Decrease In Amount Of Water Research Articles

A new look to the old solvent: Mass transfer performance and mechanism of CO2 absorption into pure monoethanolamine in a spray column

The most mature CO2 capture technology is absorption of monoethanolamine (MEA) in packed or spray columns. Typically, an aqueous 30 wt.% MEA solution is used. High MEA concentrations are believed to hinder mass transfer rate due to high viscosity of MEA. We worked, for the first time, on the effects of using pure MEA on overall mass transfer coefficient (KGɑ) and absorption efficiency in a spray column by varying several operational parameters. Image analysis results suggested that interfacial area increased with increasing liquid flow rate. As a result, KGɑ increased. As opposed the belief in literature, KGɑ also increased with increasing MEA concentrations. The highest KGɑ was obtained in this work (11.7 kmol·m−³∙kPa−1∙h−1) is around one order of magnitude higher than most literature studies. Having more MEA molecules on the surface of the droplets led to higher KGɑ. In addition, it was shown that absorption efficiency was largely determined by inlet CO2 to MEA molar ratio. 13C NMR spectra results revealed that similar levels of carbamate were formed for MEA concentrations up to 70 wt.%. A simplified analysis on regeneration heat duty showed that decreasing water amount can lead to 3–10 fold decrease in reboiler energy duty.

Numerical Simulation of Diffusion Regularity and Parameter Optimization of Shaft Grouting Slurry

Increase in downhole mining prompts the need to develop effective methods for maintenance of shafts. Currently, grouting behind the shaft wall is the main approach used for prevention of water seepage into the shaft. Several factors determine the grouting effect, and grouting often fails during field applications due to use of ineffective parameters. In the present study, numerical simulation was performed to evaluate slurry diffusion regularity under different grouting parameters based on the factors that affect shaft grouting. The simulation results showed that the overall diffusion radius of the slurry increased with increase in grouting time and stabilized toward the end of the simulation, under different grouting parameters. Porosity of the surrounding rock near the grouting hole gradually became denser with an increase in time, which is not conducive for diffusion of the slurry. The amount of water gushing at 146 m below the secondary shaft of Zhundong No. 2 mine decreased by 81% after optimizing the grouting parameters for application at the actual site. This decrease in amount of water had a significant anti-seepage effect, and it reduced grouting costs. The findings of the present study provide a basis for conducting subsequent shaft grouting projects.

Influence of water scarcity on macronutrients contents in young leaves of wine grape cultivars

This study aimed to determine the variability of plant nutrition content in two-year old local and well-known wine grape cultivars under different water constraint scenarios. Own rooted and potted eight grapevine cultivars (cv. ‘Adakarası’, ‘Papazkarası’, ‘Karasakız’, ‘Karalahana’, ‘Yapıncak’, ‘Vasilaki’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Sauvignon Blanc’) were subjected to five irrigation treatments (100% daily irrigation of available water capacity (AWC), 75% irrigation of AWC, 50% irrigation of AWC, 25% irrigation of AWC, and no irrigation for 0% treatment) for two consecutive years during vegetative growth (May – late September). An increase in nitrogen, potassium and magnesium contents in leaf tissues with decreasing water amount was observed. Similar effect was found for phosphorus and calcium contents. The sulfur concentration in leaf tissues remained almost unchanged. In addition, the variability of genetic potential influenced the nutrient intake of the studied cultivars. The ability of grapevine cultivars to cope with the water deficit of the cultivars should definitely be assessed in adaptation strategies developed to make viticulture sustainable under the effects of the climate crisis.

Validation of irrigation scheduling for cultivation of irrigated wheat in semi-arid climatic condition of Ethiopia

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted for three years (2014-2016) to validate irrigation scheduling of irrigated wheat cultivation to determine appropriate irrigation regime. The experiments were irrigation scheduling based on CROPWAT Model 8.0 and validation on field trial. The treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The field trial was involving three irrigation regime treatments were used for comparison. The treatments were Treatment 1 (T1): Optimal irrigation regime as determined by Cowpat for windows that provides irrigation water of D1=50mm at an interval of I1=7 days, Treatment 2(T2): Optimal irrigation regime as determined by Cowpat for windows that provides irrigation water of D2=67mm at an interval of I2=10 days. Treatment 3(T3): Optimal irrigation regime as determined by Cowpat for windows that provides irrigation water of D3=108.3mm at an interval of I3=15 days. Treatment 4(T4): An irrigation regime that provides irrigation water at critical soil moisture depletion and an amount that would refill the soil moisture depletion to field capacity. Result indicated that grain yield was significantly affected by irrigation levels. Irrigation regime of Treatment 4 produced higher grain yield 2400 kg/ha and 20.0q/ha in 2015 and 2016 cropping season. The highest mean yield of wheat (2200 kg/ha) was obtained from critical moisture refill field capacity irrigation application. Whereas, the lowest mean yield (1778 kg/ha) was obtained from T3, 7 days irrigation interval and 50mm irrigation application. This indicates that yield of wheat decrease with decreasing water amount and short interval frequency. Irrigation scheduling based on cowpat model with irrigation regime that provides irrigation water at critical soil moisture depletion and an amount that would refill the soil moisture depletion to field capacity found promising optimum wheat scheduling under Werer and similar areas.

