Decrease In T3 Research Articles

Atorvastatin protects against cyclophosphamide-induced thyroid injury in rats via modulation of JNK/ ERK/ p38 MAPK signaling pathway

Cancer chemotherapy is associated with various tissue toxicities that limit its use. Cyclophosphamide (CYC) is one of the most commonly used antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent. Thyroid dysfunction is a critical side effect of anticancer drugs. Atorvastatin (ATV) is antihyperlipedemic drug with different tissue protective activities. The aim of this study was to determine the potential protective effect of ATV against CYC-induced thyroid injury in rats. ATV was administered in the presence and absence of CYC. Thirty-two adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, ATV group (20mg/kg/day, p.o. for 14day), CYC group (200mg/kg, i.p. on day 9) and ATV/CYC group. Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total nitrite/nitrate (NOx), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) were measured. In addition, thyroid histopathology and caspase 3 immunohistochemistry were performed. CYC significantly increased thyroid MDA, NOx, P38MAPK, ERK and JNK with decrease in GSH, T3 and T4 levels. Histopathological features of thyroid lesions and increased caspase 3 immune expression were appeared. ATV significantly normalized distributed oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic indicators, resulting in an improvement of histopathological features and reduction of caspase 3 immunoexpression. These findings suggest that ATV protects against CYC-induced thyroid injury by regulating the JNK/ERK/p38-MAPK signaling pathway.

Effect of H. pylori infection on incidence of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in men and women

There are some controversial studies that associate Helicobacter pylori infection with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). The study aimed to evaluate the effect of H. pylori infection on the development of thyroid diseases, so the study was carried out on 90 patients (male and female) with thyroid disorders, and 50 healthy individuals as a control group. Venous blood samples were drawn from all participants, and serum was obtained after centrifugation and kept in labeled Eppendorf tubes then stored at -20°C till used in biochemical and immunological assays including estimation of anti-H. pylori IgG and Anti-cag-A IgG titer by ELISA method, while assessment of Tri-iodothyronine (T3), tetra iodothyroixine (T4), and thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) by (e601 Cobas) automated immunoassay analyzer. The result recorded a significant decrease in TSH concentration (P < 0.05) in the hyperthyroidism group and a significant increase in TSH concentration (P < 0.05) in hypothyroidism patients whereas the concentration of T4 and T3 recorded a significant increase (P < 0.05) in hyperthyroidism group while a significant decrease in T4 and T3 concentrations (P < 0.05) occur in hypothyroidism patients when compared with control (Euthyroidism) group. On the other hand, there is a significant increase (p <0.05)in the titer of H.pylori IgG and the titer of anti-cag IgG in both females and males of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism groups in comparison to control Euthyroidism group. The highest prevalence of H.pylori IgG positive ( 74.5%) occurs hypothyroidism group followed by (71.4%) for hyperthyroidism patients while (56%) occurs in the control group (Euthyroidism). In conclusion, our findings indicated that H.pylori infection is more susceptible in thyroid disorder patients, and anti –Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies distribution among hypothyroidism is greater than in other groups.

Effect of sublethal concentrations of glyphosate-based herbicides (Roundup Active®) on skin of the tropical frog (Dendropsophus molitor)

