Deep Changes Research Articles

P Waves Emerged From Ambient Noise Cross‐Correlation Post the 2018 Kı̄lauea Eruption Revealing Middle Crust Velocity Discontinuities Beneath the Island of Hawai'i

AbstractEmpirical Green Functions (EGFs) obtained from ambient noise cross‐correlation are important for imaging and monitoring underground structures. The EGFs on the Island of Hawai'i in different years are similar at low frequencies (0.1–0.4 Hz), but very different at high frequencies (0.4–1.0 Hz): Only the EGFs after the 2018 Kı̄lauea eruption show clear P waves. Grid search reveals a strong noise source near the Kı̄lauea summit before the eruption, which contaminated the EGFs but became silent after the eruption. Modeling of the P waves identifies the direct arrival and post‐critical reflections from two velocity discontinuities at 4.7 and 7.2 km depth beneath the island, which we interpret as the base of volcanic edifices and deposits and the boundary between basaltic dikes and gabbros, respectively. The P waves in EGFs could provide valuable high‐resolution constraints for monitoring deep magmatic changes and imaging the volcano structures.

Mobilizing infrastructure investments for urban climate action in Africa: enabling factors for multilevel action

ABSTRACT This article explores the importance of national governments and national-local relationships for scaling up local climate action to achieve global goals. From the Sustainable Development Goals to the New Urban Agenda to the Paris Climate Change Agreement, the achievement of global sustainability goals will depend on deep changes to national infrastructure and urban systems. Through an analysis of climate action planning and investments in exemplary cases in Africa, the paper highlights the opportunities and challenges that come with integrating national governments into urban-focused priorities and needs, especially for mobilising financial resources. The paper finds that scaling up city climate action in the selected African countries benefits from a constructive multi-level relationship between local and national institutions and stakeholders to shape and improve the legislative, financial and operating frameworks to enable systemic change. Large-scale urban climate action can be enabled by formal multi-level institutional arrangements, links to politically prioritised policy frameworks, and transformative aims that address both climate and socio-economic benefits for communities.

Systematic Review of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Child-Adolescent Population: A Developmental Perspective.

Human development implies deep changes in cognitive, attentional, emotional, and behavioral skills. Therefore, Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) should be adapted in terms of dose, frequency, kind of exercises, assessment methods, and expected effects regarding the abilities and limitations of each developmental period. The present review seeks to describe and compare MBIs characteristics, assessment methods, and effects in youth between 3 and 18 years old considering four developmental periods. A systematic review was carried out including experimental primary studies published during the last five years. Results show that the frequency of the sessions and program duration varies widely. Differences were observed in instructors’ training and in assessment strategies. Discrepancies were observed regarding the effects of MBIs both within and between periods in cognitive, socio-emotional, symptoms, and mindfulness variables. Consistency was observed in prosocial behaviors for preschoolers, and in emotional and behavioral problems and hyperactivity in ages between preschool and early adolescence. Nevertheless, it was impossible to compare most results and determine consistency or discrepancy due to the lack of studies. Regarding mindfulness, it is defined and assessed in different ways in each period. Orientations are suggested to move from a compartmentalized view of isolated MBIs, towards an integrative perspective that allows tracing developmental trajectories for mindfulness and other key cognitive and socioemotional skills for children and adolescents.

Major haemorrhage after non-surgical management of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Major haemorrhage is a rare complication after chemoradiotherapy for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. This is managed by interventional neuroradiology with endovascular embolisation of the bleeding vessel. This study aimed to describe radiological and clinical predictors of haemorrhage. A retrospective case series was conducted of all patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas who suffered a major haemorrhage requiring embolisation during or after treatment with chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone, between 2013 and 2021, in Western Australia. This study included 14 patients, in two groups: haemorrhage group (n = 70) and tumour stage matched non-haemorrhage group (n = 7). Patients who haemorrhaged had a larger average transverse axial tumour size on pre-treatment computed tomography (38 mm vs 22 mm; p = 0.02) and tumours tended to involve the proximal aspect of the offending bleeding vessel. All patients who haemorrhaged developed deep cavitating or ulcerative tumour bed changes on post-treatment imaging (p < 0.0001). Tumour bed ulceration or cavitation appears to be highly predictive of haemorrhage in this patient cohort.

