Decrease In Total Cholesterol Research Articles

Effects of Whey Protein, Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass on Body Weight, Biochemical Parameters and Organ Functions in an Obese Rat Model: Experimental Research

Extreme obesity (EO) is one of the biggest public health problems in the world and has grown considerably over the years. The aim of the study is to examine the effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), whey protein (WP), and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation applied to EO rats on weight loss, histopathological changes in internal organs and biochemical alterations. Wistar albino female rats (n = 28) were used in the study and randomly divided into four groups. All rats were made obese by adding high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) to their drinking water. After the EO, WP and omega-3 PUFA supplementation was given and RYGB process was applied. At the end of the study, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, VLDL, AST, ALT and uric acid changes and liver, kidney and pancreatic tissues were evaluated histopathologically. WP and omega-3 PUFA supplementation decreased body weight (p > 0.05). Omega-3 PUFA and RYGB caused a decrease in total cholesterol (p < 0.05), WP decreased HDL (p < 0.05), WP and omega-3 PUFA caused an increase in ALT (p < 0.05). WP has been shown to have greater curative effects in rat liver and kidney tissues. It has been determined that RYGB causes necrosis in the liver and HFCS causes inflammation in the kidney. In the study; the positive effects of WP, omega-3 PUFA and bariatric surgery on obesity and dyslipidemia have been demonstrated. With this result, it was determined that WP, omega-3 PUFA supplementation and bariatric surgery were not superior to each other.

Reproductive and metabolic toxic effects of polystyrene microplastics in adult female Wistar rats: a mechanistic study

Microplastics, such as polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs), have become an emerging environmental hazard for animals and humans. Long-term exposure to PS-MPs has led to neurotoxicity, reproductive dysfunction, and carcinogenesis. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of sub-chronic exposure of PS-MPs on metabolic and reproductive functions in female rats. The PS-MPs were prepared by cryogenic technique. The PS-MPs were given orally to female Wistar rats for 45days at 2.5, 5, and 10mg/kg/day. The average PS-MPs' size diameter was 876nm. The PS-MPs administration resulted in a significant decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver and ovary. The effect of PS-MPs on reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation in the liver and ovarian tissues of rats was statistically insignificant. The PS-MP exposure exhibited an increase in the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein and decrease in high-density lipoprotein. The PS-MPs caused glucose intolerance and increase in insulin. Moreover, the PS-MP exposure increased follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and testosterone. Serum level of interleukin-6 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was elevated in animals treated with PS-MPs. The PS-MP exposed rats showed normal ovarian histology, but activated hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis. It is concluded that the sub-chronic exposure to PS-MPs resulted in metabolic and endocrine disruption in female rats through oxidative damage, hormonal imbalance, and chronic inflammation.

Cholesterol synthesis enzyme SC4MOL is fine-tuned by sterols and targeted for degradation by the E3 ligase MARCHF6

Cholesterol biosynthesis is a highly regulated pathway, with over 20 enzymes controlled at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. While some enzymes remain stable, increased sterol levels can trigger degradation of several synthesis enzymes via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Of note, we previously identified four cholesterol synthesis enzymes as substrates for one E3 ubiquitin ligase, membrane-associated RING-CH-type finger 6 (MARCHF6). Whether MARCHF6 targets the cholesterol synthesis pathway at other points is unknown. In addition, the posttranslational regulation of many cholesterol synthesis enzymes, including the C4-demethylation complex (sterol-C4-methyl oxidase-like, SC4MOL; NAD(P)-dependent steroid dehydrogenase-like, NSDHL; hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase, HSD17B7), is largely uncharacterized. Using cultured mammalian cell lines (human-derived and Chinese hamster ovary cells), we show SC4MOL, the first acting enzyme of C4-demethylation, is a MARCHF6 substrate and is rapidly turned over and sensitive to sterols. Sterol depletion stabilizes SC4MOL protein levels, while sterol excess downregulates both transcript and protein levels. Furthermore, we found SC4MOL depletion by siRNA results in a significant decrease in total cell cholesterol. Thus, our work indicates SC4MOL is the most regulated enzyme in the C4-demethylation complex. Our results further implicate MARCHF6 as a crucial posttranslational regulator of cholesterol synthesis, with this E3 ubiquitin ligase controlling levels of at least five enzymes of the pathway.