In Colombia, glyphosate (GP) is used to control weeds, with Roundup Active® being the most widely used. This use has affected aquatic ecosystems, causing malformations in amphibians. The Savannah frog (D. molitor) is a tropical frog inhabiting the mountain of Colombia. In the present study, we determined the effect of sublethal concentrations of GP (Roundup Active®) on the skin of D. molitor. Twenty-four tadpoles were exposed to concentrations of GP (T1: 0, T2: 1.4, T3: 3.6, and T4: 5.6 a.e mg/L) during 31 days. In 10 individuals per treatment, two skin regions were evaluated: dorsal cranial and caudal ventral to determine histopathological alterations. Morphometric analysis of the layers of the skin was performed: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis-muscular. T1 did not present histopathological alterations. Since T2 was identified, glandular cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy increased melanophores and melanin accumulations in the highest concentrations of GP. The ultrastructure revealed an increase in excretory glands in the dermis. In the other layers, an increase of melanophores and melanocyte clusters was observed accompanied by vacuolization of basal cells. The morphometry showed an increase in the thickness of the dermis in the dorso-cranial region in T2 compared to the other treatments, while the ventral caudal region exhibited a variation in the thickness of the dermis from T2 and a decrease in T4. Despite evaluating sublethal concentrations, the skin of D. molitor tadpoles presents histopathological, ultrastructural, and morphometric alterations that could affect the survival of the species in the natural environment.

Hormonal changes in the first 24 postoperative hours after cardiac surgical procedures.

Hormone level changes after heart surgeries are a widely observed phenomenon due to neurohormonal feedback mechanisms that may affect postoperative morbidity and mortality. The current study aimed to analyze the changes in thyroid and sex hormones in the first 24 postoperative hours after heart surgery. This prospective, observational study (registered on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03736499; 09/11/2018) included 49 patients who underwent elective cardiac surgical procedures at a tertiary heart center between March 2019 and December 2019. Thyroid hormones, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4), and sex hormones, including prolactin (PRL) and total testosterone, were measured preoperatively and at 24 h postoperatively. Significant decreases in serum TSH (P < 0.001), T3 (P < 0.001) and total testosterone (P < 0.001) levels were noted, whereas T4 (P = 0.554) and PRL (P = 0.616) did not significantly change. Intensive care unit (ICU) hours (P < 0.001), mechanical ventilation (P < 0.001) and Vasoactive-Inotropic Score (VIS) (P = 0.006) were associated with postoperative T3 level. ICU hours were associated with postoperative T4 level (P=0.028). Postoperative and delta testosterone levels were in connection with lengths of stay in ICU (P=0.032, P = 0.010 respectively). Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores were associated with thyroid hormone levels and serum testosterone. T3 may represent a marker of nonthyroidal illness syndrome and testosterone may reflect hepatic dysfunction. In addition, PRL may act as astress hormone in female patients.

Role of xylo-oligosaccharides in relieving complications accompanied to carbimazole drug administrated with 1% saline in female Wistar rats

BackgroundAmeliorating the complications of pharmaceutical drugs by natural compounds or probiotics is now a medical strategy. The anti-thyroid drug carbimazole was reported to cause some complications as liver and kidneys dysfunction besides the harmful effect on the structure of the thyroid gland in addition to weight gain during thyroid treatment. The aim of the present work was suggesting xylo-oligosaccharides extracted from Aspergillus terreus xylanase degradation of xylan for the first time as a candidate for ameliorating some of the drug-associated complications.ResultsThe present work reported that the administration of carbimazole drug only to female Wistar rats for three weeks leads to significant decrease in serum levels of ALT, AST and urea (p ≤ 0.05) which reflected a status of a lazy liver. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in serum levels of total protein content, creatinine and calcium (p ≤ 0.05). A detected non-significant decrease in serum T4 accompanied with significant increased levels of T3 (p ≤ 0.05) and a normal serum TSH were observed in this group compared to the control group. Histological examinations on liver, kidneys and thyroid tissues revealed the effect of the drug on their cells shape which reflected the malfunction of these organs. Co-administration of xylo-oligosaccarides to carbimazole in rats significantly improved most of the changed serum parameters levels in addition to a marked modulation in the histological examination of both the liver and kidney tissues. More histological modulations were displayed in the thyroid tissues than those observed in liver and kidneys tissues.ConclusionAccordingly, it can be concluded that xylo-oligosaccarides extracted from Aspergillus terreus xylanase degradation of xylan are suggested to be a safe therapy in ameliorating carbimazole drug-associated complications.

