TROOPS DURING THE CONDUCT OF A DEFENSE OPERATION

In modern conditions, the general defense system should provide the possibility of centralized and decentralized management of material resources and be able to participate in the management of state defense. The effective functioning of the system of providing material resources is influenced by the timeliness and completeness of the financing of the needs of comprehensive provision of troops (forces). The reform of the Armed Forces of Ukraine envisages the introduction of electronic accounting systems for material and technical resources by NATO supply classes, bringing the volume of indestructible stockpiles of material resources in line with the real needs for these resources. In order to achieve strategic goals and fulfill the main tasks defined by the Strategic Defense Bulletin of Ukraine and the State Program for the Development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, planned phased work is underway to implement reforms aimed at developing a single effective logistics system according to NATO standards, capable of providing effective support to all components of the defense forces , who, in the established order and under the conditions determined by the legislation of Ukraine, are involved in the implementation of the task of defense of the state as part of the defense forces. In addition, the experience of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of the defense forces in the conditions of armed aggression by the Russian Federation indicates the need to create a system of providing material and technical means, works and services as a component of the system of providing the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of the defense forces during the joint performance of tasks with defense of the state. After all, the organization of the material support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in practice showed that the existing system of rear, technical and medical support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine turned out to be limited in its ability to perform tasks during mobilization and operational deployment, as well as directly in the interests of the use of groups of troops (forces), therefore its functioning, both in peacetime and in a special period, needs drastic changes.

A Call to Validate the Stress Continuum Model.

Since the start of the Global War on Terrorism, exponential demands have been put on military personnel, their families, and the military health care system. In response to a Department of Defense Task Force on Mental Health, the U.S. military began developing and fielding programs to promote the psychological health of its personnel. As part of these initiatives, the Navy and Marine Corps developed the Stress Continuum model. The Stress Continuum is a stress classification system ("ready," "reacting," "injured," and "ill") that provides a common language for identifying, engaging, and intervening when stress reactions or stress injuries are present in military personnel. It is the foundation for resilience and prevention efforts across the Navy and Marine Corps. Although the Stress Continuum has strong face validity, is consistent with current theory, and has been agreed up by expert consensus, it has yet to be empirically validated. The goal of the current article is to begin to empirically validate the Stress Continuum using validated measures of psychological stress. We conducted a retrospective analysis of Stress Continuum data (n = 2,049) collected as part of a program evaluation of two Navy operational stress control programs. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and analyses were conducted to determine the classification quality of the Stress Continuum using a validated measure of stress (a brief version of the Perceived Stress Scale [PSS-4]). For the first ROC curve, we used the "ill" category (vs. the other three categories) to identify the cut point on the PSS-4. PSS-4 cut point values of 9 and 10, respectively, maximized sensitivity and 1-specificity values. Using the chi-square test, we further found that a more accurate prediction for those in the "ill" category was using the cut point of 9 (79%) relative to 10 (71.8%). For the second and the third ROC curves, we used the "ill" and "injured" categories (vs. the other two categories) and "ill," "injured," and "reacting" categories (vs. the "ready" category), respectively. No optimal cut points on the PSS-4 were identified for these models, indicating that the PSS-4 could not reliably differentiate true-positive and false-positive rates. We found that the "ill" category of the Stress Continuum was predictive of higher levels of stress on the validated measure of perceived stress. Thus, our findings strongly suggest that the individuals in the "ill" zone likely warrant some type of intervention by a trained professional. The Navy has recently leveraged the Stress Continuum to create the Stress-o-Meter to support the fundamental principles of early recognition, peer intervention, and connection to services at the unit level. The Stress-o-Meter serves as a prevention tool that has the capability to collect information about stress levels throughout the entire unit at any time. Continued work on validating the Stress Continuum model and making it easily accessible to military units will ensure service members get the support they need and leaders are able to address the psychological health of their units.

