Decreased Blood Sugar Research Articles

Hypolipidemic and Hepatoprotective Effect of Linum usitatissimum and Moringa oleifera Seeds in Diabetic Induced Damage in Rats

Background Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder and a fast-growing global problem. Studies have shown that Linum usitatissimum has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that decrease blood sugar and cholesterol levels, and Moringa oleifera possesses hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects. Hence, this study investigated both extracts’ hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects on diabetes. Purpose To study the improvement in glucose level, lipid levels (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein) and hepatic parameters after giving L. usitatissimum and M. oleifera seed extract combination in diabetic rats. Methods A total of 36 healthy male Wistar rats were taken and divided into six groups (groups I–VI). Diabetes was induced by administering a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in overnight fasted rats. The mixture of aqueous extract of L. usitatissimum and M. oleifera seeds was prepared and given to rats of groups IV–VI daily for 4 weeks. After 28 days, the blood sample was collected from all the rats, and biochemical parameters were determined. Results All the values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Significant decreases in lipid levels, urea, creatinine and liver function tests were seen at the end of 1 month in all the three groups receiving the extract. Conclusion From our study, it was found that the administration of L. usitatissimum and M. oleifera seeds extract possesses excellent hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective properties, making them effective in preventing long-term complications of diabetes.

Pemberdayakan Kesehatan Masyarakat: Pendekatan Pendidikan Berbasis Religius

Collaborative efforts among community members, health care professionals, and faith-based institutions can prove valuable in efforts to improve community health. The aim of this research is to increase knowledge about risk factors for heart disease, diabetes, stroke among the Bugis Community Kalimantan population; and to empower community members to take control of their health by modifying living habits through health education programs held within religious communities. This study used data obtained from a pre- and post-health risk assessment survey to assess participants' knowledge of risk factors that cause chronic diseases among the Kalimantan population in underserved Bugis communities. Data obtained from activity log books and health check sessions were used to assess the impact of knowledge gained about lifestyle practices. The results of the educational intervention showed progress, with 24% of participants experiencing a decrease in blood pressure, 18% experiencing a decrease in blood sugar, and 6% experiencing a decrease in weight. As many as 60% of participants reported an increase in exercise, 77% reported changes in eating patterns to be healthier, and 95% of participants reported increased knowledge about risk factors for heart disease, diabetes and stroke. These results emphasize the importance of ongoing health education programs to increase public awareness and knowledge in preventing chronic diseases. The research findings support the need for continued popular development of educational programs especially in religious institutions within the Bugis community.

Short-Term Flow Velocity Stress on the Behavioral, Physiological, and Biochemical Responses of the Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

Flow velocity is a key environmental factor that affects the behavioral strategies and physiological homeostasis of fish. To study the effects of flow velocity on the behavioral changes and blood physiology of the yellow croaker, the behavioral patterns of yellow croakers in response to flow velocity stress were obtained by analyzing changes in tail wagging frequency and amplitude. Differences in blood glucose, lactate, and cortisol were compared to determine their appropriate flow rate ranges. The juvenile stage of the large yellow croaker is crucial, as environmental changes can affect the physiology of fish. Therefore, juvenile yellow croakers were selected as the experimental subjects for this study. Twenty-four healthy and uniformly sized large yellow croakers with body weights of (90.26 ± 9.91) g and body lengths of (19.91 ± 0.69) cm were randomly assigned to one control group and three experimental groups, with five fish in each group. The experimental group was set with three flow rates, namely 1 bl/s (20 cm/s), 2 bl/s (40 cm/s), and 3 bl/s (60 cm/s), with a flow rate stress duration of 1 h. The results showed that: (1) Under different flow velocities, the fish exhibited different tail wagging patterns. At low flow velocities, their tail fins exhibited a “C”-shaped swing, while at high flow velocities, their bodies exhibited an “S”-shaped swing. (2) Oscillation frequency and amplitude both increased with increasing flow velocity. At a flow velocity of 2 bl/s, the oscillation frequency significantly increased. When the flow velocity reached 3 bl/s, the oscillation amplitude significantly increased (p < 0.05). (3) Blood physiology showed significant changes with increased flow rate, and blood glucose content continuously decreased with increased flow rate, significantly decreasing at a flow rate of 2 bl/s (p < 0.05). Lactic acid and cortisol both increased with increasing flow rate, and significantly increased at a flow rate of 3 bl/s (p < 0.05). In summary, under high-flow velocity stress, significant changes occurred in the behavior and physiology of large yellow croakers, which were consistent with physiological changes in the blood. A flow rate higher than 2 bl/s can lead to intense swimming behavior, decreased blood sugar concentration, and increased lactate accumulation and stress levels. Therefore, the short-term tolerance of yellow croakers is 2 bl/s, and a flow rate of 1 bl/s is more suitable.

