Deep Body Research Articles

Determination of structural lineaments of Northeastern Laos using the LTHG and EHGA methods

The LTHG and EHGA methods are enhancement versions of the gradient amplitude and can outline the edges of shallow and deep anomalous bodies simultaneously. Recently, these techniques have been used in approximating the edges of gravity and magnetic data. In this paper, we apply the LTHG and EHGA methods to the gravity dataset from the global gravity model WGM2012 to extract structural features of Northeastern Laos that appear as lineaments on transformed data maps. We also apply the tilt depth method to this dataset to estimate the depth of these lineaments. The findings showed that most of structures identified in Northeastern Laos are trending in the ENE-WSW, NE-SW, E-W, WNW-ESE and N-S directions with the depth ranging from 1.3 to 2.1 km.

Description of a new species of queenfish, Scomberoides pelagicus from Indian seas

Aim: The study was carried out to ascertain whether morphotype of Scomberoides commersonnianus (Talang queenfish) existing along the Indian coast is a new species or not. Methodology: Talang queenfish and the morphotype were tested for their uniqueness using systematic and molecular tools. The morphometric and meristic details including otolith morphometry were analysed and compared for taxonomic divergence and Cytochrome Oxidase I and Cytochrome b gene sequences for quantifying genetic divergences. Results: The systematic analysis indicated significant morphometric differences between both. The otolith morphometry and phylogeny also confirmed the divergence between them, and qualified the morphotype as an independent species status and named Scomberoides pelagicus sp. nov. Interpretation: The new species is distinct by deep ovate body, concave dorsal head profile, anal fin origin anterior to second dorsal fin and pelvic to pectoral fin, helical arrangement of body scale and stout and less numerous gill rakers on the first gill arch. The phylogeny as on Cytochrome b and Cytochrome Oxidase 1 sequences are very distinct, with 11.2% and 2.0% divergence respectively. Their known distributional range are peninsular region of Indian coast, Malaysian region of the South China Sea and Manila Bay, Philippines.

High-Resolution Density Joint Inversion Method of Airborne and Ground Gravity Data With Cross-Constraint Technique

The airborne gravimetry measurement can better highlight the anomalous response of deeper resources than ground gravity data, so an integrated survey of airborne and ground gravity data is an effective strategy to obtain the obvious response of shallow and deep mineral resources simultaneously. In order to obtain a more reliable and higher resolution 3-D density distribution model through the joint inversion of airborne and ground gravity data to support deeper source exploration, we propose a high-resolution joint inversion method with a cross-constraint technique. We use structural constraints to establish an objective function for joint inversion of airborne and surface gravity data, and add density-weighting constraints through cross-calculation to make full use of the sensitivity of different data and geological targets. Synthetic model tests prove that the cross-constraint joint inversion method of airborne and ground data improves the model resolution effectively, and can delineate the distribution of deeper targets more clearly compared to the existing joint inversion way. In order to predict the spatial distribution of deep ore-bearing rock bodies in a north Qinling area of Shaanxi province, we obtained regional measured airborne and surface gravity data. High-resolution density joint cross-constraint inversion method was used for real data interpretation, and the distribution feature of possible deep ore-forming rock bodies.

3-D Inversion of Gravity Anomalies by Combining Power-Spectrum Derived Adaptive Weighting and Cross-Gradient Regulation: Application to Molybdenum–Copper Deposit

Gravity measurement is an important geophysical prospecting method for mineral exploration. With most of the shallow ore deposits in China being exploited, the future targets for exploration will be aimed at the deep mineral resources about 4-km underground. To improve the resolving ability in the vertical direction of the 3-D density inversion to find deep-source minerals, we propose to achieve the inversion of gravity anomalies by combining power-spectrum derived adaptive weighting and cross-gradient regularization. First, spectral analysis is utilized to conduct the source-depth separation, and the adaptive weighting function is designed depending on the slope of the radial logarithmic power spectrum of the gravity anomaly, which can enhance the correspondence for the field sources with different depths to improve the vertical resolution relatively. Thus, each separated source with different depths could be given an adaptive weighting coefficient in each separated inversion. Second, the cross-gradient technique is introduced as a structural constraint in the objective function to further constrain the separated inversion process. By performing two-cuboid-source cases, it can be seen that this combination calculated approach has great potential to improve the quality of the inversion results. When examining the inversion of the actual gravity data from certain ore district in the west of Zhen’an, South Qinling, we speculate that a potential deep ore body would exist in the deposit via utilizing the recovered density model obtained by the proposed method.