Bio-corrosion Phenomenon of Titanium Grade 2 Tubes in Condenser of a Steam Power Plant

Titanium is widely applied for the tube condenser in Indonesia’s powerplant especially those that use seawater for the cooling system, because it has excellent properties both mechanical and physical. Leak in titanium in seawater environment occurred, but on the contrary, the leak of titanium tube in the brackish environment frequently occurs. Many defense tasks such as plugging, cleaning, and adjusting operations have taken, but the result remains the same. Until it was decided to perform an overhaul for the condenser and tube mapping using ECT. It was discovered that 80% of the total tube have been wall lost thickness so that total retubing must be conducted. Chemical elements consist of oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and chlor (Cl) were found during DT and NDT. This study aims to analyze the factors causing this severe titanium tube leak in the condenser. This case is like previous research even though it occurred in different equipment and water feed. Sulfur elements came from the excretion of aquatic biota such as mussel. Plentiful mussels grow along the cooling condenser line because biocide injection is difficult to perform. The method used to find the root cause of the problem is performing several tests of titanium tubes samples. The results show titanium tube from the condenser has experienced bio-corrosion. This is supported by the presence of three elements that allow the bio-corrosion reaction to occur by forming titanium sulfide, namely O, S, and Cl.

Legal regulation of the interaction of the armed forces of Ukraine and voluntary formations of territorial communitie

The peculiarities of the interaction of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with territorial defense units and voluntary formations of territorial communities in the conditions of aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the problems of legal support for such interaction and the legislative determination of the status of voluntary formations of territorial communities are considered. Formulation of the problem. As a result of the imperfection of the legislation concerning the territorial defense of Ukraine, there are problems of interaction between the Armed Forces, territorial defense and voluntary formations of territorial communities. The contradiction of individual articles of Ukrainian legislation provokes a decrease in the level of effective use of territorial defense and voluntary formations of territorial communities in the conditions of full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Analysis of recent research and publications. The full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine has led to the consideration of the problems of regulatory support for the territorial defense of Ukraine and the voluntary formations of territorial communities. A. L. Beikun and O. M. Romashko in their work consider the essence and content of the legal regulation of the security and defense sector of Ukraine, the effectiveness of the interaction of all components of the security and defense sector, including the Ukrainian Armed Forces in the conditions of Russian aggression. Yu. L. Kolhushkin in his dissertation highlights the issue of administrative and legal provision of territorial defense of Ukraine. Troianskyi O. A. analyzes the legal principles of citizens’ participation in the territorial defense of Ukraine and voluntary formations of territorial communities, he analyzes the main components of territorial defense, considers the peculiarities of the formation of voluntary formations of territorial communities. Main material. Legal regulation of the interaction of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and voluntary formations of territorial communities provides for ordering and regulating the behavior of the specified participants in legal relations with the help of legal norms. The need for proper regulation of the interaction of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the Defense Forces of Ukraine arose in connection with military operations in the conditions of aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in accordance with the Law of Ukraine No. 1702-IX “On the Basics of National Resistance”. Territorial defense forces exist in many states and are one of the factors in strengthening the state's defense capability. In most countries, the territorial defense forces are closely related to the armed forces or are their integral part. The legislation of Ukraine defines the voluntary formation of a territorial community as a military-civilian component of territorial defense, a paramilitary unit formed on a voluntary basis from citizens of Ukraine living within the territory of the relevant territorial community which is intended to participate in the preparation and fulfillment of territorial defense tasks. Changes made to the legislation of Ukraine regarding the interaction of the Armed Forces with voluntary formations of territorial communities and the use of units of voluntary formations of territorial communities in the combat zone have created some problems. This concerns the inconsistency between the new content of the status of voluntary formations of territorial communities and the obligations during the formation, material and technical support of voluntary formations of territorial communities as well as rights and guarantees for territorial defense and voluntary formations of territorial communities. It is necessary to emphasize that the regulatory support for the interaction of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the voluntary formations of territorial communities needs further improvement, firstly, a clear definition of the status, rights and guarantees of voluntary formations of territorial communities; secondly, provision of the financial component and, thirdly, material and technical support, including weapons and military equipment.

Геосервисное решение проблемы актуализации пространственных данных по результатам государственного топографического мониторинга

The authors reveal the informational and functional contents of the geoservice, using the example of the proposed mechanism for updating spatial data using state topographic monitoring materials. The algorithm of a geoservice functioning based on the data obtained in the process of survey, detailed topographic monitoring and its further use as geoinformation services for solving the tasks of socio-economic, environmental, defense and national security of the Russian Federation is shown. The analysis of domestic experience in this field (the national spatial data system, the geoportal of the Federal Spatial Data Fund, the Public Cadastral Map, the Roscosmos Group of Companies, the “People’s Map”, i.e. Open Street Map on the Yandex Maps geoportal, etc.) enables determining the composition of geoinformation resources requiring periodic and operational updating. Creating and actualization of digital (electronic) topographic maps and other types of digital cartographic products in real time, using continuous topographic monitoring data, and presenting them to users through the geoservice “State topographic monitoring” is a promising scientific and practical direction for development of geoinformation mapping and infrastructure designed to spread relevant spatial data.