12239 Effect Of Nano2, A Donor Of Nitric Oxide, On Glucose Mediated Oxidative Stress In Pancreaticb-cells

Abstract Disclosure: K.N. Islam: None. R.K. Islam: None. M.B. Rashid: None. B. Smith: None. Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Elevation of oxidative stress is a common cause in diabetic patients because of higher levels of blood sugar concentration. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gasotransmitter that has many health benefits for many disease conditions. NO also has an antioxidant property. The pancreatic β-cells are insulin-secreting cells. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of NaNO2, a donor of NO on glucose-induced oxidative stress in pancreatic β-cells (HIT) from a Chinese hamster. First, we determined the effects of dose responses of glucose (25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mM) on the induction of oxidative stress as it was measured by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in serum starved β-cells. We observed marked oxidative stress in the serum starved β-cells by the treatment with 75 mM of glucose. Later, we tested the effects of NaNO2 on glucose-induced oxidative stress in serum starved β-cells, and we found that NaNO2 markedly inhibited glucose-induced oxidative stress in serum starved β -cells. Treatment with NaNO2 caused significant induction of cell viability and a marked reduction of cellular cytotoxicity in β-cells under serum starvation incubated without or with glucose. In addition, NaNO2 treatment of β-cells antagonized expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and inhibited the activation of the transcription factor, NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that NO or NO donors may be used as therapy to cure diabetes via inhibiting oxidative stress thereby decreasing blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. Presentation: 6/3/2024

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1R): An Important Therapy to Treat Type 2 Diabetes

The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone, and it has the ability to decrease blood sugar levels in a glucose-dependent nature to increase the secretion of insulin, and consequently, it reduces hyperglycaemia in T2D. GLP-1 has a half-life of about 1.5 minutes and is rapidly proteolytic degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). But GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1R) works like GLP-1 but last much longer. GLP-1R control glycemia via glucose-dependent mechanisms of action and promote weight loss in obese and diabetic individuals. It also suppresses inappropriately elevated glucagon levels, both in fasting and postprandial states, slows gastric emptying, and decreases appetite. It reduces glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose levels. It is associated with weight loss, and reductions in blood pressure with a low risk of hypoglycaemia. It is generally recommended as second- and third-line therapy for T2D. In this study an attempt has been taken to discuss aspects of GLP-1R in briefly.

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF MURRAYA KOENIGII (LINN.) ON RESTORATION OF CONSCIOUSNESS BY AUGMENTING GLUCOSE UPTAKE IN THE NEURONS: A REVIEW

Fainting, also known as syncope or passing out, is caused by decreased cerebral blood flow leading to loss of consciousness and muscle strength. It is caused by lack of blood supply to the brain leading to decrease blood sugar supply to the neurons. Symptoms like dizziness, sweating, pale complexion, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting or a warm feeling precede the loss of consciousness[1]. For the brain, glucose serves as its main energy source. In order for glucose to be transported from the blood into the brain, it must pass through the endothelial cells that line the blood-brain barrier and enter the neurons and glia. These processes are mediated by facilitative Glucose transporter protein. Kaidarya is an Ayurvedic drug from the ancient samhitas, commonly known as curry leaves. Due to its grahi properties it increases the glucose uptake activity. When glucose uptake activity increases in the brain, it supplies sufficient glucose to the brain cells, which helps in management of fainting or syncope.