Body wave dispersion characteristics of regional deep earthquake at Southern Ryukyus subduction zone

The convergent plate boundaries known as the subduction zone is the location where the cold, hydrate, and old oceanic plate subduct under the hot, dry, and young continental plate. The top of the oceanic plate, i.e. the oceanic crust usually is less than 6 km thick carries the hydrate material to the hot continental mantle, which is commonly an indication of the occurrence of the deep earthquake. From the recent studies, the deep regional earthquake body wave signal that occurred at the subduction zone was found dispersed and or shown as a waveguide. Thus, by examining these signals, we could further estimate the body wave characteristics at the subduction zone. A narrow bandpass signal and the maximum of Hilbert transform envelope are being used to estimate the delay time of the dominant frequency energy at the Southern Ryukyus subduction zone. It was found that the Southern Ryukyus has a larger delay with the dominant frequency at 2 Hz, thus, the signal travel within the oceanic crust where it acts as a low-velocity layer compared to the surrounding continental and oceanic mantle, inversely it is known as a high-quality material (preserve the high-frequency energy).

Clinical utility of convolutional neural networks for treatment planning in radiotherapy for spinal metastases.

Spine delineation is essential for high quality radiotherapy treatment planning of spinal metastases. However, manual delineation is time-consuming and prone to interobserver variability. Automatic spine delineation, especially using deep learning, has shown promising results in healthy subjects. We aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of deep learning-based vertebral body delineations for radiotherapy planning purposes. A multi-scale convolutional neural network (CNN) was used for automatic segmentation and labeling. Two approaches were tested: the combined approach using one CNN for both segmentation and labeling, and the sequential approach using separate CNN's for these tasks. Training and internal validation data included 580 vertebrae, external validation data included 202 vertebrae. For quantitative assessment, Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance (HD) were used. Axial slices from external images were presented to radiation oncologists for subjective evaluation. Both approaches performed comparably during the internal validation (DSC: 96.7%, HD: 3.6mm), but the sequential approach proved more robust during the external validation (DSC: 94.5% vs 94.4%, p<0.001, HD: 4.5 vs 7.1mm, p<0.001). Subsequently, subjective evaluation of this sequential approach showed that experienced radiation oncologists could distinguish automatic from human-made contours in 63% of cases. They rated automatic contours clinically acceptable in 77% of cases, compared to 88% of human-made contours. We present a feasible approach for automatic vertebral body delineation using two variants of a multi-scale CNN. This approach generates high quality automatic delineations, which can save time in a clinical radiotherapy workflow.

Detailed results of diatom analysis of bottom sediments from lake Big Miassovo (Chelyabinsk region, Russia)

Diatoms are good indicators of a variety of lake water conditions including salinity, pH, light availability, temperature and nutrient levels, but diatoms as palaeoindicators are relatively poorly studied in the Chelyabinsk region. The diatom results of analysis a 498 cm long continuous sediments core from the Lake Big Miassovo (Southern Urals, Russia) are presented. The core was collected in July 2018 from central part of the lake from a depth of 24 m. Diatom analysis of 51 samples revealed 124 taxa, belonging to 47 genera. Diatom diagram has been divided into two diatom zones and five subzones on the basis on changing diatom abundances and taxa composition. The predominance of cosmopolitan, alkaliphilic benthic, oligogalobic species with the growth under the moderate temperatures is noted. The prevalence of Handmannia comta diatom in sediments have been established. The first period reflected the stage of an oligotrophic-mesotrophic lake with a low water level. The second period is characterized by an increase in the number of planktonic species and diversity of diatoms communities, the formation of a deep water body in a warm climate.

Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Jurassic-Cretaceous Laguna Merin Basin (Uruguay): New insights from magnetotelluric transects

To understand the subsurface stratigraphy and structure of the Laguna Merín Basin (LMB), data from 42 magnetotelluric stations were interpreted by performing 1-D and 2-D inversions along three profiles perpendicular to the main basin borders. The Aiguá-India Muerta-Chuy Lineament (AICL) constitutes the southern boundary of the LMB and is characterised by a subvertical sinistral transtensional fault with a general orientation of N85°E. The basin's northern boundary, represented by the Cebollatí-Merín Lineament (CML), is characterised by a set of echelon dextral transpressional faults with a general orientation of N50°. Both faulting sets are associated with maximal horizontal stress oriented NE-SW. The infill of the LMB comprises thick Jurassic-Cretaceous igneous rocks (average of ~1500 m) overlying a crystalline Precambrian basement and overlain by ≤500 m-thick Cretaceous-Cenozoic sedimentary sequences. Likewise, a very deep (> 3500 m) conductive body was identified in the basement between the CML and AICL, coincident with the highest values of gravimetric Bouguer anomalies recorded in Uruguay. Shallow Cretaceous-Cenozoic sedimentary sequences show resistivities between 1 and 25 Ω.m, an average thickness of 250 m, and a maximum thickness of 500 m. The deeper Jurassic/Cretaceous igneous rocks show average resistivities between 40 and 252 Ω.m, and a maximum thickness of nearly 2000 m with intercalations of conductive layers (< 25 Ω.m) of unknown nature in the lower half of the basin infill. A tentative 3-D model is proposed to represent the early stage of magmatic emplacement during the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean.

Heteropneustes fuscus (Siluriformes: Heteropneustidae), a new catfish species from Kerala, India

Abstract. Plamoottil M. 2021. Heteropneustes fuscus (Siluriformes: Heteropneustidae), a new catfish species from Kerala, India. Biodiversitas 22: 87-98. Heteropneustes fuscus, a new catfish species, is described from Kerala, India; it is a close congener of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) described from Tranquebar in Tamil Nadu. Heteropneustes fuscus has been misidentified as H. fossilis until now, but it differs from Bloch's species in color and many other rigid taxonomic variables. The new species can be distinguished from its relative species in the following combination of characters: deep black body and fins, 4-5 branched dorsal-fin soft rays, 72-75 anal fin rays, 58-60 total vertebrae, 26-32 total gill rakers; deeper and wider body; deeper caudal peduncle; greater pre occipital and post occipital distances and longer anal fin. The new fish is edible and found in freshwater rivers, streams, ponds and paddy fields in Kerala. It is also cultivated in some artificial impoundments. Heteropneustes fuscus is compared with its congeners, scientifically named and taxonomically described.

Multisource Seismic Full Waveform Inversion of Metal Ore Bodies

The seismic exploration method could explore deep metal ore bodies (depth &gt; 1000 m). However, it is difficult to describe the geometry of the complex metal ore body accurately. Seismic full waveform inversion is a relatively new method to achieve accurate imaging of subsurface structures, but its success requires better initial models and low-frequency data. The seismic data acquired in the metal mine area is usually difficult to meet the requirements of full waveform inversion. The passive seismic data usually contains good low frequency information. In this paper, we use both passive and active seismic datasets to improve the full waveform inversion results in the metal mining area. The results show that the multisource seismic full waveform inversion could obtain a suitable result for high-resolution seismic imaging of metal ore bodies.

