Decrease In Death Rate Research Articles

Restricting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 or safeguarding mental health: a false dichotomy?

Governments have implemented policies to curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2 at various points of the pandemic. Such measures have often been perceived as beneficial for public health but detrimental to mental health1 and evidence indicates that lockdowns have had an adverse effect on mental health.2 However, minimising the spread of SARS-CoV-2 might also have positive impacts on mental health by reducing anxiety about contracting the virus and decreasing death rates. Additionally, contracting COVID-19 has been associated with an increased risk of psychiatric disorders.

A 24-year investigation of the reproductive ecology of the Edible Dormouse (Glis glis)

The Edible Dormouse is a non-native rodent introduced to the Chilterns, UK, in 1902. It shows extreme annual variation in breeding; either having one litter per year or, in some years, failing to breed at all. Despite this slow reproductive rate compared to other rodents, its population is increasing, and has spread beyond the anticipated landscape barriers. Communal nesting is sometimes observed. This study aims to characterise the reproduction parameters over time, including from communal breeding. Based on a population of >11,000 PIT-tagged individuals, 600 litters and 4000 nestlings at our Chilterns study site over 24 years, we show the best fit of the number of new-borns is an increasing exponential. Monthly weight of nestlings also increased over the 24 years, while annual reproduction rate, litter size and nestling growth rates remained unchanged. Litter size decreased from 6.6 new-borns in August to 4.3 in October, indicating an average death rate of 37% in the first two months of life. Preliminary analysis suggests a small decrease in death rate over the years. Average growth rate of nestlings was c.100% of birth weight per week in their first month, but then slowed. We also examined evidence of kinship between nest sharers and investigated whether this, or communal breeding in general, promotes offspring survival. Our results will provide a deeper insight into the factors that drive the reproductive success of this invasive species and enable investigation of the effect of climatic variables on the number, survival and growth rate of nestlings.

Yeast red pigment, protein aggregates, and amyloidoses: a review.

Estimating the amyloid level in yeast Saccharomyces, we found out that the red pigment (product of polymerization of aminoimidazoleribotide) accumulating in ade1 and ade2 mutants leads to drop of the amyloid content. We demonstrated in vitro that fibrils of several proteins grown in the presence of the red pigment stop formation at the protofibril stage and form stable aggregates due to coalescence. Also, the red pigment inhibits reactive oxygen species accumulation in cells. This observation suggests that red pigment is involved in oxidative stress response. We developed an approach to identify the proteins whose aggregation state depends on prion (amyloid) or red pigment presence. These sets of proteins overlap and in both cases involve many different chaperones. Red pigment binds amyloids and is supposed to prevent chaperone-mediated prion propagation. An original yeast-Drosophila model was offered to estimate the red pigment effect on human proteins involved in neurodegeneration. As yeast cells are a natural feed of Drosophila, we could compare the data on transgenic flies fed on red and white yeast cells. Red pigment inhibits aggregation of human Amyloid beta and α-synuclein expressed in yeast cells. In the brain of transgenic flies, the red pigment diminishes amyloid beta level and the area of neurodegeneration. An improvement in memory and viability accompanied these changes. In transgenic flies expressing human α-synuclein, the pigment leads to a decreased death rate of dopaminergic neurons and improves mobility. The obtained results demonstrate yeast red pigment potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

NLRP3 inflammasome of microglia promotes A1 astrocyte transformation, neo-neuron decline and cognition impairment in endotoxemia

Infection, predominantly induced by gram-negative bacteria, is a critical health problem and a leading cause of death worldwide. Advance of techniques, such as antibiotics and life-supporting modality, allows a decreasing death rate of patients with infection in recent decades. Nevertheless, infection-associated complications, in particular cognitive dysfunction, largely influence the mortality of patients and the life quality of survivors. However, the effective medicine is still scant due to the poor interpretion of underlying mechanisms. Herein, we determined multiple cytokines of cerebrospinal fluid in mice challenged with various doses of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)–a pathogenic component of gram-negative bacteria, and found that IL-1β, the downstream of NLRP3 inflammasome, was boosted to a peak extent after a challenge of LPS in high dose. Genetically knockout of Nlrp3 or the downstreams, such as Asc and Gsdmd, dramatically restored LPS-induced cognitive impairment, which was attributed to inhibiting microglia-induced A1 astrocytes and so-caused neo-neuron decline. Taken together, NLRP3 inflammasome of microglia promotes transformation of A1 astrocytes and consequently exacerbates neo-neuron decline, resulting in cognitive impairment after a challenge of LPS. Our study thus discovers a novel understanding in the pathogenesis of LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction, and indicates that NLRP3 inflammasome would be a promising target in the treatment of the syndrome.