Patterns of adult and youth inpatient admissions before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in a psychiatric ward: an observational study

BackgroundThe current pandemic situation led to deep changes not only in social relationships, but also on clinical care and access to healthcare facilities. The authors aimed to understand whether this context affected the main characteristics of psychiatric hospitalizations, measured by admissions in a portuguese acute psychiatric ward.MethodsRetrospective data collection of all patients admitted in Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, in two different time periods: pre-COVID-19 (march 11th, 2019 to march 10th, 2020, n = 1845) and COVID-19 (march 11th, 2020 to march 10th, 2021, n = 1278); comparing the number of total admissions, compulsory ones, age, sex, median days of admission, median days to readmission and diagnosis at discharge. Distribution of disorders in both groups, as well as in compulsory admissions were also evaluated. The same comparisons were evaluated in the 15–25-year-old patient group.ResultsStatistical significance was found regarding total number of admissions (reduction of around 30.7%), as well as compulsory ones (reduction of 14%, although the relative frequency had increased), days of admission and distribution between admissions (with lower reductions regarding dementias, schizophrenia and affective disorders, while substance use disorders and intellectual disabilities presented reductions of over 50%), with no differences between gender, median age, previous admissions or readmissions. Distribution between compulsory admissions did not present differences before and during COVID periods.For patients between 15 and 25 years of age, statistical significance was found regarding total number of compulsory ones (94 versus 44, p-value = 0.01), and in all groups of diagnoses (all with p-value = 0.001).ConclusionsWhile there was a general reduction in the overall number of patients admitted, in the most severe conditions (compulsory admissions and schizophrenia diagnosis) did not present such a reduction. Difficulties in social, clinical and family networks can explain the reduction of the time to readmission. Future research could show whether there is a rebound increase number of admissions in the other diagnoses.Trial RegistrationThe current study was approved by the hospital’s scientific and ethics committees (CCP number 0060/2021 and CES 09/2021).

Pandemia w książkach dla dzieci: w stronę hipernowoczesnego społeczeństwa? Przypadek włoski

Introduction: The paper analyses some children’s books printed in Italy in the last two years in order to tell and explain to children the COVID-19 pandemic, assuming that the national case could be compared or generalized to the publishing markets of other countries. The starting hypothesis was that our time is characterized by a deep change in grounding values. Research Aim: The research aims to identify the recurrent themes offered to the attention of children during the pandemic, trying to understand on which ideas of society and human coexistence they are conceived. Method: The research has been carried out by reading the main children’s books published on the pandemic issue and considering the national simultaneous political and cultural debate on the measures adopted to contain the virus spreading. Results: With some remarkable exceptions, children’s books were strictly focused on health aspects and on the contagion prevention, rather than on more educational matters, often ignoring the youngsters’ sufferance of the two last years, when children were not allowed to go to school, to meet friends and to have a normal social life. Conclusions: The analysis seems to confirm the starting hypothesis of a deep change in common sense and in the main values. The pandemic is maybe the turning point of a historical process which started on September 11, 2001, that I suggest to connect to the concept of “hyper-modern”, introduced in the early hyper 2000s to signaling the running out of the post-modernist point of view.

An End-to-end Supervised Domain Adaptation Framework for Cross-Domain Change Detection

Change detection is a crucial but extremely challenging task in remote sensing image analysis, and much progress has been made with the rapid development of deep learning. However, most existing deep learning-based change detection methods try to elaborately design complicated neural networks with powerful feature representations. However, they ignore the universal domain shift induced by time-varying land cover changes, including luminance fluctuations and seasonal changes between pre-event and post-event images, thereby producing suboptimal results. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end supervised domain adaptation framework for cross-domain change detection named SDACD, to effectively alleviate the domain shift between bi-temporal images for better change predictions. Specifically, our SDACD presents collaborative adaptations from both image and feature perspectives with supervised learning. Image adaptation exploits generative adversarial learning with cycle-consistency constraints to perform cross-domain style transformation, which effectively narrows the domain gap in a two-side generation fashion. As for feature adaptation, we extract domain-invariant features to align different feature distributions in the feature space, which could further reduce the domain gap of cross-domain images. To further improve the performance, we combine three types of bi-temporal images for the final change prediction, including the initial input bi-temporal images and two generated bi-temporal images from the pre-event and post-event domains. Extensive experiments and analyses conducted on two benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness and generalizability of our proposed framework. Notably, our framework pushes several representative baseline models up to new State-Of-The-Art records, achieving 97.34% and 92.36% on the CDD and WHU building datasets, respectively. The source code and models are publicly available at https://github.com/Perfect-You/SDACD.