Protective Effect of Lycopene Rich Tomato Puree on the Development of Atherosclerosis/Heart Diseases in Animal Models

Background: Lycopene as an aliphatic carotenoid promulgated from tomato has gained the attention of new generation food and pharma scientists on the ground of its nutraceutical efficacy. It is a preeminent antioxidant known for its singlet oxygen quenching ability that reduces oxidative stress responsible for non-communicable diseases. In present investigation the health claim exploration ability of lycopene rich tomato puree as a dietary supplement was assessed by animal studies to project its hypolipidemic efficacy effective in reducing risk of heart diseases.&#x0D; Aim: The present investigation aims to determine efficacy of tomato puree lycopene in monitoring atherogenesis mechanism through synergic mode of action of notified specialty features (total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol) in Wistar rats.&#x0D; Study Design: Wistar rats (Positive control, high fat diet fed, HFD-Stain fed and HFD-tomato puree fed) were examined for general examinations (behavioural changes and body weight), Lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL cholesterol) on 0, 14 and 28th day of experiment to assess effect of tomato puree administration on wellbeing of rats against healthy, hyperlipidemic and standard drug status.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: MIT School of Food Technology in collaboration with Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Parbhani (MAFSU, Nagpur), Maharashtra. The overall study duration was for 3 months.&#x0D; Methodology: The experimental rats (Wistar) employed in present study were acquired from authorized breeder after the approval of the experimental protocol by Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC approval resolution no.: IAEC 58/19, Date 20/08/2019). Acclimatization of the animals was undertaken for 20 days during which they were provided with natural diet, pure and safe drinking water. CPCSEA (Committee for the purpose of control and supervision of experiments on animals) guidelines were followed while handling the experimental animals throughout the complete study duration. The experimental animals (32 Wistar rats) were segregated into four different groups (Positive control, high fat diet fed, HFD-Stain fed and HFD-tomato puree fed), containing 8 rats (4 male and 4 female). Animals from four distinguished groups were monitored regularly for general observations (body weights, behavioural changes and mortality changes) throughout the experimental period. The lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL) of blood serum samples was recorded using auto analyser on 0, 14th and 28th day of experiment.&#x0D; Results: The data analysis, interpretation and reviewed literature infusion collectively underlined the efficacy of lycopene (tomato puree) in monitoring atherogenesis mechanism through synergic mode of action of notified specialty features (total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol) and projected an effective gateway to support disease infused health claim. The cumulative decrease in total cholesterol (159.99 to 126.40mg/dl), serum triglycerides (114.81 to 107.34mg/dl), LDL cholesterol (40.19 to 32.90mg/dl) and increase in HDL cholesterol (19.99 to 23.87mg/dl) of treated rats represents hypolipidemic efficacy of tomato puree lycopene.&#x0D; Conclusion: The tomato puree mass being a viable lycopene source with innate antiatherogenic efficacy has rationally updated the review base critical appraisal leading to development of prototype of CVD to launch health claim. The human clinical study as a confirmation tool, may be the best option for next generation research.

Evaluation of Antidibetic Potential of Hydromethanolic Extract of Tridax procubens (Linn) in Mice

The aqueous leaves extract of Tridax procumbent (Linn) was evaluated for its antidiabetic potential on normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In the chronic model, the hydromethanolic leaf extract was administered to normal and STZ- induced diabetic rats at the doses of 200 and 400mg/kg body weight (b.w.) p.o. per day for 14 days. The fasting Blood Glucose Levels (BGL), serum insulin level and biochemical data such as glycosylated hemoglobin, Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) were evaluated and all were compared to that of the known anti-diabetic drug glibenclamide. The statistical data indicated significant increase in the body weight, liver glycogen, serum insulin and HDL levels and decrease in blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol and serum triglycerides when compared with glibenclamide. Thus the hydromethanolic leaves extract of Tridax procumben had beneficial effects in reducing the elevated blood glucose level and lipid profile of STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus administration to anorexigenic neuropeptides and some biochemical parameters on rats fed with a high-fat diet