Wilhelm von Waldeyer: Important Steps in Neural Theory, Anatomy and Citology.

Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Harz is regarded as a significant anatomist who helped the entire medical world to discover and develop new techniques in order to improve patient treatment as well as decrease death rates. He discovered fascia propria recti in 1899, which is important in total mesorectal excision which improves cancer treatment as well as outcomes. He played an important role in developing the neuron theory which states that the nervous system consists of multiple individual cells, called neurons, which currently stands as the basis of the impulse transmission of neurons. Waldeyer was also interested in cytology, where he made a substantial contribution, being the first who adopted the name “Chromosome”. Therefore, he accelerated the progress of what it is now known as Genetics. In conclusion, starting from the Fascia propria recti and continuing with great discoveries in cytology and neuron theory, Wilhelm von Waldeyer represents a key person in what we today call medicine.

Occurrence of blaTEM among Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Different Clinical Samples in Erbil City

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was a significant source of nosocomial infection with the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and metallo-β-lactamases (MBL) genes in P. aeruginosa being progressively documented globally. The purpose of this investigation was to detection the occurrence of MBL and ESBL in P. aeruginosa isolates acquired from diverse clinical samples, as well as the prevalence of blaTEM genes producing ESBLs. A total of 227 samples were obtained from various clinical specimens (wound, urine, sputum, bronchial wash, and burn) at public hospitals in Erbil region. Microorganism was obtained, treated, and recognized using normal microbiological culture procedures, biochemical testing, DNA extraction, and polymerase chain reaction to identify the presence of the blaTEM gene. Out of 227 specimens, 40 isolates (17.6%) were positive for P. aeruginosa, while 32 (80.6%) were considered as ESBL positive and 72.5% were positive for MBL manufacture by P. aeruginosa and the results of ESBL genes detection clarify that most of ESBL and MBL producer isolates of P. aeruginosa carried blaTEM gene which found in more than half (52.5%) of the isolates strains. The current study demonstrates that the development of MBL and ESBL in P. aeruginosa is increased and making these infections more challenging to cure. For the decrease of death rates and the propagation of multidrug-resistant organisms by genes, early identification of MBL and ESBL synthesis is critical. As a result, a variety of measures must be used to control the spread of these diseases.

A review on health-care acquired infections of the hospital staff during routine patient’s delivery service

The health-care acquired infections (HCAIs) occur world-wide among persons undergoing medical attention in health institutions and result in unexpected long-term stay, disability and financial loses. The most predominant infections are catheter associated urinary tract, central line associated, surgical site and ventilator associated pneumonia infections. The patients are prone to infections during hospitalization from varied environmental sources, hands of health-care professionals, medical equipment and other infected patients. The frequent factors affecting patients on admission are improper hand hygiene, contact with infected patients, adverse drug events and surgical complications. Patients under health-care delivery can acquire infection disseminated from food, water, aerosols and hospital wastes. The application of personal protective equipment, routine educational interventions are common approaches that can help stop HCAIs and save lives, decrease death rate and health delivery expenses. In buttressing this, the World Health Organization (WHO) enunciated guidelines to enhance hand washing practices, infection prevention and control programme, monitored use of antibiotics and its resistance. The other measures included global adoption of efficient surveillance system and the impact of relevant stakeholders in health sectors needed to prevent and control hospital acquired infections.