Kegiatan senam kaki terhadap penurunan kadar gula darah pada lansia dengan diabetes melitus Di Desa Air Satan Kabupaten Musi Rawas

The increase in blood sugar is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM), which can cause serious damage to the nervous system and blood vessels over time. Research shows that due to time constraints, DM patients often have difficulty engaging in physical activities. Diabetic foot exercises have been recommended as a physical activity that can be done anytime and anywhere, including while relaxing with family. These simple exercises can help improve blood circulation, strengthen the small muscles in the feet, prevent foot deformities, and address the limited insulin levels in DM patients. This activity aims to introduce foot exercises to the community, particularly the elderly with DM issues so that they can engage in physical activity despite physical and time limitations. The method involves conducting simulations and health education three times a week. The results showed decreased blood sugar levels in the elderly who participated in this foot exercise program. Hopefully, these foot exercise activities can become an alternative and regular option, especially for the elderly in Ari Satan, Musi Rawas Regency.

Current Insight on the Role of Glucokinase and Glucokinase Regulatory Protein in Diabetes.

The glucokinase regulator (GCKR) gene encodes an inhibitor of the glucokinase enzyme (GCK), found only in hepatocytes and responsible for glucose metabolism. A common GCKR coding variation has been linked to various metabolic traits in genome-wide association studies. Rare GCKR polymorphisms influence GKRP activity, expression, and localization. Despite not being the cause, these variations are linked to hypertriglyceridemia. Because of their crystal structures, we now better understand the molecular interactions between GKRP and the GCK. Finally, small molecules that specifically bind to GKRP and decrease blood sugar levels in diabetic models have been identified. GCKR allelic spectrum changes affect lipid and glucose homeostasis. GKRP dysfunction has been linked to a variety of molecular causes, according to functional analysis. Numerous studies have shown that GKRP dysfunction is not the only cause of hypertriglyceridemia, implying that type 2 diabetes could be treated by activating liver-specific GCK via small molecule GKRP inhibition. The review emphasizes current discoveries concerning the characteristic roles of glucokinase and GKRP in hepatic glucose metabolism and diabetes. This information has influenced the growth of directed molecular therapies for diabetes, which has improved our understanding of lipid and glucose physiology.

Effect of ketogenic diet in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes is a prevalent chronic condition globally, where dietary intervention plays a crucial role in its management. The ketogenic diet, high in fat, moderate in protein and low in carbohydrates, was studied to determine its impact on people with type 2 diabetes. Pertinent research was collected and analysed. Ketogenic diet has positive effects on type 2 diabetes, which can decrease blood sugar, lose weight and improve insulin resistance. However, the ketogenic diet also has some negative effects, which can lead to some side effects, such as hypoglycemia, uneven nutrition, and abnormal gastrointestinal function, due to its special dietary structure. Therefore, when adopting ketogenic diet, the quality and quantity of diet need to be strictly controlled. In conclusion, ketogenic diet has a positive impact in patients afflicted by type 2 diabetes, but attention should be paid to the side effects that may be triggered, and monitoring and adjustment should be carried out to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the diet.

Protective effects of flaxseed oil against dexamethasone induced skeletal muscle atrophy on rats