THE LOW TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON THE DEEP EXCAVATION SUPPORTING SYSTEM

The practical experience to dig an excavation shows that this process is extended in time and can last for several months engulfing different seasons. An additional accounting of processes occurring in excavation shoring and surrounding soil body during wintertime, when the air temperature drops below zero, is important in such circumstances. This paper describes the results of a field survey of shoring of a deep excavation, soil body and buildings of a surrounding development as the air temperature was changing during the 2020-2021 winter. The survey was performed by monitoring the horizontal and vertical positions of structures using inclinometers and tacheometers. The heaving properties of the clay soil positioned at the excavation digging level were determined in laboratory conditions. The soil frost depth was determined by a numerical simulation of temperature distributions in the "atmosphere-excavation-soil body" system. All this helped understand the nature of the processes observed. The observation results showed that, as the temperature was decreasing, the excavation shoring structures moved into the excavation to a distance of up to 8 mm, and the surrounding development buildings shrank by up to 5 mm. The laboratory study results showed in this context that soils bordering on the shoring structures and foundations of surrounding buildings were not heaving. Thereupon, the strains, which were registered in this actual situation, can not be explained by the frost-heaving phenomenon. The observed strain can be explained by shrinkage of the sprung structure material resulting from a decreasing mean daily air temperature. This effect was confirmed by test results and several surveys presented in the paper. Based on the study conclusions practical guidelines were formulated for excavation digging with consideration to seasonal air temperature fluctuations causing shrinkage and expansion of sprung structures in the shoring structures of excavation of any depth.

The Evolving Role of Ultrasound in Therapy

This study highlights the role of ultrasound in therapy and to be a step toward of further development. When an ultrasound wave moves through a tissue it will raise the temperature of that tissue. This effect is beneficial in the treatment of some acute and chronic diseases. A special device used in this study. the device is designed to provide ultrasound waves with frequencies of 1 MHz and 3 MHz which are used in therapy. The frequency of ultrasound is inversely proportional to the depth of the tissues which have to be treated, 1 MHz frequency was used to treat deep body structures reaching 5 cm depth, while 3 MHz used to treat superficial structures. The increase in tissue temperature was measured when: First, by fixing the time and gradually increasing intensity and it is noticed that there is an increase in tissue temperature 0.16-3.04 °C for 1 MHz, and 0.3-3 °C for 3 MHz. Secondly, by fixing the intensity and gradually increasing time, also it is shown that there is an increase in tissue temperature of 0.3-3 °C for 1 MHz and 0.24-2.4 °C for 3 MHz. This rise in tissue temperature is due to the absorption of ultrasound energy in tissues and this effect is used in therapy. So, in a limited time larger number of patients can be treated by reducing the period of treatment with increased intensity of the ultrasound.

Deep Learning-Based Body Composition Analysis Predicts Outcome in Melanoma Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Previous studies suggest an impact of body composition on outcome in melanoma patients. We aimed to determine the prognostic value of CT-based body composition assessment in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for treatment of metastatic disease using a deep learning approach. One hundred seven patients with staging CT examinations prior to initiation of checkpoint inhibition between January 2013 and August 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. Using an automated deep learning-based body composition analysis pipeline, parameters for estimation of skeletal muscle mass (skeletal muscle index, SMI) and adipose tissue compartments (visceral adipose tissue index, VAI; subcutaneous adipose tissue index, SAI) were derived from staging CT. The cohort was binarized according to gender-specific median cut-off values. Patients below the median were defined as having low SMI, VAI, or SAI, respectively. The impact on outcome was assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method with log-rank tests. A multivariable logistic regression model was built to test the impact of body composition parameters on 3-year mortality. Patients with low SMI displayed significantly increased 1-year (25% versus 9%, p = 0.035), 2-year (32% versus 13%, p = 0.017), and 3-year mortality (38% versus 19%, p = 0.016). No significant differences with regard to adipose tissue compartments were observed (3-year mortality: VAI, p = 0.448; SAI, p = 0.731). On multivariable analysis, low SMI (hazard ratio (HR), 2.245; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.005–5.017; p = 0.049), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (HR, 1.170; 95% CI, 1.076–1.273; p < 0.001), and Karnofsky index (HR, 0.965; 95% CI, 0.945–0.985; p = 0.001) remained as significant predictors of 3-year mortality. Lowered skeletal muscle index as an indicator of sarcopenia was associated with worse outcome in patients with metastatic melanoma receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