HTDet: A Hybrid Transformer-Based Approach for Underwater Small Object Detection

As marine observation technology develops rapidly, underwater optical image object detection is beginning to occupy an important role in many tasks, such as naval coastal defense tasks, aquaculture, etc. However, in the complex marine environment, the images captured by an optical imaging system are usually severely degraded. Therefore, how to detect objects accurately and quickly under such conditions is a critical problem that needs to be solved. In this manuscript, a novel framework for underwater object detection based on a hybrid transformer network is proposed. First, a lightweight hybrid transformer-based network is presented that can extract global contextual information. Second, a fine-grained feature pyramid network is used to overcome the issues of feeble signal disappearance. Third, the test-time-augmentation method is applied for inference without introducing additional parameters. Extensive experiments have shown that the approach we have proposed is able to detect feeble and small objects in an efficient and effective way. Furthermore, our model significantly outperforms the latest advanced detectors with respect to both the number of parameters and the mAP by a considerable margin. Specifically, our detector outperforms the baseline model by 6.3 points, and the model parameters are reduced by 28.5 M.

Air Defense Interception Plan Generation Method Based on Modified A* Optimization Algorithm

Aiming at the air defense task requirements for an enemy’s large-scale aircraft attack, this paper presents a plan generation algorithm which can quickly give an interception scheme. The main contribution of this paper is the modification of the standard A* algorithm and its combination of the optimization algorithm and air-defence mission. Firstly, the enemy’s attack weapon and our defense platform are modeled, and kinetic equations and interception efficiency functions are constructed, and the intercepted criterions are established. Then, the interception-cost mixed optimal function is established to clarify the system optimization objective. Secondly, aiming at the characteristics of strong time sensitivity of air defense interception, a modified A* optimization algorithm with fast convergence characteristics is used to solve the optimization problems, the standard A* algorithm is modified and the optimal air defense interception plan under the condition of mixed performance index is given. Finally, the proposed method is verified by numerical simulations.

Decision-making performance and self-generated knowledge in handball-defense patterns: a case of representational redescription

In sport games, perceptual–cognitive skills are discussed as a decisive aspect of players’ expertise. However, an understanding of the relationship between these skills and actual game performance is limited, particularly, regarding the role of pattern identification and situational-probability estimation in performance. The present study thus aimed to examine how identification of teammates’ defensive qualities relates to decision-making performance in a 3:3 virtual-reality defensive task. Examining data collected in two previously published studies, we analyzed the relationship between explicit pattern detection and response correctness, and also as a function of players’ experience. Experience was operationalized as either expertise level (Experiment 1) or task-specific experience (Experiment 2). As expected, the explicit detection of a game-specific pattern was found to be facilitated by experience. However, the results imply that it is accumulated experience that enhances decision-making performance rather than the degree of self-generated explicit knowledge. This finding supports the notion of “representational redescription” as introduced by Karmiloff-Smith (1994). For sports practice, this suggests that the pattern identification demonstrated by skilled athletes should not be overestimated as a predictor of game performance, while the explicit provision of knowledge might be beneficial for less-skilled athletes, particularly in situations of high uncertainty.

The WACDT, a modern vigilance task for network defense.

Vigilance decrement refers to a psychophysiological decline in the capacity to sustain attention to monotonous tasks after prolonged periods. A plethora of experimental tasks exist for researchers to study vigilance decrement in classic domains such as driving and air traffic control and baggage security; however, the only cyber vigilance tasks reported in the research literature exist in the possession of the United States Air Force (USAF). Moreover, existent cyber vigilance tasks have not kept up with advances in real-world cyber security and consequently no longer accurately reflect the cognitive load associated with modern network defense. The Western Australian Cyber Defense Task (WACDT) was designed, engineered, and validated. Elements of network defense command-and-control consoles that influence the trajectory of vigilance can be adjusted within the WACDT. These elements included cognitive load, event rate, signal salience and workload transitions. Two forms of the WACDT were tested. In static trials, each element was adjusted to its maximum level of processing difficulty. In dynamic trials, these elements were set to increase from their minimum to their maximum values. Vigilance performance in static trials was shown to improve over time. In contrast, dynamic WACDT trials were characterized by vigilance performance declines. The WACDT provides the civilian human factors research community with an up-to-date and validated vigilance task for network defense accessible to civilian researchers.