AimOne of the rapidly rising global public health concern is obesity. Over the past three decades, the prevalence of obesity has doubled/tripled in several nations around the world, most likely as a result of urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and increased intake of high-calorie processed foods. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus administration on rats exposed to high-fat diet experimentally on anorexigenic peptides in the brain and some biochemical parameters in the serum. MethodsIn the study, 4 different experimental groups were formed. Group 1 was designated as the control group and fed with a standard rat chow (SD). Group 2 was designated as the high-fat diet (HFD) fed group. Group 3 fed with SD and L. acidophilus probiotic administered. Group 4 fed with HFD and L. acidophilus probiotic administered. At the end of the experiment, leptin, serotonin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were measured in the brain tissue and serum. Glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), total protein (TP), albumin, uric acid, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were determined in the serum. ResultsAt the end of the study, it was found that there was an increase in body weight and body mass index in Group 2 compared to Group 1. It was determined that the levels of AST, ALT, TG, TC, glucose, leptin in the serum were significantly high (P < 0.05). The levels of GLP-1 and serotonin in the serum and in the brain were significantly low (P < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in TG and TC in Groups 3 and 4 compared to Group 2 (P < 0.05). The leptin hormone levels in serum and brain were significantly higher in Group 2 than in other groups (P < 0.05). GLP-1 and serotonin levels were found to be significantly low (P < 0.05). The leptin levels in the serum of Groups 3 and 4 decreased significantly compared to Group 2 (P < 0.05). ConclusionIt was found that probiotic supplementation in high-fat diet had positive effects on anorexigenic peptides. It was concluded that L. acidophilus probiotic can be recommended as a food supplement in the treatment of obesity.

The hypocholesterolemic effect of methanolic extract of Bassia muricata l. on hypercholesterolemic rats

Hypercholesterolemia is correlated with cardiovascular diseases. The search for effective alternatives for lipid-lowering drugs is continuous. We investigated the hypocholesterolemic activity of Bassia muricata methanolic extract (BMME) in a model of hyperlipidemia. B. muricata was extracted with methanol. Male rats were randomly divided into six groups: normal control group (G1) was fed normal diet, negative control group (G2) was fed high cholesterol and fat diet (HCFD), positive control group (G3) was fed HCFD and treated with atorvastatin (20 mg/kg), a fourth, fifth and sixth groups (G4, G5, and G6) were fed HCFD and treated with 10, 30 and 100 mg/Kg of BMME, respectively. All rat groups received, for 4 weeks, the appropriate daily dose after initial two weeks of feeding normal diet or HCFD. Body weight, lipid profile, serum glucose, liver enzymes were measured weekly. HCFD caused an increased total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and glucose, decreased triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and blunted the normal gain of body weight. BMME doses restored the normal gain of body weight, caused significant decrease in serum TC, LDL-C, and increased HDL-C when compared to G2. 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg of BMME failed to induce any change in alkaline phosphatase whereas 100 mg/Kg of BMME caused a significant increase in alanine transaminase. 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg of BMME significantly decreased serum glucose whereas 100 mg/kg BMME significantly increased it. BMME had significant hypocholesterolemic effect and 100 mg/kg BMME increased alanine transaminase, TG and glucose in rats.Graphical abstract

Effect of "maccog" TCM tea on improving glucolipid metabolism and gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes in community.