Application of the Fine-Grained Soil Prospecting Method in Typical Covered Terrains of Northern China

In recent years, mineral resources near the surface are becoming scarce, causing focused mineral exploration on concealed deposits in covered terrains. In northern China, covered terrains are widespread and conceal bedrock sequences and mineralization. These represent geochemical challenges for mineral exploration in China. As a deep-penetrating geochemical technology that can reflect the information of deep anomalies, the fine-grained soil prospecting method has achieved ideal test results in arid Gobi Desert covered terrain, semi-arid grassland covered terrain, and alluvium soil covered terrain of northern China. The anomaly range indicated by the fine-grained soil prospecting method is very good with the known ore body location. The corresponding relationship can effectively indicate deep ore bodies and delineate anomalies in unknown areas. Overall, the fine-grained soil prospecting method can be applied to geochemical prospecting and exploration in covered terrains.

Fleckscore system of exterior evaluation as a more accurate indirect predictor of longevity in Slovak Simmental dairy cows

The goal of the work was to discover the influence of conformation traits evaluated by the Fleckscore system on the length of productive life of Slovak Simmental dairy cows. Evaluation of body conformation traits according to the Fleckscore system was performed on 3 452 cows. The relationship of individual traits to longevity was analysed using the Weibull proportional hazard model. The results confirmed that smaller and longer cows, which were well muscular and with a deeper body, had a lower risk of early culling than cows in the reference group. Hock angularity, pastern and hoof height scored with low or high marks were associated with an early culling of cows. In terms of the length of productive life, a slightly more elastic pattern is required. Cows with a deeper udder and a stronger and tighter fore udder attachment, which were also average in notching and height central ligament and centrally placed teats, reached a longer productive life.

Ground Pressure under Mining Ore Bodies of Different Angles Based on Physical Simulation

Ground pressure characteristics of the ore body and the overburden deformation of the stope depend highly on the combined influence of geological conditions and mining disturbance. The ore body inclination, as a natural geological factor, has a nonnegligible effect on the underground mining. The ore angle plays a great role in the stress distribution of the overlying rock layer, resulting in the movement and destruction of the rock layer. The variation of the ore angle dominates the stress distribution of the overburden rock, the forms of movement, destruction, and the surface moving basin. Here, taking the geological mining conditions of the deep ore body mining in Jinning Phosphate Mine as the engineering background, we adopt a similar material ratio scheme of each rock layer in the mining area via the similarity theory and the principle of orthogonal experiment. We conduct systematic study on the strata movement, mining failure characteristics, and movement of the overlying rock in stope using a similar simulation test under two different ore angles of 20° and 50°. We found that, as the ore body inclination increases from 20° to 50°, the overburden unloading area of the stope extending to the deep part of the rock layer in the vertical direction is more obvious and its shape is more asymmetric about the stope center. The unloading area is more concentrated in the middle and upper part of the stope, while the upward development trend is more obvious. The relevant results can provide a certain reference for the underground mining of the mines and those with similar conditions.

Synergistic Use of Geospatial Data for Water Body Extraction from Sentinel-1 Images for Operational Flood Monitoring across Southeast Asia Using Deep Neural Networks