ФОРМИ АДМІНІСТРУВАННЯ ЦИФРОВОЇ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ТА ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ У МІНІСТЕРСТВІ ОБОРОНИ УКРАЇНИ

In the article, taking into account threats and risks that are faced by the information security of Ukraine as a whole and structures that are subordinated to the Ministry of Defense, in particular, the content of the main forms of administration of information security and the implementation of digital transformation is distinguished. The essence of such forms of administration as: 1) ensuring the formation of a state policy on national security in the military sphere, defense and military construction in peacetime and a special period in terms of digital transformation, information technology, automation, informatization and information security in the peaceful time. 2) formation and organization of execution of defense reform tasks in terms of digital transformation issues, introduction of information technology, automation, informatization and information security; 3) organization, coordination and control of support for forces and means of information security within the framework of the implementation of the defense tasks of Ukraine; 4) implementation of other tasks and functions assigned to the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine in terms of digital transformation, information technologies, automation, informatization and information security. In a particular order characteristics of legal status and subordination of the Directorate of Digital Transformation and Information Security Directorate in the Defense of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine are characterized. It is substantiated that the normative support of departmental activities to ensure the information security of the Ministry of Defense is only initiated and in need of development. In this regard, one of the main tasks of modern legal science is to develop proposals to improve the normative basis for providing a digital transformation and information security in the system of armed forces of Ukraine and the apparatus of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. Key words: Ukraine, Defense, Armed Forces of Ukraine, Information Security, Digital Transformation, Military Management Authorities, Security.

ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ НЕОБХІДНОСТІ ЗДІЙСНЕННЯ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ ЩОДО ФОРМУВАННЯ ЗАГАЛЬНИХ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТЕЙ МАЙБУТНІХ ОФІЦЕРІВ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ В ПРОЦЕСІ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ

The war has changed the environment of the service and combat activities of the officers in the National Guard of Ukraine. Today, military units perform functions of the National Guard of Ukraine that are atypical for peacetime, including participation in the implementation of the legal regime of martial law and involvement in territorial defense tasks. The new conditions of this environment include: an increase in the average age of subordinate personnel, which often exceeds the age of graduates from higher military educational institutions; the necessity to make quick decisions in conditions of uncertainty; increased responsibility for the lives and health of subordinate personnel, and more. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis of the impact of new conditions in the service and combat environment on the satisfaction of graduates from higher military educational institutions of the National Guard of Ukraine with the general competencies they have acquired. The object of the research is the results of the service and combat activities of units in the National Guard of Ukraine, which depend on the competencies of their leaders. The following research methods were used to test the hypothesis: survey, analysis, and synthesis. The survey of graduates from higher military educational institutions of the National Guard of Ukraine was conducted remotely using questionnaires created in Google Forms in April-May 2023. According to the survey results, it was found that less than one-third of the graduates are satisfied with their acquired Soft Skills, which significantly differs from similar surveys conducted during their assessment in the higher military educational institution. The analyzed survey results confirmed the hypothesis, and its synthesis resulted in the formulation of proposals for further research dedicated to determining the pedagogical conditions for the formation of general competencies of future officers in the National Guard of Ukraine in the process of professional training.

Причины отставки директора Челябинского Кировского завода И. М. Зальцмана в 1949 г.

The article attempts to establish the relationship and the degree of significance of the various reasons for the resignation of I. M. Zaltsman, Kirov plant director in 1949. With the help of Federal archive documents, new circumstances of the Zaltsman Affair are revealed showing that it corresponded to cadre practices of late Stalinism. The affair was due to production problems. In February 1949 Zaltsman was reprimanded by the government for the production of low-quality tanks in the Kirov Plant, and then was unable to organize the rapid modernization of the IS-4 tank. The question of a new punishment for the director was referred to the Central Committee of the CPSU(b), which by that time had information about the director’s misconduct, corruption and improper cadre selection at the plant. In most cases, plant directors received disciplinary or party penalties for such shortcomings. However, Zaltzman’s refusal to admit his guilt aggravated the situation. An additional check revealed new negative facts, and his actions began to be regarded as «anti-party». As a result, the disruption of the defense task, supplemented by corruption and violation of the unwritten rules for considering cadres questions, outweighed the merits of the famous director and he received the severe penalty of being removed from his post.