Subchronic intraperitoneal toxicity of Sio2NPs on body weight and thyroid gland hormones in female Rats

This study investigated the toxicity effect of Sio2NPs on body weight and thyroid gland in female rats; the experiment was included. The experimental animals were randomly divided into three groups, including two treatment groups ( treated with a low dose (25mg/Kg ) and high dose (100mg/Kg of body weight) of sio2 NPs and one group as a control. Each group of them was divided into three subgroups according to the injection periods of exposure (10, 20, and 30) days daily, then measure the body weight and Thyroid function hormones (T3, T4, TSH), the results showed that there was a significant decrease (p&lt;0.05) in the body weight of animals that exposed to SiO2 NPs at two doses (25 and 100 mg/kg) during (10 days) while increased during (20, 30 days) but the highest value recorded in the animals that were treated for (30 days) at both doses. On the other side, the T3 findings recorded a significant decrease (p&lt; 0.05) for the animals that exposed to SiO2 NPs at low and high doses (25 and 100 mg/kg) (during (10 days) when compared with the control group As well as, there was a significant decrease (p&lt; 0.05) in the level of T3 for all animals that treated with these doses during (20 and 3 days) in serum of animals that were treated with both doses of SiO2 NPs when compared with the control group (p&lt; 0.05), while T4 showed s decreasing in the treated group during (10 and 20, 30 days) compared to a control group with highly significant ((p&lt; 0.05), finally while TSH showed a highly increasing in treated group during (10 and 20, 30 days) compared to control group (p&lt; 0.05). The study revealed that Exposure to Sio2NPs at different concentrations caused structural and functional and in the thyroid gland, characterized decrease in T3 and T4 hormone levels and an increase in the TSH hormone level and caused hypothyroidism This led to a decrease in the metabolism process and thus the body weight of animals gained a significant increase. Keywords: nanoparticles, Sio2NPs, Thyroid gland, T3, T4, TSH, Body weight, female rats.

The Effect of Partial Substitution of Fermented Potato Peeling Powder Instead of Yellow Corn on the Productive Performance of Broiler Chickens

This experiment was conducted in the chickens field of the Department of Animal Production - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, for the period from 25/2/2022 to 1/4/2022. To study the effect of partial substitution of fermented potato peeling powder instead of yellow corn in broiler food on productive performance, 231 (Ross 308) broiler chicks were used in the experiment, distributed randomly to seven treatments of 33 chicks/treatment, each treatment containing three replicates and each replicate containing 11 chicks, as the chicks were classified at the age of one day, as each reproduce included six males and five females, and the experimental treatments were as follows: The first treatment, T1: a comparison treatment containing yellow corn, at a rate of 48%, and the second treatment, T2, the third, T3, and the fourth, T4, in which fermented potato peels were replaced with kiwi juice At rates of 6, 12 and 18%, respectively, while the fifth treatment (T5), sixth (T6) and seventh (T7) included substituting fermented potato peels with the Iraqi probiotic, at rates of 6, 12 and 18%, respectively. Data were analyzed according to a completely randomized design (CRD). The features under study were recorded over three periods from 1 to 10 days begins phase, 11 to 24 days growth phase, and 25 to 35 days terminal phase according to the Ross 308 Production Manual. Data indicated There was a highly important decrease (P < 0.01) in treatment T4 and T7 compared to other treatments in average body weight, average weight gain, and food changed factor for different periods, while the replacement treatments of 6% and 12% fermented potato peelings with fortifier and kiwi juice did not differ significantly. with the comparison treatment. The treatments did not show significant differences in the amount of feed consumed in the different age stages of the study.