OLFACTORY EFFECT ON LANDSCAPE PREFERENCE

Landscape preference is a result of multi-sensory input. However, the effect of interactions between multi-sensors on it is rarely involved in previous works, especially in olfactory effect on landscape preference. This research project selected three odors (flower of Osmanthus fragrans (FO), flower of Lilium longiflorum (FL), and sediment on riverbed (SR)) and ten photographs to explore the effect of odor-photograph combinations on landscape preference. The evaluation by undergraduate students demonstrates that, generally speaking, above three odors can increase landscape preference, separately visual beauty or separately olfactory preference keeps a weak influence on olfactory effect on landscape preference. Results of regression analysis suggest that, in a landscape, decreasing open space can increase the FO s and FL s effect on landscape preference significantly, while increasing percentage of area covered by grass and decreasing water amount can enhance the olfactory effect of SR.

Urea as Efficient Additive toward Decreasing Water Amount in Synthesis of Hydrothermally Stable Mesoporous Aluminosilicates

Self-assembly of block copolymer and zeolite Y precursors is an important way to prepare well-ordered mesoporous aluminosilicates (MAs). However, when the concentration of block copolymer is high (low amount of water), the cooperative templating mechanism (which bases the coordination of the inorganic precursor with micelles) is disturbed and well-ordered mesoporous structures will not form. A means to obtain hydrothermally stable MAs with decreased water amount is remains a challenging goal. Here, we report a urea additive method to solve this problem. In this procedure, the addition of urea could increase the hydrophilic strength of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) moieties of P123 micelles, which would strengthen their assembly ability. As a result, mesostructured ordering would be improved with greatly decreased water amount. Meanwhile, the P123 utilization efficiency rises. This strategy provides a facile route to synthesize MAs with reduced consumption of water and high P123 utilization efficiency, which is beneficial to industrial application.

Water evaporation rates across hydrophobic acid monolayers at equilibrium spreading pressure

The effect of alkanoic acid [CH 3(CH 2) n−2 COOH; HC n] and perfluoroalkanoic acid [CF 3(CF 2) n−2 COOH; FC n] monolayers on the water evaporation rate was investigated by thermogravimetry tracing the decrease in amount of water with time. The evaporation rate from the surface covered by a monolayer was measured as a function of temperature and hydrophobic chain length of the acids, where the monolayer was under an equilibrium spreading pressure. From thermal behavior of the crystallized acids, their solid states are C-type in crystalline state over the temperature range from 298.2 to 323.2 K. The dry air was flowed through a furnace tube of a thermogravimetry apparatus at the flow rate of 80 mL min −1, where the evaporation rate becomes almost constant irrespective of the flow rate. The temperature dependence of the evaporation rate was analyzed kinetically to evaluate the activation energy and thermodynamics values for the activated complex, which demonstrated that these values were almost the same for both alkanoic acids and perfluoroalkanoic acids, although the effect of perfluoroalkanoic acids on the evaporation rate was smaller than that of corresponding hydrogenated fatty acids. The difference in the evaporation rate between FC n and HC n was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), surface potential (Δ V) at equilibrium spreading pressure, and Langmuir curve ( π – A isotherm), and their results were consistent and supported the difference.

Study of Liquid‐Crystalline Phase Changes during Evaporation in Vegetable Oil Emulsions

During evaporation, the rate between volatile and nonvolatile components in an emulsion changes. In this study, emulsions of marigold and canola oil were made according to a phase diagram, simulating the decreasing water amount that happens when the water evaporates from an emulsion. In addition, two basic emulsions were submitted to evaporation and then to microscopic analysis to compare the results of both tests. It was observed that when the water rate decreases, the liquid‐crystalline phase changes its organization, reaching a proportion that it is not hydrated anymore, having a solid aspect. Moreover, these emulsions submitted to evaporation remained to show lamellar phase even when there was no water in the formulation. This is interesting to understand the behavior of an emulsion after it is applied under the skin.