This work aimed to observe the effect of consuming Chinese herb tea on glucolipid metabolism and gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ninety patients with T2DM were recruited from a community and randomly divided into the control group (CG) and intervention group (IG). CG maintained conventional treatment and lifestyle, and IG accepted additional "maccog" traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) tea (mulberry leaf, radix astragali, corn stigma, cortex lycii, radix ophiopogonis, and gynostemma) for 12 weeks. Glucolipid metabolism, hepatorenal function, and gut microbiota were then measured. After the intervention, the decreases in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and total cholesterol (TC) were greater (P<0.05) in IG than in CG, and those in glycosylated serum protein (GSP) were almost significantly greater (P=0.066) in IG than in CG. The total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and creatinine (CREA) levels in IG were significantly lower and their decreases were larger in IG than in CG (P<0.05) after the intervention. The Ace and Chao1 indices in IG were slightly higher after the intervention (P=0.056 and 0.052, respectively) than at baselines. The abundance of Actinobacteria, Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, and Phascolarctobacterium increased significantly after the intervention in IG (P<0.05), and the abundance was higher in IG than in CG (P<0.05 or P<0.1). The abundance of Clostridiales and Lactobacillales was negatively correlated with FPG (P<0.05), Clostridiales and Lachnospiraceae was negatively correlated with GSP (P<0.05), and Bacteroides/Firmicutes was positively correlated with both (P<0.05). No adverse event was observed during the intervention. Administration of "maccog" TCM tea for 12 weeks slightly improved glucolipid metabolism and significantly increased the abundance of beneficial gut microbiota in community patients with T2DM. The increase in beneficial bacteria abundance may be involved in the improvement of glucose metabolism indicators. In addition, this intervention is safe and feasible. https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=31281, identifier ChiCTR1800018566.

Change of serum lipoproteins and its potential use in stratifying patients with sepsis among neonates

BackgroundChanges of serum lipoprotein concentration during bacteremia or sepsis are observed and lipoproteins concentration facilitate the evaluation severity of sepsis in adults, but its clinical usage is still unclear. Here, we analyzed the lipoprotein concentration in neonates with sepsis and discussed its use in stratifying patients.MethodsThis is a retrospective study involved 88 culture-proven septic patients. Clinical and microbiology data of involved patients were collected via inquiring databases of our institute. Patients were grouped according to blood culture results or procalcitonin level; the difference between groups were analyzed.ResultsCompared with uninfected group, there is no change of triglyceride (TG) concentrations and significant decrease of Total cholesterol (TC) concentration in septic patients. There is no significant difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative-related septic patients in terms of serum TG and TC concentration. Other than group with procalcitonin level of 0.5–2 ng/ml, both serum TG and TC concentration were decreased while serum procalcitonin level increasing.ConclusionsOur results indicated that serum lipoprotein concentration may be recommended to help diagnosis of bacteria and to evaluate the severity of sepsis.

Effect of avocado seed extract on lipid profile and atherogenic index in cyclosporine-treated rats

Hypertension is a global health issue because of its high prevalence and its association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This work evaluated the anti-dyslipidemic potential of aqueous extract of avocado seed (APE) (50 – 100 mg/kg) in adult male wistar rats. Twenty-five rats were used for this work and divided into five groups of 5 rats each (n= 5). Group 1 (normal control), group 2 (cyclosporine alone), group 3 (cyclosporine + 5 mg of lisinopril), group 4 and 5 (cyclosporine + 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg b.wt of extract respectively). Treatments lasted for 7 days and the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Plasma samples from the rats were used for lipid profile analysis such as; total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein. The results showed significant (p &lt; 0.05) increase in triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and total cholesterol (TCH), as well as significant (p &lt; 0.05) decrease in HDL and atherogenic index in cyclosporine only treated rats compared with the normal control group. However, treatment with aqueous extract of avocado seed (APE) caused a significant decrease in TG, LDL, and total cholesterol, with concomitant increase in HDL concentration and atherogenic index in a dose-dependent manner. The findings of this study suggest that avocado seed extract has anti-dyslipidemic potential which could be useful in the management of hypertension and other diseases arising from dyslipidemia.

Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Paederia foetida Leaves (EEPFL) in Albino Rats

The present study was designed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of leaves of Paederia foetida (EEPFL). The ethanolic extract was obtained by infusion method, and acute oral toxicity tests were performed according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006 (OECD) guidelines. Hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding the rats with a high-fat diet consisting of coconut oil and vanaspati ghee in a ratio of 2:3 v/v at a dose of 10 ml/kg body weight. The extract was given at a dose of 500mg/kg body weight. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were measured for antihyperlipidemic activity. For antioxidant activity, Malondialdehyde (MDA), Catalase (CAT), and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) were measured using standard methods. The extract showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and MDA in the blood. On the other hand, HDL, CAT, and SOD increased significantly. The study demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of leaves of Paederia foetida decreased blood lipid levels and lipid peroxidation. These findings suggest that the EEPFL may have potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress-related diseases.

Effect of Dietary Amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus chlorostachys) Supplemented with Enzyme Blend on Egg Quality, Serum Biochemistry and Antioxidant Status in Laying Hens

A feeding trial was performed to assess the effects of dietary raw amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus chlorostachys) grain (RAG), with or without an enzyme blend, on the productive performance, blood biochemistry, and antioxidant status in laying hens. The trial was conducted following a completely randomized design by factorial method, including five levels of RAG (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%, respectively) and two levels of enzyme blend (0 -E and 0.025 +E %). A total of 960 White Leghorn (Hy-line W-36) laying hens (56 weeks of age) were divided into 10 groups with eight repetitions, including 12 birds. The trial period was ten weeks. Results showed that RAG levels in feed (>10%) led to a significant decrease in blood total cholesterol (TC), but they also significantly decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p ˂ 0.05) as measured by feed intake (FI), hen daily production (HDP), egg weight (EW), and mass (EM), leading to overall worse productivity compared to the control group. On the contrary, the addition of the enzyme blend led to an improvement in the investigated production traits (p ˂ 0.05), with the exception of HDP. The enzyme blend was also capable of recovering productive performance when combined with low concentrations of RAG (10%) (p ˂ 0.05), and RAG × enzyme blend groups showed the lowest values of TC (p ˂ 0.05). Moreover, the interaction effects for atherogenic index (LDL/HDL) indicated a significant and promising reduction in response to the addition of RAG both in the presence and absence of the enzyme blend (p ˂ 0.05), and this additive also significantly reduced levels of egg yolk cholesterol (p ˂ 0.05). In summary, the evidence gathered in this trial showed that dietary RAG had positive effects on egg quality characteristics, leading to the production of low-cholesterol eggs, and, at the same time, it may improve the health status of laying hens. Furthermore, the addition of an enzyme blend allowed feeding up to 10% RAG in the diet, leading to an optimal balance between animal productivity and the beneficial effects of RAG.

The effect of pentosan polysulfate sodium for improving dyslipidaemia and knee pain in people with knee osteoarthritis: A pilot study

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS, Elmiron®) for dyslipidaemia and knee osteoarthritis (OA) related symptoms. MethodThis was a single-arm, open-label, prospective, non-randomised pilot study. People with painful knee OA and a history of primary hypercholesterolemia were included. PPS was taken orally in a dosage of 10 ​mg/kg once every 4 days for 5 weeks for two cycles. There was 5 weeks of no medication between the cycles. The main outcomes included the change in lipidemia levels, the change in knee OA-related symptoms assessed by pain numerical rating scale (NRS) and Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and knee MRI semi-quantitative score. The changes were analysed using paired t-tests. Results38 participants were included, with a mean age of 62.2 years. We found a statistically significant decrease in total cholesterol (from 6.23 ​± ​0.74 to 5.95 ​± ​0.77 ​mmol/L; P ​= ​0.01) and low-density lipoprotein (from 4.03 ​± ​0.61 to 3.82 ​± ​0.61 ​mmol/L; P ​= ​0.009) from baseline to week 16. Knee pain NRS was significantly reduced at weeks 6, 16 and 26 from 6.39 ​± ​1.33 to 4.18 ​± ​1.99, 3.63 ​± ​2.28 and 4.38 ​± ​2.55, respectively (P ​< ​0.001). However, there was no significant difference in terms of the primary outcome of triglyceride levels before and after treatment. The most common AEs were positive faecal occult blood tests, followed by headache and diarrhoea. ConclusionThe findings suggest that PPS has promising effects on improving dyslipidaemia and symptomatic pain relief in people with knee OA.