Alterations in serum Thyroid and Reproductive hormone levels in occupationally exposed pesticides sprayers

Background: Pesticides contain endocrine disrupting chemicals that have potential to perturb the normal thyroid and reproductive hormone axis. The aim of present study was to estimate the variations in serum tri-iodothyronine (T3) tetra-iodothyronine (T4) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and testosterone levels in occupationally exposed pesticide sprayers in comparison to controls.&#x0D; Methods: For this purpose, blood samples of (n=50) pesticide sprayers were collected from District Layyah, south Punjab, Pakistan. Whereas, samples (n=25) of healthy control subjects were obtained from University of the Punjab, Lahore. Levels of T3, T4, TSH and testosterone in the serum were estimated by ELISA technique. The data obtained was analyzed by applying Un-paired Student “t” test at with significance level of P &lt; 0.05. Graph pad prism version 6.0 software was utilized for statistical interpretation.&#x0D; Results: Pronounced (P &lt; 0.0001) decrease of both T3 and T4, whereas, a significant increase in TSH (P = 0.005) level was evidenced in pesticide sprayers as compared to controls. Moreover, a significant decrease (P &lt; 0.001) was noted in the level of testosterone in pesticide sprayers as compared to controls.&#x0D; Conclusion: Pertinently, the pesticides are a potent source of inducing imbalances in T3, T4, TSH, and testosterone secretion. Pesticide sprayers are, therefore, recommended to use prophylactic measures like wearing face masks and opt safer protocols in order to avoid direct hazardous exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals.

Is a 20% decrease in free T4 (fT4) levels a reliable marker of secondary hypothyroidism in patients with non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma (NFPA)?

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Ameliorating Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) Extract on Hippocampus and Growth Plate Changes Associated With Propylthiouracil Induced Hypothyroidism in Juvenile Rats

Background: Hypothyroidism is a decrease in the production of the thyroid hormones and leads to gland dysfunction. Ashwagandha extract was used as an ayurvedic treatment and supposed to be as antihypothyroidism agent. Objectives: to investigate the impact of ashwagandha (Ash) extract on propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism in rats. Subjects and Methods: The rats were divided into three groups, control group, PTU (hypothyroid) group (6mg/kg/day by oral route), PTU (6mg/kg/day by oral route) +Ash (50mg/kg/day by oral route) treated group. All treatment continued for 30 days. At the end of experiment, measurement of serum T3, T4 and TSH was performed. Thyroid gland, right sided tibia and dentate gyrus region of hippocampus were examined using histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical studies. All measurements were statistically analyzed. Results: Decrease in serum T3 and T4 and congestion of the blood capillaries, follicular distortion, and vacuolar degeneration of some follicular cells were exhibited in thyroid gland of hypothyroid group. Histological changes in growth plate cartilage in the form of decrease of matrix deposition and plate thickness were detected. Dentate gyrus showed distorted granule cell layer. Immunohistochemically, low expression of the GFAP was expressed in astrocytes. PTU+Ash treated group showed improvement of the previous changes. Conclusion: Administration of ashwagandha with PTU displayed protective effect on the thyroid gland and its associated histological changes in growth plate cartilage and dentate gyrus. Higher doses of ashwagandha should be used for extrapolation if it may give better results than the used dose.

Effect Substitution Partial for Potatoes Peel Powder Raw and Treatment Replaces Maize Yellow in the Performance Productivity for Broiler

This experiment was conducted at the poultry \\ Animal Production Department - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, for the period from 25/2/2021 to me 1/4/2021. To study the effect of substitution partial for powder Peel potatoes raw And the enzymatic treatment replaces maize yellow in broiler diets in Productive performance, used in the experiment 231 chicken (Ross 308) were randomly distributed to Seven treatments by 33 chick/treatment, each treatment contains three replicates, and each replicate contains 11 chicks The experiment parameters were as follows: treatment first T1: treatment control Contains maize yellow 48% and treatment the second T2 and the third T3 and the fourth T4 In which raw potato peels were replaced by 6, 12 and 18%, respectively, as for the fifth treatment T5And the sixth T6And the seventhT7It included the substitution of enzymatically treated potato peels with ratios 6, 12 and 18%, respectively. A mixture of enzymes was used at a rate of 0.5 g/kg of potato peels, the traits under study were recorded over three periods from 1 to 10 days starter diet, 11 to 24 days of a growing diet, and from 25 to 35-day final diet according to the production guide for Ross 308. The data indicated the presence of a high decrease (P<0.01) in treatment T4 And the T7 compared to other parameters of body weight rate, weight gain rate, and feed consumption rate feed conversion factor for different periods.