The production of omega-3 fatty acids in the lipids of muscle tissue was boosted by flaxseed oil (Linum usitatissimum), which is well-described in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. In skeletal muscle disorders, atrophy is a major problem which arises due to cachexia, sarcopenia and immobilization. Nevertheless, despite significant efforts, few FDA-approved medications are available in the market to treat skeletal muscle atrophy. The current project was conceptualized to investigate the protective effects of flaxseed oil against dexamethasone-induced muscular atrophy in adult Sprague Dawley Rats. Marketed preparation of dexamethasone was used to induce muscle atrophy and flaxseed oil was administered orally after disease induction of 7 days till 28 days. Body weight and behavioural studies were carried out to assess muscle mass and glucose. Due to its high antioxidant and fatty acid Omega-3 content, flaxseed oil promotes significant improvements in diseased animals. Rats administered with flaxseed oil demonstrated great weight gain and a decreased blood sugar level. After three weeks-blood sugar levels, muscle mass, momentary changes in rats and HDL levels were all significantly higher in the dexamethasone alone treated control group animals. Flaxseed oil protects against the biochemical and histopathological changes caused due to dexamethasone toxicity. The findings of this study reveals that, flaxseed oil protects against dexamethasone induced skeletal muscle atrophy and protective effect may be due to flaxseed oil's antioxidant properties. However, further research is essential to prove the protective effects of flaxseed oil in some more studies mainly revealing its actions at cellular and molecular level.

Application of Sitting and Lying Diabetic Leg Exercises with a Decrease Blood Sugar Levels on Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients

Introduction: diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by increased blood sugar levels. Blood sugar levels, if not controlled, will cause severe body system dysfunction. Diabetes mellitus has management in the form of physical exercise. The recommended exercise is diabetic foot exercise. Methods: This study used a descriptive research design with a case study approach carried out in March 2023 with two respondents in the Sidomulyo Health Center area using SOP for diabetic foot exercises. Results: The blood sugar levels results before being given therapy on the first day; R1=227 and R2=213. On the second day, R1=219 and R2=203. On the third day, R1=236 and R2=195. On the fourth day, R1=226 and R2=192. After being given therapy on the first day, R1=208 and R2=194. On the second day, R1=210 and R2=171. On the third day, R1=212 and R2=166. On the fourth day, R1=200 and R2=164. Conclusion: There is a decrease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients after being given diabetic leg exercises while sitting and lying down.Keywords: Diabetic Foot Exercise, Blood Sugar Levels, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Oral glucose tolerance assay of extract from Mangifera foetida l. and Pandanus amaryllifolius roxb. leaves

This study examines the potential antidiabetic activity of a combination of Mangifera foetida L. and Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaves. Mangifera leaves contain a compound called mangiferin, which acts as an antidiabetic and antioxidant. On the other hand, Pandanus leaves, are rich in terpenoids and steroids that also possess anti-diabetic effects. An Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was conducted on male mice of the Babl/c strain to assess the antidiabetic effects. The test involved administering a combination of ethanolic leaf extracts from Mangifera foetida L. and Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. in a 1:1 ratio. The study followed a pre-test design with a control group, comprising six treatment groups, each consisting of four male mice. The groups were described as follows: Group 1 was served as the normal group without any treatment. Groups II-IV received single extracts or combinations of extracts at doses of 62.5 mg/200g BW, 125 mg/200g BW, and 250 mg/200g BW. Group V acted as the positive control and was given oral glucose and glibenclamide at a dose of 0.09 mg/200g BW. Group VI was served as the negative control, receiving oral glucose and distilled water. The group that exhibited the highest percentage of decreased blood sugar levels was the one given oral glucose at a dose of 0.078g/20g BW of mice, along with the combination of Mangifera foetida L. and Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaves extract (1:1) at a dose of 35 mg/20g BW. This group demonstrated a decrease of 71.985 ± 4.858 in blood glucose levels. The ANOVA analysis confirmed that the percentage decrease in blood sugar levels was significantly different from the positive control, indicating a higher effectiveness of the combination treatment in reducing blood glucose levels than the positive control.

EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BINAHONG (Anredera cordifolia Steen.) SEBAGAI ANTIDIABETES PADA MENCIT (Mus muculus. L)

Diabetes Mellitus is a disease with lifelong treatment, while antidiabetic drugs consumed can cause side effects in the long term, so it requires alternative therapies with traditional medicinal plants such as the binahong plant (Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steen.) which contains flavonoids and saponins. These compounds have the ability to lower blood sugar levels. This study aims to determine the antidiabetic effect of the ethanol extract of binahong leaves on alloxan-induced swiss male males. This type of research was experimental with the method of pre and post test with controlled group design, using 15 male swiss strains which were divided into 3 groups. Negative control (CMC Na 0.5%), positive control (Glibenclamide dose 0.65 mg/KgBB), and the treatment group ethanol extract of binahong leaves dose 17.5 mg/KgBB. Data on blood sugar levels obtained were analyzed using SPSS 23 with a 95% confidence level. The results of this study showed that the ethanol extract of binahong leaves at a dose of 17.5 mg/kg could reduce blood sugar levels in alloxan-induced swiss male mice. Data on decreasing blood sugar levels obtained were analyzed by One Way ANOVA, followed by LSD. The test results showed that the decrease in blood sugar levels in mice given the ethanol extract of binahong leaves at a dose of 17.5 mg/KgBW was not significantly different from that given by glibenclamide at a dose of 0.65 mg/KgBW (sig > 0.05).

The relationship between sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and diabetic ketosis/infection: single center retrospective experiences

Aims: Diabetes is a serious social problem in our country and around the world. Beyond hyperglycemia, it causes common and potentially life-threatening complications in all systems. For this reason, beyond the regulation of blood glucose, a holistic approach and combating complications are important in diabetes management. Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) are one of many antidiabetic drug families and stand out with their strong blood sugar regulation and cardiac and renal protective effects independent of blood sugar decrease. Despite its strong effectiveness, it is seen as risky in terms of diabetic ketosis and infection, which limits its use. We aimed to investigate the legitimacy of concerns by examining the relationship between SGLT-2 inhibitors and diabetic ketosis/infection. Methods: Our study was designed single-center and retrospectively. 152 patients over the age of 18 who were treated as inpatients in our clinic with diabetic ketosis between January 2020 and June 2023 were included in the study. In these patients, ketosis and the severity of the infection clinic, if any, were examined through various parameters among Type 2 diabetic patients using SGLT-2 inhibitors, Type 2 diabetic patients not using SGLT-2 inhibitors, and Type 1 diabetes patients. These parameters were determined by the patient's blood and urine biochemistry tests at admission and discharge, the duration of ketosis treatment, the duration of intravenous antibiotic use, and the duration of hospitalization. Results: Within the scope of the study, type 2 diabetic patients using SGLT-2 inhibitors were compared with type 2 diabetic patients not using SGLT-2 inhibitors and type 1 diabetic patients. In patients using SGLT-2 inhibitors, the leukocyte in urine, an indicator of urinary tract infection, was found to be significantly higher (p<0.002). When the blood biochemistry tests of the patients at the time of admission were compared in terms of ketosis severity, no significant difference was detected between the groups. No significant difference was detected in terms of ketosis treatment duration, intravenous antibiotic use duration, and hospitalization duration. Conclusion: We believe that we have obtained data showing that ketoacidosis and infection complications associated with SGLT-2 inhibitors are manageable and controllable. Based on this, we recommend that further research be conducted on the side effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors, emphasizing their additional systemic benefits, and that the place of these agents in diabetic treatment should be discussed.

ANALYSIS OF DIET COMPLIANCE ON CHANGES IN BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS IN THE BODY IN DIABETES MILLITUS PATIENTS

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood glucose as a result of impaired insulin production or impaired insulin work or both because until now there is no drug that can treat the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze dietary compliance with changes in blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus sufferers. This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive research method. This research was carried out at the Kenten Permai Public Health Center, Palembang. Qualitative data analysis was inductive, then developed into a hypothesis. In this qualitative research, the number of informants was 3 diabetes mellitus patients and 1 expert informant, namely a nutritionist. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that there is one respondent whose diet is compliant, one respondent who is close to compliant and there is a respondent who is not compliant. D is close to adhering to the schedule but not with the quantity and type, the initial blood sugar was 186mg/dl to 160mg/dl. Mrs. R, who complied with the amount and type with her initial clock of 213 mg/dl, became 136 mg/dl. Mrs. R, who was less compliant, experienced a very slight decrease in blood sugar from 328 mg/dl to 298 mg/dl. All respondents knew about the diabetes mellitus diet, and began to apply it in their daily lives.

THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF MORINGA LEAF DECOCTION TO DECREASE BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS AND HBA1C VALUES OF DIABETICS TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS AT KARANG PANJANG AMBON HEALTH CENTER

Abstract Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) is the most common type of diabetes and is still become one of the causes of death. One way of managing T2DM is mostly by controlling blood sugar, HbA1c levels, developing a healthy diet and herbal alternative therapies. One intervention that does not require expensive costs can be done to improve treatment outcomes in patients with T2DM by controlling blood glucose levels and HbA1c is through moringa leaf decoction therapy. Moringa oleifera (Moringa oleifera) contains and benefits from moringa leaves which have high nutritional value, are rich in minerals, vitamins, and other important phytochemicals. Extracts from the leaves are used to treat malnutrition, as a potential antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antimicrobial agents. This study aims to analyze the therapeutic effect of moringa leaf decoction to decrease blood sugar and HbA1C levels of Type II diabetes mellitus patients in Karang Panjang Ambon Health Center. Sampling technique using consecutive sampling in one intervention group. The study was conducted for seven days with the number of subjects involved in this study as many as 27 people who were measured blood sugar levels and HbA1C before and after treatment. This study is a type of quantitative research using pre-experimental approach one group pre-post design. The results of the study obtained the value of SIG 0.000 < 0.050 this states that there is a significant effect of moringa leaf decoction therapy to reduce blood sugar levels and HbA1c values in patients DM Type II Keywords: moringa leaves, diabetes mellitus Type II, blood sugar, HbA1c

Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava) dalam Menurunkan Kadar Gula Darah Mencit (Mus musculus)

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of blood sugar metabolism chronically characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. Treatment of diabetes mellitus consists of four pillars: education, medical nutrition therapy (MNT), and physical and pharmacological therapies. One of the plants that can be used as a medicinal ingredient is guava leaves. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves are a group of herbal plants with a chemical content that is good for health. Therefore, guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves are plants that are efficacious as medicine. This plant contains secondary metabolites that act as antidiabetics. Thus, the research aimed to determine the effectiveness of ethanol extract of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves on the decrease in blood sugar levels in male mice. The research method employed was maceration, phytochemical screening, and antidiabetic testing with the pre-test and post-test control group design methods to determine if there was a decrease after administration of the extract. The findings indicated that the phytochemical screening test found that guava (Psidium guajava L.) contained secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. In contrast, the antidiabetic test revealed that three extracts with concentrations of 50 mg, 100 mg. and 200 mg could decrease blood sugar levels by 15%, 21%, and 47%, respectively. From these findings, it can be concluded that antidiabetic compounds which play a role in the ellanol extrict of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves are alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins.

PELAKSANAAN PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA KORBAN SYNCOPE PADA SISWA SMA NUR CAHAYA MEDAN

Fainting or syncope is a state of unconsciousness in a person caused by lack of blood flow to the brain, lack of oxygen, poisoning, shock, hunger, thirst and other weak physical conditions or symptoms of other chronic diseases. Fainting or syncope causes heat accompanied by dehydration, emotional stress, sudden body position such as from squatting to standing, abdominal pain, standing too long, blood loss, coughing, pain when urinating, certain medications, decreased blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia) and heart problems. The purpose of community service activities is to improve the insight of high school students by providing first aid training to syncope victims in Nur Cahaya Medan High School students. This activity will be held on August 23, 2023 with 25 high school students participating at SMA Nur Cahaya Medan. The results of community service activities found that the pretest results of the participants' knowledge level were obtained in the good category as many as 7 people (27.0%), the sufficient category as many as 10 people (38.0%), and the less category as many as 9 people (35.0%) while the posttest results of the participants' knowledge level were obtained in the good category as many as 15 people (60.0%), the sufficient category as many as 8 people (32.0%), and the less category as many as 2 people (8.0%). Based on the results of the training activities carried out, there was an increase in the level of knowledge before and after first aid training was carried out on syncope victims in Nur Cahaya Medan High School students.