Averrhoa carambola leaves prevent dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in a rat model of poloxamer-407-induced acute hyperlipidemia.

Background: The star fruit [Averrhoa carambola L (Oxalidaceae)] is traditionally used in the treatment of many ailments in many countries. It possesses several pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, it contains the neurotoxic caramboxin and its high content of oxalic acid limits its consumption by individuals with compromised kidney function. This study assessed the anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of different fractions of the methanolic extract of A. carambola leaves (MEACL). Methods: The antioxidant activity was investigated using FRAP, and ABTS and DPPH radical-scavenging assays and the inhibitory activity toward pancreatic lipase (PL) and HMG-CoA reductase was assayed in vitro. Acute hyperlipidemia was induced by poloxamer-407 (P-407) in rats and different fractions of MEACL (n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, ethyl acetate (EA), water, and chloroform) were orally administered. Cholesterol and triglycerides were determined at 0, 12, 24, and 48h and LDL-C, vLDL-C, HDL-C, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidants were assayed after 48h. The expression of ABCA1, ABCG5, ABCG8, LDL-R, SREBP-1, and SREBP-2 and the activity of HMG-CoA reductase were assayed in the liver of P-407-administered rats treated with the EA fraction. Results: The in vitro data revealed potent radical-scavenging activities of MEACL fractions with the most potent effect showed by the EA fraction that also suppressed the activities of HMG-CoA reductase and PL. In P-407-induced hyperlipidemic rats, all fractions prevented dyslipidemia as shown by the decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, vLDL-C and atherogenic index. MEACL and its fractions prevented LPO and boosted GSH, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in P-407-administered rats. The EA fraction showed more effective anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects than other fractions and downregulated SREBP-2 while upregulated ABCA1 and LDL-R and ameliorated LPL and HMG-CoA reductase in hyperlipidemic rats. Conclusion: MEACL showed in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity and the EA fraction significantly ameliorated dyslipidemia in a rat model of P-407-induced acute hyperlipidemia by modulating LPL, PL, HMG-CoA reductase, and cholesterolgenesis-related factors. Therefore, the leaves of A. carambola represent a safe alternative for the star fruit particularly in kidney disease patients, and the EA is the most effective anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant fraction.

A Systematic Review of the Effects of Plant Compared with Animal Protein Sources on Features of Metabolic Syndrome

Dietary protein may play an important role in the prevention of metabolic dysfunctions. However, the way in which the protein source affects these dysfunctions has not been clearly established. The aim of the current systematic review was to compare the impact of plant- and animal-sourced dietary proteins on several features of metabolic syndrome in humans. The PubMed database was searched for both chronic and acute interventional studies, as well as observational studies, in healthy humans or those with metabolic dysfunctions, in which the impact of animal and plant protein intake was compared while using the following variables: cholesterolemia and triglyceridemia, blood pressure, glucose homeostasis, and body composition. Based on data extraction, we observed that soy protein consumption (with isoflavones), but not soy protein alone (without isoflavones) or other plant proteins (pea and lupine proteins, wheat gluten), leads to a 3% greater decrease in both total and LDL cholesterol compared with animal-sourced protein ingestion, especially in individuals with high fasting cholesterol concentrations. This observation was made when animal proteins were provided as a whole diet rather than given supplementally. Some observational studies reported an inverse association between plant protein intake and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but this was not confirmed by intervention studies. Moreover, plant protein (wheat gluten, soy protein) intake as part of a mixed meal resulted in a lower postprandial insulin response than did whey. This systematic review provides some evidence that the intake of soy protein associated with isoflavones may prevent the onset of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, i.e., hypercholesterolemia and hypertension, in humans. However, we were not able to draw any further conclusions from the present work on the positive effects of plant proteins relating to glucose homeostasis and body composition.