A Successful Case Study on Ayurvedic Management of Hypothyroidism

Abstract: Hypothyroidism is mainly classified, resulting in failure of thyroid function and secondary (middle) due to failure of an adequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland or thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus. Secondary hypothyroidism can be distinguished from the pituitary and hypothalamic by using TRH tests. In some cases, failure of hormone action in peripheral muscles can be detected. Primary hypothyroidism may be clinical when free T4 (FT4) decreases and TSH increases or subclinical when FT4 is normal and TSH increases. In secondary hypothyroidism FT4 decreases and TSH normal or decreases. Major hypothyroidism is often caused by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, causes that are rarely treated with radioiodine and thyroidectomy. Hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine disorders seen in daily OPD. As per Charak Samhita, we can categorize Hypothyroidism in Anukta vhadhies. Vata and Kapha are two main doshas involved in this vhadhies. Present case is one of my successful cases of hypothyroidism. 32 year’s female patient suffering from weakness, dry skin, poor memory, hair loss, constipation, acidity, breathlessness since the last 8 years, and from last one month all symptoms increase rapidly. Patient having history of piles and thyroid and under allopathic treatment since last 4 years. After 1.5 months Ayurvedic treatment patient got relief in most of symptoms of disease and TSH level before treatment 8.65 to reduce 3.40.

Assessment of the Protective Effects of Selenium and Zinc against Potassium Dichromate Induced Thyrotoxicity in Preimplanted &lt;i&gt;Wistar albinos&lt;/i&gt; Rats

Hexavalent chromium is an environmental pollutant considered to be an endocrine-disrupting metal. Selenium and zinc are essential trace elements, known to play a crucial role in thyroid homeostasis. The purpose of the current work is to investigate the effects of potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O7) administrated subcutaneously (s.c) on the 3rd day of pregnancy in preimplanted rats by using graded doses (10, 50, 100 mg/kg, s.c) or K₂Cr₂O7 (10 mg/kg, s.c) in association with Selenium (0.3 mg/kg, s.c) and Zinc chloride (20 mg/kg, s.c). The hormonal profile, apoptosis induction and histological changes in thyroids were evaluated. Our main findings showed that K₂Cr₂O7 promoted hypothyroidism with a significant decrease in plasma T3 and T4 levels (P&lt;0.001), while plasma TSH level increased significantly (P&lt;0.001), in addition, a hypertrophy of the thyroid was noted (P&lt;0.01). Moreover, K2Cr2O7 (10 mg/kg, s.c) induced apoptosis via the caspase 3 pathway (P&lt;0.001) and altered the gland histoarchitecture. The co-treatment with Se or ZnCl₂ has ameliorated the hormonal status and restored partially the thyroid histoarchitecture. We concluded that the administration of Selenium and Zinc can prevent the hazardous effects of potassium dichromate on the hormonal and histological status of the thyroid gland in preimplanted Wistar albino rats.

Indicator of thyroid hormones in newborns from mothers with diffuse-endemic goiter