Factors affecting education for Vietnamese youth today

The development history of countries in any era shows that youth people always hold an important position and role in the development of society. Today, along with the promotion of economic growth, the opposing sides of the market economy, international economic integration, and the movements of ideas and foreign cultures have greatly influenced the mind: Thoughts, feelings, and responsibilities of the youth generation towards the task of national construction and defense. Therefore, more than ever, Vietnam must take care of the education and training of youth people so that they can truly be the main army in the cause of national construction and development; consider it one of the top tasks, because it is directly related to the future of the country. The article uses methodological materialism and synthesis of methods, analyzes, compares, and evaluates the factors that directly affect moral education for youth people, thereby proposing solutions to improve the quality of life in youth education to meet the national development requirements in the current period.

Measures to Ensure the Sustainability of Information Systems in the COVID-19 Environment

National defense requires uninterrupted decision-making, even under direct or indirect impacts of non-traditional threats such as infectious diseases. Since all work utilizes information systems, it is very important to ensure the sustainability and availability of information systems. In particular, in terms of security management, defense work is being performed by dividing the network into a national defense network and a commercial Internet network. This study suggests a work execution plan for sustainability that takes into account the efficiency of work performed on the Internet and the effectiveness of security through effective defense information system operation. It is necessary to minimize the network contact points between the national defense network and the commercial Internet and to select high-priority tasks from various tasks and operate them efficiently. For this purpose, actual cases were investigated for an institution, “Organization A”, and characteristics were presented. Through the targeted tasks and operation plans presented in this paper to improve the effectiveness of defense tasks and ensure security, it will be possible to increase the sustainability and availability of task performance even under non-traditional threats such as infectious diseases.

National Defence of Hungary – Military Units and Military Facilities of Debrecen (Part 2)

The army has always played a major role in the performance of defence tasks in Hungary. This article presents the development of Hungary’s national defence from the collapse of the Austro–Hungarian Monarchy in 1918 to the present day. It describes the ground, cavalry and air units of the Royal Hungarian Army stationed in Debrecen since 1920, the military facilities used by the Soviet Red Army in Debrecen, and the units of the Hungarian Defence Forces operating in the city. It presents the work, activities, tasks and military facilities of the following entities: HDF 5th “István Bocskai” Infantry Brigade, HDF 24th “Gergely Bornemissza” Reconnaissance Regiment, HDF 2nd “vitéz Antal Vattay” Territorial Defence Regiment, 3rd “Sándor Oláh” Territorial Defence Battalion and the HDF Military Administration and Central Registry Command 2nd Augmentation and Recruitment Centre, and the 3rd Augmentation and Recruitment Office, the last two of which being responsible for providing supplies.

Intelligent air defense task assignment based on hierarchical reinforcement learning.

Modern air defense battlefield situations are complex and varied, requiring high-speed computing capabilities and real-time situational processing for task assignment. Current methods struggle to balance the quality and speed of assignment strategies. This paper proposes a hierarchical reinforcement learning architecture for ground-to-air confrontation (HRL-GC) and an algorithm combining model predictive control with proximal policy optimization (MPC-PPO), which effectively combines the advantages of centralized and distributed approaches. To improve training efficiency while ensuring the quality of the final decision. In a large-scale area air defense scenario, this paper validates the effectiveness and superiority of the HRL-GC architecture and MPC-PPO algorithm, proving that the method can meet the needs of large-scale air defense task assignment in terms of quality and speed.

국방위기에 대비한 국방민간인력 활용방안

The security situation in South Korea is unstable due to the increase in North Korea's conventional military power and asymmetric threats such as nuclear and missile. For crisis management, South Korea needs a preemptive response in line with the rapid decrease in military service resources and changes in the defense environment. The urn-shaped structure centered on the cadres and the advanced science and technology army must take a leap forward. As in the case of advanced countries, it is efficient for the military and civil defense personnel to perform defense tasks together. Accordingly, it is necessary to expand the scope and expertise of the defense civil manpower, to strengthen the capabilities of military personnel, and to prepare legal and institutional support grounds to ensure mission conditions. As such, it is necessary to review active policies on the use of defense civilian manpower to efficiently perform advanced and diversified defense work and to operate economically manpower. Efficient management of defense civilian manpower will eventually become an important element of defense manpower management policy.