Direct comparison two fixed-ratio combination glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist and basal insulin on glycemic and non glycemic parameters in type 2 diabetes

BackgroundTwo types of fixed-ratio combinations of basal insulin and a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) have been approved for use in type 2 diabetes. One is insulin degludec/liraglutide (iDergLira), and the other is insulin glargine/lixisenatide (iGlarLixi). Direct comparisons between these two combination is not available.MethodsThe retrospective study included 186 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) with inadequate glycemic control on metformin and basal insulin (degludec, glargine 100, glargine 300) who were switched to fixed-ratio combination GLP-1 RA and basal insulin. Patients were divided into two groups based on the basal insulin before study: group I (n = 86) treated with degludec were switched to iDegLira and patients group II (n = 99), treated with glargine were switched to iGlarLixi. The aim of this study was to directly compare the effects between two fixed – ratio combination on glycemic parameters and non glycemic parameters. Follow up was 6 months.ResultsMean HbA1c decreased similarly (− 1.2% vs.-1.1%). Higher percentage patients in iDegLira group had reached the HbA1c < 7% after 6 months (22% vs. 18.2%, p < 0.05). The mean change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was comparable for the two groups, while mean decrease postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) level were lower in iGlarLixi group (2 vs 1.8 mmol/l, p > 0.05). Change in body weight was significant in iDegLira group (1.8 kg vs. 0.7 kg, p < 0.001). At the end of the study patients showed decrease in total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) for 0.2 mmol/L in iDegLira, 0.1 mmol/l in iGlarLixi, triglycerides decreased 0.3 mmol/l in both groups, high-density lipoprotein(HDL) increased 0.1 mm/l in iGlarLixi.ConclusionOur results showed that more patients with iDegLira had HbA1c less than 7% and these combination had better effect on weight loss. There was no difference observed in FPG and PPG, lipid profile and rate of hypoglycemia.

Cinnamomum burmannii Bl. Bark Ameliorate Lipid Profile and Platelet Aggregation in Dyslipidemia Mice through Antioxidant Activity

BACKGROUND: Cinnamomum burmannii Bl. has a higher coumarin, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. AIM: We investigated the antioxidant, anti-platelet aggregation, and anti-dyslipidemia activity of cinnamon bark extract (CBE) in dyslipidemia mice. METHODS: Mice were divided randomly into six groups (n = 5) that consist of normal control, negative control, positive control (atorvastatin), and test groups of CBE at doses 300, 400, and 500 mg/kg BW. All groups except normal control were given dyslipidemic-induced feed for 14 days. After that, the induction of dyslipidemia was stopped, then continued with suspension of atorvastatin (positive control) and the test group was given CBE for 7 days. Then, it was measured malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), bleeding time, coagulation time, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). RESULTS: The CBE has antioxidant activity by decreased MDA concentrations and increased SOD activity in dose group 300; 400; and 500 mg/kg BW compared to negative control. The anti-platelet aggregation of CBE showed that the effects of prolong bleeding time and coagulation time and improve the decreased plasma absorbance after the addition of ADP. There was a decrease in total cholesterol for the three dose groups, respectively, 20.14%, 24.42%, and 35.76%. Triglyceride levels decreased by 4.09%, 8.74%, and 12.5%. LDL levels decreased by 38.17%, 53.8%, and 67.96%. HDL levels increased by 27.29%, 67.8%, and 72.64%. CONCLUSION: CBE has antioxidant, anti-platelet aggregation and anti-dyslipidemia activity, and potential to prevent cardiovascular disease.