The first issue of annuities by the Diputación of the kingdom of Aragon (1376–1436): raising capital and sovereign debt in the Middle Ages

ABSTRACT This article presents new data on the kingdom of Aragon’s issue of sovereign debt 25 years earlier than the point at which there is routine documentation. The primary focus of this study is to examine how the representative institutions of this territory within the Crown of Aragon undertook the task of raising capital in financial markets. Contrary to a well-established historiographical perspective, this inland kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula and a supra-local political body called the Diputación employed advanced financial instruments that were used in major cities along the Mediterranean coast, and managed to attract investors. A chronological survey is undertaken of the evolution of this debt and how it shaped the kingdom’s relationship to the monarchy, seeking to meet royal demands for extraordinary funding. This study of the management of public debt sheds light on deep structural changes that encompassed fiscality, the creation of new institutions and self-government.

Using Search Advocates to Mitigate Bias in Hiring: An Interview with Anne Gillies

A commitment to Diversity, Equity and Inclusion requires eliminating bias in hiring. Eliminating bias requires training, tools and cultural change. This interview with Anne Gillies of Oregon State University’s Search Advocates provides a nuanced understanding of how search practices reinforce bias and how she has operationalized a program that has the capacity to create deep cultural change. Interviewed by Emily Weak of Hiring Librarians, she outlines her program’s philosophy, as well as its origins and the challenges in measuring outcomes. Her program has found footing in academic libraries, but managers in public and other library types will benefit from understanding her methods.

Automated Extraction of Annual Erosion Rates for Arctic Permafrost Coasts Using Sentinel-1, Deep Learning, and Change Vector Analysis

Arctic permafrost coasts become increasingly vulnerable due to environmental drivers such as the reduced sea-ice extent and duration as well as the thawing of permafrost itself. A continuous quantification of the erosion process on large to circum-Arctic scales is required to fully assess the extent and understand the consequences of eroding permafrost coastlines. This study presents a novel approach to quantify annual Arctic coastal erosion and build-up rates based on Sentinel-1 (S1) Synthetic Aperture RADAR (SAR) backscatter data, in combination with Deep Learning (DL) and Change Vector Analysis (CVA). The methodology includes the generation of a high-quality Arctic coastline product via DL, which acted as a reference for quantifying coastal erosion and build-up rates from annual median and standard deviation (sd) backscatter images via CVA. The analysis was applied on ten test sites distributed across the Arctic and covering about 1038 km of coastline. Results revealed maximum erosion rates of up to 160 m for some areas and an average erosion rate of 4.37 m across all test sites within a three-year temporal window from 2017 to 2020. The observed erosion rates within the framework of this study agree with findings published in the previous literature. The proposed methods and data can be applied on large scales and, prospectively, even for the entire Arctic. The generated products may be used for quantifying the loss of frozen ground, estimating the release of stored organic material, and can act as a basis for further related studies in Arctic coastal environments.

Fear of COVID-19 reinforces climate change beliefs. Evidence from 28 European countries

The long-term nature of climate policy measures requires stable social legitimacy, which other types of crises may jeopardize. This article examines the impact of the COVID-19 fear on climate change beliefs based on an autumn 2020 population survey in the Member States of the European Union and the United Kingdom. The results show that deep COVID-19 concerns increase climate change concerns, awareness, and perceived negative impacts of climate change. These effects are more robust among the lower educated Europeans. On the country level, strict governmental measures are also linked to deep climate change concerns. In contrast to the experience following the 2008 recession, the findings show that a secondary crisis can positively impact climate attitudes, which is a promising result for policy actions.