Introduction. Pathologies of thyroid dysfunction associated with iodine deficiency remain one of the urgent problems throughout the world and are mainly associated with natural iodine deficiency in places where about 30% of the world’s population lives.Objective. Study of the dynamics of thyroid hormones in infants born from mothers with diffuse endemic goiter.Materials and methods. A retrospective study of 68 infants from mothers with diffuse endemic goiter (DEG) was carried out. Research methods included: analysis of anamnestic data, palpation, and ultrasound in mothers, with a study of the level of thyroid hormone in newborns and parturient women.Results. Infants from mothers with DEG have characteristic changes in the level of thyroid hormones in the blood, in particular, in the cord blood, the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is 22.4% higher than in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The difference between free triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) is on average lower by 8.6% and 4.3%, respectively, (p &lt; 0.05 and p &lt; 0.1). On the 3rd day of life, these fluctuations persist, and the level of TSH in the peripheral blood exceeded up to 20.9%, but there were no pronounced clinical signs of congenital pathology associated with the thyroid gland. At the same time, in the first months of life in infants, there is a lag in weight gain by an average of 9.6% about practically healthy newborns.Conclusion. In infants born to mothers with DEG, there is an increase in the umbilical blood level of TSH up to 22.4% about practically healthy newborns, with a simultaneous decrease in T4 to 4.3%, T3 to 8.6%, without pronounced clinical signs of congenital pathology. In these children, in the first months of life, there is a lag in physiological weight gain of up to 9.6%, which should be taken into account when managing children in an outpatient setting.

THYROID FUNCTION ABNORMALITIES IN COVID-19 PATIENTS.

COVID-19 has a great physical and psychological impact on each group of society, including the deterioration in physical health, unapproachable health care facilities, psychological upset, stress, anxiety, depression, etc. The initiated immune response by COVID-19 leads to overt thyroid dysfunction by interfering the desiodases and thyroid transport proteins. The T3 level is inversely proportional to IL-6 with a modest decrease of TSH and T4. This cross - sectional, observational study was aimed to evaluate the thyroid prole abnormalities in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and to nd out its relation to the severity of disease. Atotal of 100 COVID-19 patients were involved in the study. Adetailed history was collected. Thyroid function test, including TSH, TT3 and TT4, Procalcitonin and IL-6 were done for all the patients. The majority (36%) of the patients were in the age group of 48 to 57 years of age and male female ratio in COVID-19 group was 1.17:1. A signicant correlation was found between thyroid alteration with severity of disease. It was concluded that among patients diagnosed with COVID-19 had signicant thyroid alterations

A Cross-Species Analysis Reveals Dysthyroidism of the Ovaries as a Common Trait of Premature Ovarian Aging.

Although the imbalance of circulating levels of Thyroid Hormones (THs) affects female fertility in vertebrates, its involvement in the promotion of Premature Ovarian Aging (POA) is debated. Therefore, altered synthesis of THs in both thyroid and ovary can be a trait of POA. We investigated the relationship between abnormal TH signaling, dysthyroidism, and POA in evolutionary distant vertebrates: from zebrafish to humans. Ovarian T3 signaling/metabolism was evaluated by measuring T3 levels, T3 responsive transcript, and protein levels along with transcripts governing T3 availability (deiodinases) and signaling (TH receptors) in distinct models of POA depending on genetic background and environmental exposures (e.g., diets, pesticides). Expression levels of well-known (Amh, Gdf9, and Inhibins) and novel (miR143/145 and Gas5) biomarkers of POA were assessed. Ovarian dysthyroidism was slightly influenced by genetics since very few differences were found between C57BL/6J and FVB/NJ females. However, diets exacerbated it in a strain-dependent manner. Similar findings were observed in zebrafish and mouse models of POA induced by developmental and long-life exposure to low-dose chlorpyrifos (CPF). Lastly, the T3 decrease in follicular fluids from women affected by diminished ovarian reserve, as well as of the transcripts modulating T3 signaling/availability in the cumulus cells, confirmed ovarian dysthyroidism as a common and evolutionary conserved trait of POA.

Evaluation of Afamin Level after Bariatric Surgery in Patient with Obesity.