Combination of the effect of ginger and anti-inflammatory diet on children with obesity with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized clinical trial.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease in children. Following earlier reports on an increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity, NAFLD is now becoming increasingly common in children. Although no definitive cure exists, early management, early diagnosis, and treatment can reduce its complications. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the combination of ginger and an anti-inflammatory diet (AID) in children with obesity on fatty liver management. This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 160 children with obesity aged 8-11 years, with a mean (SD) weight of 65.01(9.67) kg, mean (SD) height of 139.87(7.37) cm, and mean (SD) body mass index of 33.40(5.59) kg/m2. The study duration was 12 weeks. Children were divided into four groups: ginger (G), AID, ginger plus an AID (GPA), and control. Ginger capsules comprised 1000 mg of ginger, whereas the AID comprised fruits and vegetables, fish, turkey, and chicken (without skin) with lean meat, omega-3 sources, nuts, legumes, probiotic products, and elimination of inflammatory food. Following the intervention, serum fasting blood sugar and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were significantly decreased in the AID (p=.006 and .002, respectively), G (p=.04 and <.001, respectively), and GPA (p <.001 in both cases, respectively) groups. Further, in the G and GPA groups, there was a significant decrease in body mass index (p=.04 in both cases, respectively), waist circumference (p=.009 and .003, respectively), waist-to-height ratio (p=.02 and .005, respectively), alanine aminotransferase (p=.004 and <.001, respectively), total cholesterol (p=.0002 and .0001, respectively) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p < .001 and <.001, respectively). Eventually, serum aspartate aminotransferase was decreased (p < .001) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p=.03) was increased significantly in the GPA group. As a main finding of this study, hepatic steatosis significantly decreased in the G and GPA groups. Ginger supplementation can effectively improve NAFLD in children, and its effectiveness was further increased when combined with an AID.

Evaluation of Afamin Level after Bariatric Surgery in Patient with Obesity.

The aim of this study is to evaluate afamin levels after weight loss in obese patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and to investigate the relationship between them. In addition, after bariatric surgery, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density protein (VLDL), total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), insulin, and hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) levels were evaluated. Preoperative and postoperative 6th month venous blood samples were obtained from 43 patients included in this study. The preoperative and postoperative 6th month body mass index (BMI), TG, total cholesterol, VLDL, HDL, insulin, HgbA1c, TSH, T4, and afamin levels of the patients who underwent bariatric surgery with obesity were compared. Serum afamin levels of patients decreased at 6 months postoperatively; however, it was not statistically significant. We observed a statistically significant decrease in patients' BMI, HDL, VLDL, TG, total cholesterol, TSH, T4, HgbA1c, and insulin values (p < 0.05). There were significant increases in HDL and T4 values. The change in LDL value was statistically insignificant. Recent studies have shown that there may be a cause-effect relationship between afamin and obesity. In our study, we observed a decrease in serum afamin levels after weight loss following bariatric surgery. In addition, we think that afamin may be used as a potential marker of metabolic syndrome in the future and may lead to improvements in the medical treatment of obesity.

Antidiabetic potential of Guizotia Abyssinica cass seed oil in Wistar Albino rats - An experimental approach

Guizotia abyssinica Cass. widely grown plant of southern India, seed oil of which are said to be healthy source of oil. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder affecting major population worldwide. Nutritive healthy source of oils and fats are essential in current scenario. Hence antidiabetic property of Guizotia abyssinica Cass seed oil is tested in Streptozotocin induced diabetes in Wistar albino Rats. Materials and methods: Test drug collected, authenticated, seed oil prepared. Study was conducted in Wistar albino Rats inducing diabetes with Intra peritoneal injection of Streptozotocin. The animals under different test groups received Glibenclamide as standard drug; single and Double dose of G. abyssinica Cass seed oil as test drug and the effect was observed by analysing serum glucose, lipid profile, weight of the Liver and histopathological changes in liver and pancreas after 21 days of experiment. Results: Test drug disclosed decrease in the Serum Sugar level. It has also shown decrease in total cholesterol, LDL and not showed the significant increase in HDL. Histopathological observation of Liver and pancreas proved safety aspect of the drug by preventing the cytotoxic effect of STZ.