Deep learning is a promising method for image classification, including satellite images acquired by various sensors. However, the synergistic use of geospatial data for water body extraction from Sentinel-1 data using deep learning and the applicability of existing deep learning models have not been thoroughly tested for operational flood monitoring. Here, we present a novel water body extraction model based on a deep neural network that exploits Sentinel-1 data and flood-related geospatial datasets. For the model, the U-Net was customised and optimised to utilise Sentinel-1 data and other flood-related geospatial data, including digital elevation model (DEM), Slope, Aspect, Profile Curvature (PC), Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI), and Buffer for the Southeast Asia region. Testing and validation of the water body extraction model was applied to three Sentinel-1 images for Vietnam, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. By segmenting 384 Sentinel-1 images, model performance and segmentation accuracy for all of the 128 cases that the combination of stacked layers had determined were evaluated following the types of combined input layers. Of the 128 cases, 31 cases showed improvement in Overall Accuracy (OA), and 19 cases showed improvement in both averaged intersection over union (IOU) and F1 score for the three Sentinel-1 images segmented for water body extraction. The averaged OA, IOU, and F1 scores of the ‘Sentinel-1 VV’ band are 95.77, 80.35, and 88.85, respectively, whereas those of ‘band combination VV, Slope, PC, and TRI’ are 96.73, 85.42, and 92.08, showing improvement by exploiting geospatial data. Such improvement was further verified with water body extraction results for the Chindwin river basin, and quantitative analysis of ‘band combination VV, Slope, PC, and TRI’ showed an improvement of the F1 score by 7.68 percent compared to the segmentation output of the ‘Sentinel-1 VV’ band. Through this research, it was demonstrated that the accuracy of deep learning-based water body extraction from Sentinel-1 images can be improved up to 7.68 percent by employing geospatial data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work of research that demonstrates the synergistic use of geospatial data in deep learning-based water body extraction over wide areas. It is anticipated that the results of this research could be a valuable reference when deep neural networks are applied for satellite image segmentation for operational flood monitoring and when geospatial layers are employed to improve the accuracy of deep learning-based image segmentation.

New insights on the Alboran Sea basin extension and continental collision from magnetic anomalies related to magmatism (western Mediterranean)

In the Alboran Sea there are a few well exposed Neogene and Quaternary volcanic zones, often geographic highs, that are generally associated with magnetic anomalies. In this paper, we present a characterization of these magnetic anomalies based on a recent and accurate magnetic data compilation for the Abloran Sea area. The anomalies reveal the distribution of magmatism and shed light into the discussion about the origin and evolution of the westernmost Mediterranean. One of the most relevant magnetic anomalies is the Nador dipole, which extends from the Gourougou volcano to the Chafarinas Islands, and is related to an E-W crustal scale intrusion. However, the main NE-SW elongated continuous dipoles of the central Alboran Sea are not related to any surface structure, but they are parallel to the Alboran Ridge, which is the main volcanic high in the Alboran Sea, and are located to the north of it. These anomalies extend discontinuously eastward along the NW-SE dipoles located along the Yusuf fault zone. The results of our 2D magnetic forward modeling suggest that the causative bodies of these main magnetic dipoles are deep igneous bodies. According to the tectonic evolution of the region, and the high magnetic susceptibility values obtained, these igneous bodies probably are made of a basic igneous rocks. Their emplacement may represent the westward tip of the rift axis of the AlKaPeCa Domain, which is related to the Oligocene-Miocene NW-SE extension, and associated with the southern slab retreat stage and oceanic spreading of the Algerian basin. Afterwards, these bodies were displaced toward the west, together with the Alboran Domain, and affected by the STEP fault located at its southern limit. Since the Late Miocene, the north Alboran Ridge elongated intrusions acted as a backstop that conditioned the folding and uplift of the Alboran Ridge in a tectonic indentation setting. In this setting, the STEP fault is deformed and the eastern part of the bodies were segmented along the Yusuf transtensional fault system. Simultaneously, the E-W crustal body related to the Nador magnetic dipole was emplaced, possibly evidencing a slab tearing process. The deep seated basic igneous bodies constitute main crustal heterogeneities that reveal and drive the Alboran Sea tectonic inversion.