Reduced COVID-19 hospitalizations among New York City residents following age-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine eligibility: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design

BackgroundIn clinical trials, several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were shown to reduce risk of severe COVID-19 illness. Local, population-level, real-world evidence of vaccine effectiveness is accumulating. We assessed vaccine effectiveness for community-dwelling New York City (NYC) residents using a quasi-experimental, regression discontinuity design, leveraging a period (January 12–March 9, 2021) when ≥ 65-year-olds were vaccine-eligible but younger persons, excluding essential workers, were not. MethodsWe constructed segmented, negative binomial regression models of age-specific COVID-19 hospitalization rates among 45–84-year-old NYC residents during a post-vaccination program implementation period (February 21–April 17, 2021), with a discontinuity at age 65 years. The relationship between age and hospitalization rates in an unvaccinated population was incorporated using a pre-implementation period (December 20, 2020–February 13, 2021). We calculated the rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the interaction between implementation period (pre or post) and age-based eligibility (45–64 or 65–84 years). Analyses were stratified by race/ethnicity and borough of residence. Similar analyses were conducted for COVID-19 deaths. ResultsHospitalization rates among 65–84-year-olds decreased from pre- to post-implementation periods (RR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74–0.97), controlling for trends among 45–64-year-olds. Accordingly, an estimated 721 (95% CI: 126–1,241) hospitalizations were averted. Residents just above the eligibility threshold (65–66-year-olds) had lower hospitalization rates than those below (63–64-year-olds). Racial/ethnic groups and boroughs with higher vaccine coverage generally experienced greater reductions in RR point estimates. Uncertainty was greater for the decrease in COVID-19 death rates (RR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.66–1.10). ConclusionThe vaccination program in NYC reduced COVID-19 hospitalizations among the initially age-eligible ≥ 65-year-old population by approximately 15% in the first eight weeks. The real-world evidence of vaccine effectiveness makes it more imperative to improve vaccine access and uptake to reduce inequities in COVID-19 outcomes.

Dinacharya: The Essential Daily Routine for Geriatric Care

The term Geriatrics is made by union of two Greek word first ‘geras’ (old age) and second ‘iatros’ (physician) and derived from Greek root “gergero- geronto” meaning old age or the aged or especially one receiving special care. Geriatrics is the branch of medicine that focuses on health promotion and prevention and treatment of disease and disability in later life. In India population of the elderly has been increasing steadily since 1961 as it touched 13.8 crore in 2021, growing faster due to decrease in death rate, according to a study by National Statistical Office (NSO). Ageing is the process in which structural and functional changes occur with passage of time. Thus study of all aspects of ageing including physiological, pathological, psychological, economical and sociological problems is termed as Geriatrics. With advancing age, several changes take place in the body, in the external appearance as well as in Dosha, Dhatu, Mala, Agni, Oja level, also on the mental functions. In Ayurvedic texts, there are many ways given for prevention and promotion of health, one of them is Dinacharya (daily regimen), which is most important part to maintain a healthy and happy life. The importance of appropriate daily routine cannot be underestimated. It set the wheels in motion for entire day, bringing a sense of calm and well-being. It gives the body, mind and spirit the chance to start afresh.

A Deep Learning Technique for Classification of Breast Cancer Disease

In recent years researchers are intensely using machine learning and employing AI techniques in the medical field particularly in the domain of cancer. Breast cancer is one such example and many studies have proposed CAD systems and algorithms to efficiently detect cancer cells and tumors. Breast cancer is one of the dreadful cancers accounting for a large portion of deaths caused due to cancer worldwide mostly affecting women, needs early detection for proper diagnosis, and subsequent decrease in death rate. Thus, for efficient classification, we implemented different ML techniques on Wisconsin dataset [1] namely SVM, KNN, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Naive Bayes using accuracy as a performance metric, and as per observance, SVM has shown better results when compared to other algorithms. Also, we worked on Breast Histopathology Images [2] scanned at 40x which had images of IDC which is one of the most common types of breast cancers. And to work with the image dataset along with EDA we used high-end techniques like a mobile net where smote a resampling was used to handle imbalanced class distribution, CNN, SVC, InceptionResNetV2 where frameworks like Tensor Flow, Keras were loaded for supporting the environment and smoothly implement the algorithms.

Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort Prediction of Mortality of Type 2 Diabetic Kidney Disease in China: A Modeling Study.

BackgroundThe burden of type 2 diabetic kidney disease (DKD) continues to rise in China. We analyzed time trends in DKD mortality and associations with age, period, and birth cohort from 1990 to 2019, made projections up to 2030, and examined the drivers of deaths from DKD.Methods and FindingsThe number of DKD deaths in China from 1990 to 2019 was obtained from the GBD 2019. We used age-period-cohort modeling to estimate age, period, and cohort effects in DKD mortality between 1990 and 2019. We calculated net drift (overall annual percentage change), local drift (annual percentage change in each age group), longitudinal age curves (expected longitudinal age-specific rates), period, and cohort relative risks. We used Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis with integrated nested Laplace approximations to project future age-specific DKD death cases from 2020 to 2030. We used a validated decomposition algorithm to attribute changes in DKD deaths to population growth, population aging, and epidemiologic changes from 1990 to 2030. From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized mortality rate of DKD in China was relatively stable, but the absolute number of DKD deaths showed a noticeable increasing trend. The overall annual percentage change (net drift) was -0.75% (95% confidence interval, CI: -0.93 to -0.57) for males and -1.90% (95% CI, -2.19 to -1.62) for females. The age-specific annual percentage changes (local drifts) were below zero in all age groups from 1990 to 2019 except for males aged above 65 to 69 years, and for females aged above 70 to 74 years. The risk of DKD deaths increased exponentially with age for both sexes after controlling for period deviations. The Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis projects that there would be 88,803 deaths from DKD in 2030, increased by 224.2% from 1990. Despite a decrease in age-specific DKD death rates, the reduction would be entirely offset by population aging.ConclusionsAlthough China has made progress in reducing DKD deaths, demographic changes have entirely offset the progress. The burden of DKD deaths is likely to continue increasing. Our findings suggest that large-scale screening is imperative for DKD control and prevention, particularly for high-risk groups.

Decreasing death rates and causes of death in Icelandic children-A longitudinal analysis.

Global death rate in children has been declining during the last decades worldwide, especially in high income countries. This has been attributed to several factors, including improved prenatal and perinatal care, immunisations, infection management as well as progress in diagnosis and treatment of most diseases. However, there is certainly room for further progress. The aim of the current study was to describe the changes in death rates and causes of death in Iceland, a high-income country during almost half a century. The Causes of Death Register at The Directorate of Health was used to identify all children under the age of 18 years in Iceland that died during the study period from January 1st, 1971 until December 31st, 2018. Using Icelandic national identification numbers, individuals could be identified for further information. Hospital records, laboratory results and post-mortem diagnosis could be accessed if cause of death was unclear. Results showed a distinct decrease in death rates in children during the study period that was continuous over the whole period. This was established for almost all causes of death and in all age groups. This reduction was primarily attributed to a decrease in fatal accidents and fewer deaths due to infections, perinatal or congenital disease as well as malignancies, the reduction in death rates from other causes was less distinct. Childhood suicide rates remained constant. Our results are encouraging for further prevention of childhood deaths. In addition, our results emphasise the need to improve measures to detect and treat mental and behavioural disorders leading to childhood suicide.

Анализ смертности населения от злокачественных новообразований на региональном уровне

Objective : The estimation of the level and structure of malignant neoplasms (MNP) mortality level in Republic of Buryatia for the period from 2009 to 2018. Methods : Statistical data of forms No. 7 and No. 35 of federal statistical observation and materials by Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary. Results : Significant gender differences were defined in the level and structure of MNP mortality rate among population of the republic. The increase in mortality rate caused by tumor of the central nervous system, prostate, skin, lip, oral cavity, throat and kidneys was registered among men population. The increase in mortality rate among women was caused by skin melanoma, laryngeal cancer, lymphoma, hematopoietic tumor, ovarian and pancreatic cancer. Conclusions : Despite the downward trend in the MNP death rate in Republic of Buryatia the oncological problem is still urgent because of the increase in death rate due to separate tumor localizations. The oncological service of the Republic has reserve to decrease death rate from general forms of MNP which can be supported by relevant activities.