The effect of heat shock on the formaldehyde cycle in germinating acorns of European Turkey oak

The effect of heat shock (40 degrees C) on the formaldehyde cycle has been studied in European Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) acorns germinated to a 10% increase in mass. Hydroxy-methyl groups bonded to sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen atoms were made to react with dimedone and the derivative obtained (formaldemethone), which represented the endogenous formaldehyde level, was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Qualitative alterations of methyl donors and acceptors in the response of acorns to the heat shock have been mapped by MALDI (matrix assisted laser desorption ionization) mass analysis. In the first experiment the acorns were prevented from withering by wrapping them in aluminium foil and in the second they were not. The relatively high temperature of the acorns wrapped in aluminium foil was the dominant stress effect and the role of withering was subsidiary. Alteration of the endogenous formaldehyde level in the seed-leaves reflected the phases of the stress syndrome. If the withering were not hindered, two local minima in the alteration of endogenous formaldehyde level were found. First, the increase in temperature decreased the endogenous formaldehyde level and after a local maximum a repeated local minimum was observed as a delayed response. It is presumed that the second minimum was induced by the decreasing water amount becoming more and more significant in the seed-leaves.

Tomato Root Distribution under Drip Irrigation

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) root distribution was evaluated by the trench profile wall method at four trickle irrigation regimes (irrigation at soil water potential -10, -20, -40, and -60 kPa) in a 2-year field trial. Total root length intensity (m·m-2), final yield (t·ha-1) and fruit size (g/fruit) decreased with decrease in amount of water applied. In both years, tomato water use efficiency (kg·ha-1·mm-1) was significantly lower with irrigation at -10 kPa than with any other irrigation regime studied. The largest proportion of tomato roots, 88% for 1989 and 96% for 1990, was found in the top 40 cm of the soil and rapidly decreased with depth. The high concentration of roots in the 30 to 40 cm layer was attributed to an horizon with high soil bulk density values, immediately below 40 cm, impeding deeper root penetration. Most roots occurred in the emitter area, close to the plant. In rows 1.5 m apart, between 12% and 21% of total root length was found more than 0.5 m from the stem, which may have resulted from the interpenetration of roots from plants of adjoining rows.

Effects of nitrogen nutrition and root medium water potential on growth, nitrogen uptake and osmotic adjustment of rice

The effects of nitrogen (N) nutrition on growth, N uptake and leaf osmotic potential of rice plants (Oryza sativa L. ev. IR 36) during simulated water stress were determined. Twenty‐one‐day‐old seedlings in high (28.6 × 10 −4M) and low (7.14 × 10 4M) N levels were exposed to decreased nutrient solution water potentials by addition of polyethylene glycol 6000. The roots were separated from the solution by a semi‐permeable membrane. Nutrient solution water potential was −0.6 × 105 Pa and was lowered stepwise to −1 × 105, −2 × 105, −4 × 105 and −6 × 105 Pa at 2‐day intervals. Plant height, leaf area and shoot dry weight of high and low nitrogen plants were reduced by lower osmotic potentials of the root medium. Osmotic stress caused greater shoot growth reduction in high N than in low N plants. Stressed and unstressed plants in 7.14 × 104M N had more root dry matter than the corresponding plants in 28.6 × 104M N. Dawn leaf water potential of stressed plants was 1 × 105 to 5.5 × 105 Pa lower than nutrient solution water potential. Nitrogen‐deficient water‐stressed plants, however, maintained higher dawn leaf water potential than high nitrogen water‐stressed plants. It is suggested that this was due to higher root‐to‐shoot ratios of N deficient plants. The osmotic potentials of leaves at full turgor for control plants were about 1.3 × 105 Pa higher in 7.14 × 10−4M than in 28.6 × 10−4M N and osmotic adjustment of 2.6 × 105 and 4.3 × 105 Pa was obtained in low and high N plants, respectively. The nitrogen status of plants, therefore, affected the ability of the rice plant to adjust osmotically during water stress.Plant water stress decreased transpiration and total N content in shoots of both N treatments. Reduced shoot growth as a result of water stress caused the decrease in amount of water transpired. Transpiration and N uptake were significantly correlated. Our results show that nitrogen content is reduced in water‐stressed plants by the integrated effects of plant water stress per se on accumulation of dry matter and transpiring leaf area as well as the often cited changes in soil physical properties of a drying root medium.