A comparative study: Probiotics number in fermented bitter melon (Momordica charantia) juice decreased blood sugar and lipid profiles

ABSTRACT Purposes - Momordica charantia (MC) contains triterpenes, proteins, and steroids with anti-diabetic and antioxidative properties. Developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in prediabetes can be reduced by probiotics consumption. The pathogenesis and progression of diabetes are induced by oxidative stress and followed by elevated triglyceride and cholesterol levels. This study aimed to evaluate blood sugar levels and lipid profiles before and after treatment. Experimental procedure - A total of 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by a single dose (60 mg/kg) of streptozotocin (STZ) and 120 mg/kg of nicotinamide. Following three days of induction, the rats were randomly divided into four groups and administered 10 ml/kg BW extract for 28 days. DM-MC was treated with MC extract. DM-FMC1 and DM-FMC2 were treated with fermented MC containing 3.7x107 CFU/ml and 3.7x1014 CFU/ml probiotics, respectively. DM-Ctrl was given distilled water. Blood glucose and lipid profile measurements were taken before and after treatment. The data was analyzed using a paired t-test, ANOVA and Tukey HSD for post hoc analysis. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Findings – The groups treated with FMC2 significantly showed a decreased blood sugar level compared to MC and FMC1 (p<0.001), 89.4+3.94, 164.3+2.26, and 109.1+2.07, respectively. Lipid profiles showed the same pattern (p<0.001). Fermented MC substantially decreases blood glucose and lipid profile compared to the MC group (p<0.001). Originality/value - In type 2 diabetes, reducing blood sugar levels and improving lipid profiles are significantly impacted by the presence and number of probiotics.

Identification of common genes and pathways between type 2 diabetes and COVID-19.

Numerous studies have reported a high incidence and risk of severe illness due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). COVID-19 patients may experience elevated or decreased blood sugar levels and may even develop diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms linking these two diseases remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the common genes and pathways between T2DM and COVID-19. Two public datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE95849 and GSE164805) were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in blood between people with and without T2DM and COVID-19. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed on the common DEGs. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify common genes, and their diagnostic performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Validation was performed on the GSE213313 and GSE15932 datasets. A gene co-expression network was constructed using the GeneMANIA database to explore interactions among core DEGs and their co-expressed genes. Finally, a microRNA (miRNA)-transcription factor (TF)-messenger RNA (mRNA) regulatory network was constructed based on the common feature genes. In the GSE95849 and GSE164805 datasets, 81 upregulated genes and 140 downregulated genes were identified. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that these DEGs were closely related to the negative regulation of phosphate metabolic processes, the positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division, T-cell co-stimulation, and lymphocyte co-stimulation. Four upregulated common genes (DHX15, USP14, COPS3, TYK2) and one downregulated common feature gene (RIOK2) were identified and showed good diagnostic accuracy for T2DM and COVID-19. The AUC values of DHX15, USP14, COPS3, TYK2, and RIOK2 in T2DM diagnosis were 0.931, 0.917, 0.986, 0.903, and 0.917, respectively. In COVID-19 diagnosis, the AUC values were 0.960, 0.860, 1.0, 0.9, and 0.90, respectively. Validation in the GSE213313 and GSE15932 datasets confirmed these results. The miRNA-TF-mRNA regulatory network showed that TYH2 was targeted by PITX1, PITX2, CRX, NFYA, SREBF1, RELB, NR1L2, and CEBP, whereas miR-124-3p regulates THK2, RIOK2, and USP14. We identified five common feature genes (DHX15, USP14, COPS3, TYK2, and RIOK2) and their co-regulatory pathways between T2DM and COVID-19, which may provide new insights for further molecular mechanism studies.