Experiences with intestinal failure from an intestinal rehabilitation unit in a country without home parenteral nutrition.

For the first time, we reported experiences with an intestinal rehabilitation unit (IRU) from a country without home parenteral nutrition (HPN). We included patients with a diagnosis of intestinal failure (IF) since the establishment of our IRU from February 2018 to February 2020. We further report on our protocols for management of enterocutaneous fistulas (ECFs), short-bowel syndrome (SBS), chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and motility disorders. Among a total of 349 patients who have been admitted, 100 patients had IF and were included . Mean (SD) age of patients was 46.3 ± 16.1 years. Most common cause of IF was ECFs (32%), SBS (24%), and SBS + fistula (22%). Most common causes of SBS were mesenteric ischemia (63.3%) and repeated surgery (22.4%). Median (interquartile range [IQR]) duration of parenteral nutrition (PN) for patients was 32 (18-60) days. The most common reconstructive surgery performed was resection and anastomosis (75.4%), followed by serial transverse enteroplasty procedure (10.5%) and closure of ostoma (7%). Patients were hospitalized for a median (IQR) of 33 (17.5-61) days. Most common complications were sepsis (45%), catheter infections (43%), and catheter thrombosis (20%), respectively. At the final follow-up, 61% stopped receiving PN, 23% became candidates for transplantation, and 16% died. Considering that most countries lack facilities for HPN, by establishing IRUs using specific treatment protocols and autologous gastrointestinal reconstruction techniques will provide a means to manage patients with IF, thus decreasing death rates and number of patients who require intestinal transplantations due to IF.

What factors impact pedestrian and cyclist fatalities? A state level analysis

BackgroundPedestrian and bicyclist injuries and fatalities have increased since 2010 after a long downward trend. Trucks and SUVs, collectively called light trucks, have also increased in sales and size, which may affect pedestrians and bicyclists. Additionally, pedestrian and cyclist commuters vary by state and it has been speculated that an increase in such commuters may affect fatalities. Studying vulnerable road users can bestow clues on best practices for infrastructure and public health.MethodsState level pedestrian and cyclist fatality data was obtained from the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration for 2018. Light truck registration by state was obtained from the Office of Highway Policy Information for 2018. Commuters who walk or bike to work were obtained from the American Community Survey from 2009 to 2011, from the latest Centers for Disease Control report. We performed multiple linear regression, accounting for total motor vehicle lane miles per 100 people, also obtained from the Office of Highway Policy Information for 2018. Multiple regression analysis was performed to assess predictors for pedestrian and cyclist fatalities with the predictors variables of light truck registration, lane miles per 100 people, and proportion of commuters who are vulnerable road users. Secondary analysis included simple linear regression of the predictor variables against each other.ResultsThe multiple regression model, including proportion of light truck registration, lane miles per 100 people, and proportion of commuters who are vulnerable road users, accounted for 18% of the variability in the outcome variable (p = 0.03). An increased number of vulnerable road users were negatively associated with pedestrian and bicyclist fatality. Additionally, there appeared to be an association between motor vehicle lane miles per 100 people and proportion of light truck registrations that was also significant (p < 0.01).ConclusionThe variables affecting vulnerable road user deaths are important to understand given their increased risk exposure on the road. This state level study identifies a potential protective variable with increased vulnerable road users being associated with a decrease in pedestrian and bicyclist death rates. Additionally, light truck proportions do not appear to have a significant effect on death rates.

AI based healthcare chat bot system

The main purpose of the healthcare chatbot system is to provide services in rural areas and government hospital for those people who are not able to take appointment or medical information from the doctors. They can solve their problem with the help of chatbot. With increasing population of India, increasing birth rate and decreasing death rate due to advancement in the medical field it has been observed that number of doctors are less to serve the need of the increasing population.