Nursing leadership – major difficulties and opportunities

Recognizing the elements of nursing leadership is crucial to ensuring a secure future for nurse leaders who can influence outcomes for healthcare workers and patients. Health care managers’ leadership behaviors can have a beneficial or bad impact on the outcomes for organizations, providers, and ultimately, patients. The purpose of this research is to undertake a detailed check of the interdisciplinary literature to identify factors that influence nursing leadership and the efficiency of intervention strategies in assisting nurses to develop these skills. The nursing field is quite well to prepare, adapt, and take the initiative in these times of deep change and through the impending anticipated changes in the healthcare environment. Nurse leadership is crucial for accurate data collection. To enhance nursing patient care, nursing requires leaders that are very creative in their thinking. These leaders must be able to connect various pieces of information that at first glance appear unconnected and test out new strategies.

Deep personal relationships, value, merit, and change

AbstractA paper of Roger Crisp’s four years ago contained arguments that seemed to imply that having deep personal relationships does not constitute an element of well‐being. The lesson to draw from that paper of Crisp’s, according to a recent journal article of mine, is that one’s having a deep personal relationship does constitute an element of one’s well‐being on condition that one’s affection for the other person is merited. Crisp’s paper earlier in this issue of Ratio responds to my arguments. Here I reply to new questions that Crisp poses or provokes.

Образотворення єврейського погрому в оповіданнях Марії Конопніцької „Mendel Gdański” (1890) і Леоніда Пахаревського „Батько” (1906): порівняльний аспект

The paper analyzes the images of the Jewish pohrom in the short stories written by a Polish writer Maria Konopnicka “Mendel Gdański” (1890) and by the Ukrainian writer Leonid Pakharevsky “The Father” (1906). The research is made within a framework of comparative analysis. Both authors depict pohroms with an image of an old Jewish man caring for his children or grandchildren. In the wake of anti-Jewish riots the protagonists are undergoing deep personal changes. Mendel loses his love for his city, while Leisor loses his passionary illusions and became involved in an armed struggle for freedom. Konopnicka focuses on the natural belonging of the Jewish population to Polish society and more broadly to the Eastern European multicultural space. Pakharevsky outlines the generation gap. While the older Jews accepts death without resistance, guided by faith in the promised biblical land, the younger Jews denies these illusions and defends their life resolutely. In addition, Konopnicka and Pakharevsky are looking for preconditions for the pohrom. According to them, the only reasons are social prejudices, stereotypes, as well as a criminal factor, to wit the role of criminals and lumpen in anti-Semitic actions. Both short stories use the technique of instilling a sense of danger, although Pakharevsky’s story begins with a scene of fire and a direct attack. Eventually, the pohroms indeed lead to a real escalation of hostility and a painful rift between the Jewish and non-Jewish worlds. In closing, these stories are not only about the genesis and the course of anti-Semitic pohroms, but also universal categories. Importantly, the process of self-determination of the Jewish people nowadays and the renewal of Jewish identity are intelligently represented here.

Symptomatic care of late-onset Alexander disease presenting with area postrema-like syndrome with prednisolone; a case report

BackgroundAlexander disease (AxD) is classified into AxD type I (infantile) and AxD type II (juvenile and adult form). We aimed to determine the potential genetic cause(s) contributing to the AxD type II manifestations in a 9-year-old male who presented area postrema-like syndrome and his vomiting and weight loss improved after taking prednisolone.Case presentationA normal cognitive 9-year-old boy with persistent nausea, vomiting, and a significant weight loss at the age of 6 years was noticed. He also experienced an episode of status epilepticus with generalized atonic seizures. He showed non-febrile infrequent multifocal motor seizures at the age of 40 days which were treated with phenobarbital. He exhibited normal physical growth and neurologic developmental milestones by the age of six. Occasionally vomiting unrelated to feeding was reported. Upon examination at 9 years, a weak gag reflex, prominent drooling, exaggerated knee-deep tendon reflexes (3+), and nasal tone speech was detected. All gastroenterological, biochemical, and metabolic assessments were normal. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bifrontal confluent deep and periventricular white matter signal changes, fine symmetric frontal white matter and bilateral caudate nucleus involvements with garland changes, and a hyperintense tumefactive-like lesion in the brain stem around the floor of the fourth ventricle and area postrema with contrast uptake in post-contrast T1-W images. Latter MRI at the age of 8 years showed enlarged area postrema lesion and bilateral middle cerebellar peduncles and dentate nuclei involvements. Due to clinical and genetic heterogeneities, whole-exome sequencing was performed and the candidate variant was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. A de novo heterozygous mutation, NM_001242376.1:c.262 C > T;R88C in exon 1 of the GFAP (OMIM: 137,780) was verified. Because of persistent vomiting and weight loss of 6.0 kg, prednisolone was prescribed which brought about ceasing vomiting and led to weight gaining of 3.0 kg over the next 3 months after treatment. Occasional attempts to discontinue prednisolone had been resulting in the reappearance of vomiting.ConclusionsThis study broadens the spectrum of symptomatic treatment in leukodystrophies and also shows that R88C mutation may lead to a broad range of phenotypes in AxD type II patients.