The Evolution of Peteroa Volcano (Chile–Argentina) Crater Lakes Between 1984 and 2020 Based on Landsat and Planet Labs Imagery Analysis

One of the major challenges in the understanding of the crater lakes dynamics and their connection with magmatic/hydrothermal processes is the continuous tracking of the physical behavior of lakes, especially in cases of remote and poorly accessible volcanoes. Peteroa volcano (Chile–Argentina border) is part of the Planchón–Peteroa–Azufre Volcanic Complex, one of the three volcanoes in the Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes with crater lakes. Peteroa volcano is formed by a ∼5 km diameter caldera-type crater, which hosts four crater lakes and several fumarolic fields. Peteroa volcano has a large history of eruptive activity including phreatic-and-phreatomagmatic explosions and several episodes of strong degassing from its crater lakes. Here, we used TIR and SWIR bands from Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI images available from October 1984 to December 2020 to obtain thermal parameters such as thermal radiance, brightness temperature, and heat fluxes, and Planet Labs Inc. images (RapidEye and PlanetScope) available between May 2009 and December 2020 to obtain physical parameters such as area, color, and state (liquid or frozen) of the crater lakes. We reviewed the historical eruptive activity and compared it with thermal and physical data obtained from satellite images. We determined the occurrence of two eruptive/thermal cycles: 1) Cycle 1 includes the formation of a new fumarolic field and two active craters during a short eruptive period, which includes thermal activity in three of the four crater lakes, and a strong degassing process between October 1998 and February 2001, coincident with a peak of volcanic heat flux (Qvolc) in two craters. The cycle finished with an eruptive episode (September 2010–July 2011). 2) Cycle 2 is represented by the thermal reactivation of two crater lakes, formation and detection of thermal activity in a new nested crater, and occurrence of a new eruptive episode (October 2018–April 2019). We observed a migration of the thermal and eruptive activity between the crater lakes and the interconnection of the pathways that feed the lakes, in both cases, partially related to the presence of two deep magma bodies. The Qvolc in Peteroa volcano crater lakes is primarily controlled by volcanic activity, and seasonal effects affect it at short-term, whilst at long-term, seasonal effects do not show clear influences in the volcanic heat fluxes. The maximum Qvolc measured between all crater lakes during quiescent periods was 59 MW, whereas during unrest episodes Qvolc in single crater lakes varied from 7.1 to 38 MW, with Peteroa volcano being classified as a low volcanic heat flux system. The detection of new thermal activity and increase of Qvolc in Peteroa volcano previous to explosive unrest can be considered as a good example of how thermal information from satellite images can be used to detect possible precursors to eruptive activity in volcanoes which host crater lakes.

Combinations of Linear Type Traits Affecting the Longevity in Hungarian Holstein-Friesian Cows.

Simple SummaryThe selection for high-level milk production shortened the productive life of cows. In Hungary, the average number of lactations is only ca. 2.1. At the same time, the longevity, health status, milk production and reproduction were affected by the linear type traits, confirmed by several research studies. These studies, however, looked at the association of the linear type traits with longevity, using only one trait at a time. To take into account the connections between linear type traits, their combinations based on statistical analyses were considered. Identification of the risk ratio of various trait combinations could support corrective mating and bull selection.Several research studies confirm the association of the linear type traits with longevity, but only with one trait at a time. The aim of our study was to analyse the influence of combinations for linear type traits on longevity in the Hungarian Holstein-Friesian cows. Data were provided by four herds; the filtered dataset consisted of 17,717 cows. From the 14 available linear type traits, the most important combinations were identified based on principal components and cluster analysis. From the six identified combinations, only three (chest width-body depth, fore udder attachment-udder depth, angularity-rear udder height) proved to have a significant effect on longevity. A wide chest and deep body caused a high-risk ratio of culling. The lowest risk ratio was observed with cows having intermediate chest width and intermediate body depth. Very angular cows having low rear udder height were at the highest risk of culling. The lowest culling risk was found in cows with a lack of angularity and high rear udder height. Weak and loose fore udder along with deep udder had increased culling risk. Strong and tight fore udder subclasses were the most favourable as their risk ratios decreased towards the shallowing of udder depth.