The aim of this study is to evaluate afamin levels after weight loss in obese patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and to investigate the relationship between them. In addition, after bariatric surgery, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density protein (VLDL), total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), insulin, and hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) levels were evaluated. Preoperative and postoperative 6th month venous blood samples were obtained from 43 patients included in this study. The preoperative and postoperative 6th month body mass index (BMI), TG, total cholesterol, VLDL, HDL, insulin, HgbA1c, TSH, T4, and afamin levels of the patients who underwent bariatric surgery with obesity were compared. Serum afamin levels of patients decreased at 6 months postoperatively; however, it was not statistically significant. We observed a statistically significant decrease in patients' BMI, HDL, VLDL, TG, total cholesterol, TSH, T4, HgbA1c, and insulin values (p < 0.05). There were significant increases in HDL and T4 values. The change in LDL value was statistically insignificant. Recent studies have shown that there may be a cause-effect relationship between afamin and obesity. In our study, we observed a decrease in serum afamin levels after weight loss following bariatric surgery. In addition, we think that afamin may be used as a potential marker of metabolic syndrome in the future and may lead to improvements in the medical treatment of obesity.

Weight loss induces changes in adaptive thermogenesis in female and male physique athletes.

Physique athletes lose substantial weight preparing for competitions, potentially altering systemic metabolism. We investigated sex differences in body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), and appetite-regulating and thyroid hormone changes during a competition preparation among drug-free physique athletes. The participants were female (10 competing (COMP) and 10 nondieting controls (CTRL)) and male (13 COMP and 10 CTRL) physique athletes. COMP were tested before they started their diet 23 weeks before competing (PRE), during their diet one week before competing (MID), and 23 weeks after competing (POST), whereas CTRL were tested at similar intervals but did not diet. Measurements included body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, muscle size, and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFA) by ultrasound, REE by indirect calorimetry, circulating ghrelin, leptin T3, and T4 hormone analysis. Fat mass (FM) and SFA decreased in both sexes (p<0.001), while males (p<0.001) lost more lean mass (LM) than females (p<0.05). Weight loss, decreased energy intake, and increased aerobic exercise (p<0.05) led to decreased LM- and FM-adjusted REE (p<0.05), reflecting metabolic adaptation. Absolute leptin levels decreased in both sexes (p<0.001) but more among females (p<0.001) due to higher baseline leptin levels. These changes occurred with similar decreases in T3 (p<0.001) and resting heart rate (p<0.01) in both sexes. CTRL, who were former or upcoming physique athletes, showed no systematic changes in any measured variables. In conclusion, while dieting, female and male physique athletes experience REE and hormonal changes leading to adaptive thermogenesis. However, responses seemed temporary as they returned toward baseline after the recovery phase. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04392752).

Assessment of Serum Electrolyte in Hypothyroid Patients Attending Chitwan Medical College

INTRODUCTION: Hypothyroidism is a clinical condition resulting from inadequate synthesis of the thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormone has an influence on renal hemodynamics, glomerular filtration, as well as the renin angiotensin aldosterone system and renal electrolyte handling. The aim of present study was to find out the serum concentration of electrolytes sodium and potassium in hypothyroid patients attending a tertiary care hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 24th July 2019 to November 30th 2019 at Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital. A venous blood sample was collected and T3, T4 and TSH levels were measured by using chemiluminescence technology. Sodium and potassium levels in blood were investigated by ion selective electrode (ISE) method. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 21 software. RESULTS: In our study parameters (T3, T4 &amp; TSH and Na+) were significant (P&lt;0.05) in hypothyroidism subjects (group II) as compared to control subjects (group I) except for electrolyte potassium which was non-significant at P&lt;0.05. T3 and T4 were found significantly decreased whereas TSH was found elevated in subjects of hypothyroidism (group II) as compared to controls. The level of potassium was within the normal range but it was found not significant as compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded that there was increase in TSH with decrease in T3 and T4 in hypothyroid subjects but the electrolyte sodium was found to be statistically significant.

Myrcene as water conditioner, stress-reducing and antioxidant agent in transportation of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, with plastic bags

Myrcene as water conditioner, stress-reducing and antioxidant agent in transportation of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, with plastic bags