Multi-scale feature progressive fusion network for remote sensing image change detection

Presently, research on deep learning-based change detection (CD) methods has become a hot topic. In particular, feature pyramid networks (FPNs) are widely used in CD tasks to gradually fuse semantic features. However, existing FPN-based CD methods do not correctly detect the complete change region and cannot accurately locate the boundaries of the change region. To solve these problems, a new Multi-Scale Feature Progressive Fusion Network (MFPF-Net) is proposed, which consists of three innovative modules: Layer Feature Fusion Module (LFFM), Multi-Scale Feature Aggregation Module (MSFA), and Multi-Scale Feature Distribution Module (MSFD). Specifically, we first concatenate the features of each layer extracted from the bi-temporal images with their difference maps, and the resulting change maps fuse richer semantic information while effectively representing change regions. Then, the obtained change maps of each layer are directly aggregated, which improves the effective communication and full fusion of feature maps in CD while avoiding the interference of indirect information. Finally, the aggregated feature maps are layered again by pooling and convolution operations, and then a feature fusion strategy with a pyramid structure is used, with layers fused from low to high, to obtain richer contextual information, so that each layer of the layered feature maps has original semantic information and semantic features of other layers. We conducted comprehensive experiments on three publicly available benchmark datasets, CDD, LEVIR-CD, and WHU-CD to verify the effectiveness of the method, and the experimental results show that the method in this paper outperforms other comparative methods.

Global social transformations in the context of demographic change and urbanization

The article, from the standpoint of sociological analysis, examines fundamental changes in the structure of society, the distribution of resources that go beyond the framework of constant processes. Global social transformations reflect deeper forms of change at the level of value systems and power structures. The author of the article considers the most noticeable forms of changes at the level of social roles, institutions, status hierarchies, reflecting deep changes. The article deals with the term “transformation” from the standpoint of a deep, fundamental process of structural changes, fundamentally different from the previous one. New changes in the global social reality are taking place under the influence of the coronavirus pandemic, challenges and threats that have penetrated into all spheres of human life. An analysis is made of the “stopping” of the diverse global world, which had been changing so rapidly and it was impossible to imagine that all countries, regardless of the level of development, disagreements, struggle, would be absorbed by only one thing – obscurity, alienation, closeness. Questions are raised, world politics has changed due to the processes that fill its content, but how has it changed at the conceptual level, have modern transformations had a profound impact on the structure and geographical distribution of the population? If the growth of the role of nation-states is claimed, then how has the role of supranational institutions been transformed? What place does urbanization occupy in the processes of demographic changes associated with modern transformations? Is it fair to say that the urbanization of rural space is challenging conventional wisdom about what “rural” really means and what is still “rural” in many non-urban areas in wealthy societies?

Thermomechanical processing of components of combined feeds by the expansion method

The availability of high-quality combined feed largely determines the level of economic development in animal husbandry and poultry farming since, in the structure of the cost of livestock products, feed costs reach 65 – 70%. At the same time, the authors of this article aim to compare the current situation around the feed industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan with a similar situation in the Russian Federation, as the formation of this industry in our countries has common roots. Thermomechanical processing methods are proposed to implement deep physicochemical changes in the protein-carbohydrate complex of components of combined feeds. As a result, the quality of the combined feeds improves. Starch gelatinization occurs, and starch grains transition into a more digestible form, contributing to its better assimilation. Bacterial contamination decreases, and coliform bacteria, colon bacillus, mould fungi, and salmonella are destroyed.

Brick kiln detection in remote sensing imagery using deep neural network and change analysis

Brick kiln detection in remote sensing imagery using deep neural network and change analysis

Bridging the Invisible Cultural Gap

Bridging the Invisible Cultural Gap