Unintentional injury deaths in children and youth, 2010–2019

Background: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death for children and youth aged 1–19 in the United States. The purpose of this report is to describe how unintentional injury death rates among children and youth aged 0–19 years have changed during 2010–2019. Method: CDC analyzed 2010–2019 data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) to determine two-year average annual number and rate of unintentional injury deaths for children and youth aged 0–19 years by sex, age group, race/ethnicity, mechanism, county urbanization level, and state. Results: From 2010–2011 to 2018–2019, unintentional injury death rates decreased 11% overall—representing over 1,100 fewer annual deaths. However, rates increased among some groups—including an increase in deaths due to suffocation among infants (20%) and increases in motor-vehicle traffic deaths among Black children (9%) and poisoning deaths among Black (37%) and Hispanic (50%) children. In 2018–2019, rates were higher for males than females (11.3 vs. 6.6 per 100,000 population), children aged < 1 and 15–19 years (31.9 and 16.8 per 100,000) than other age groups, among American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN) and Blacks than Whites (19.4 and 12.4 vs. 9.0 per 100,000), motor-vehicle traffic (MVT) than other causes of injury (4.0 per 100,000), and rates increased as rurality increased (6.8 most urban [large central metro] vs. 17.8 most rural [non-core/non-metro] per 100,000). From 2010–2011 to 2018–2019, 49 states plus DC had stable or decreasing unintentional injury death rates; death rates increased only in California (8%)—driven by poisoning deaths. Conclusion and Practical Application: While the overall injury death rates improved, certain subgroups and their caregivers can benefit from focused prevention strategies, including infants and Black, Hispanic, and AIAN children. Focusing effective strategies to reduce suffocation, MVT, and poisoning deaths among those at disproportionate risk could further reduce unintentional injury deaths among children and youth in the next decade.

Effect of an Educational Intervention on the Knowledge about Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines among Clinical Nurses

Abstract Objective Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability throughout the world including developing countries like India. Adherence to guideline based TBI management has proven to decrease death rate and improve neurological outcomes. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of TBI guidelines among clinical nurses caring for TBI patients, and to determine the effect of an educational intervention on their knowledge. Methods Preexperimental, one group pretest and posttest design was used. A purposive sample of 60 nurses was included in the study. A structured questionnaire was prepared to assess the knowledge of nurses. Educational intervention was given in the form of a planned teaching program that was prepared based on the national TBI guidelines. Results There was a significant gain in the knowledge scores of the nurses after the educational intervention when compared with the knowledge scores before the intervention (p = 0.001) Nurses who were experienced more than 10 years were found to have significantly higher knowledge score than others with lesser years of experience. Discussion This study demonstrates important knowledge gap about TBI guidelines among clinical nurses. Educational interventions can be effectively used to improve the knowledge about TBI guidelines among nurses.

Car Black Box System for Accident Analysis Using IoT

The car black box is used to analyse the cause of accidents like an airplane black box. This paper proposes a model of a car black box system which can be installed in the cars. The aim of this paper is to achieve accident analysis by tracking the working process of vehicles. In addition to this, the car black box system sends an alert message to the user mobile which is connected through Bluetooth module. The black box system also uses GPS sensor to collect the data location. The car black box system mainly helps the insurance companies to do car crash investigations and to record the road status to prevent or decrease death rates. This paper proposes a technique to monitor the vehicle performance and the behaviour of the driver using sensors with the use of IoT technology.

Anti-corruption, safety compliance and coal mine deaths: Evidence from China

This study evaluates the impact of the anti-corruption campaign launched by President Xi since 2013 on coal mine mortality in China. Combining several unique provincial-level datasets on coal mines from 2004 to 2017, we find evidence that provinces with stronger exposure to the anti-corruption campaign have experienced a significantly larger decrease in coalmine death rates. This effect survives a vast array of robustness checks and also displays great heterogeneity. Further evidence suggests the campaign has led to fewer safety violations, more fixed investments and a decrease in profits accompanied by an increase in the costs of principal business in the coal mining industry. The above findings are most consistent with the interpretation that the campaign has made coal mining firms less likely to shirk on safety by curbing collusion between coal mines and local officials. We also rule out other channels such as intensified inspection and the change of employment composition in the industry.