Decrease In Total Protein Content Research Articles

STUDY OF ACUTE AND SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY OF A MEDICATION BASED ON SPIDER VENOM EXTRACT

Homeopathy is a regulatory therapy. The effectiveness of homeopathic therapy does not depend on the dose of the drug, but on the frequency of its repetitions. The composition of homeopathic preparations includes a wide range of natural and synthetic active substances: minerals; chemical substances; substances of plant origin; microorganisms, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and plant parasites; substances of animal origin; and human materials, which may include tissues, secretions, hormones, and genetically homogeneous cell lines. One such substance is an extract of spider venom (Tarantul cubensis D6), which remains active in pharmaceutical preparation for a long time. The drug is selectively absorbed in inflamed tissues, differentiating them from healthy cells and suppressing inflammation. The drug is also effective in necrotic and proliferative processes. It is used for the treatment of panaritium in the initial stage, skin ulcers, necrobacillosis, and necrosis of the soft tissues of the animal. Any materials of animal or human origin are potentially dangerous for human and animal health, as they may contain toxic or pathogenic substances. Therefore, the study of the acute and subacute toxicity of spider venom extract is one of the stages of establishing the toxicological parameters of the drug. The use of the drug in a therapeutic dose caused an increase in animal body weight, hemoglobin concentration, number of leukocytes, erythrocytes, hematocrit value, average erythrocyte volume (MCV), average hemoglobin content in erythrocytes (МСН), average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes (МСНС), number of platelets, and AST activity against the background of a slight decrease in total protein content, creatinine, urea, and ALT activity. The use of the drug in a 10-fold therapeutic dose caused an increase in animal body weight, creatinine, urea, ALT, and AST activity against the background of a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin, the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes, the value of hematocrit, the average volume of erythrocytes (MCV), the average content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes (МСН), the average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes (МСНС), the number of platelets, and the content of total protein.

Alleviation role of exogenous cadaverine on cell cycle, endogenous polyamines amounts and biochemical enzyme changes in barley seedlings under drought stress

Cadaverine (Cad), which has an independent synthesis pathway compared to other polyamine (PA) types, contributes to the health of plants by regulating plant growth and development, abiotic stress tolerance and antioxidant defense mechanisms. In this work, experiments were carried out to understand the effects of exogenous Cad (10 µM) application under drought stress (%22 PEG 6000) and without stress on cell cycle, total protein content, endogenous PA levels, and biochemical enzyme activities in barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Burakbey) considering the potential of Cad to stimulate the drought-related tolerance system. Cad application in a stress-free environment showed an effect almost like low-impact drought stress, causing changes in all parameters examined compared to samples grown in distilled water environment (Control). The results clearly show that Cad applied against the negative effects of drought stress on all parameters creates a drought resistance mechanism of the plant. Accordingly, Cad applied together with drought stress increased the density of cells in the cell cycle (G1–S and S–G2 phases) and the amount of endogenous (spermidine 10% and spermine 40%) PAs. In addition, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) (5%), (CAT) (55%) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (18%) enzyme levels increased, a stress response mechanism occurred due to the decrease in total protein content (20%) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (80%). As a result, exogenous application of 10 µM Cad showed that it reduced the negative effects of drought stress on endogenous PA amounts, cell division and biochemical activities in barley.

Morphological and biochemical changes in the blood of piglets suffering from Eimeriosis and Balantidiosis

The purpose of the work was to study changes in the morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood of 50-day-old piglets spontaneously infested with Eimeria and Balantidia. An experimental group of animals spontaneously infested with Eimeria and Balantidia and a control group (n=5) not infested were formed. To examine feces for the presence of Eimeria, the McMaster method in Raynaud's modification, Balantidia - native smear was used. Changes in morphological and biochemical indicators of blood during the mixed course of eimeriosis and balantidiosis were determined. In the blood of piglets infected with Eimeria and Balantidia, a decrease in the hemoglobin content by 10.4% and the number of erythrocytes by 17.0% was established. At the same time, the number of leukocytes increased by 22%. In the leukogram, the percentage of eosinophils increased by 40.0%, rod- and segmented-nuclear neutrophils by 26.3% and 2.1%, respectively. The number of monocytes increased by 35.3%, which indicates the appearance of foci of inflammation in the animal's body. An increase in the leukocyte index of intoxication by 11.1% indicates the severity of the inflammatory process. In infected piglets, a decrease in total protein content by 6.5% due to a significant decrease in albumin content by 28.3% was recorded. An increase in the concentration of CIC by 23.5%, the activity of the enzymes AlAT and AsAT by 75.4% and 35.9%, respectively, confirms the development of the pathological process and the occurrence of accompanying structural and functional changes in the internal organs of piglets. During the mixed course of eimeriosis and balantidiosis in 50-day-old piglets, leukocytosis and eosinophilia, an increase in the number of rod-shaped and segmented neutrophils, lymphopenia and monocytosis are observed. Changes in indicators indicate an exacerbation of the inflammatory process in the body of infected piglets and a toxic effect in the places of parasitism - the small and large intestines. In the biochemical composition of the blood serum of piglets with the development of the disease, there is a decrease in the content of total protein and albumins, which is associated with a violation of the biloxintizing function of the liver, and an increase in β-globulins indicates a suppression of the immune response to invasion. An increase in the activity of AlAT and AsAT enzymes indicates the development of dystrophic processes in the liver, which plays a primary role in the neutralization of toxins produced in the body of animals. An increase in the concentration of CIC indicates the gradual development of the immune response to the course of the disease

Effect of Herbal Extracts Upon Enhancing the Quality of Low-Fat Cottage Cheese

compounds found in plants possess medicinal properties and act as biogenic stimulants. These substances are formed in isolated tissues of animal and plant origin during their adapting to adverse environmental conditions, exhibiting biological activity. Biogenic stimulants include plant extracts utilized in pharmacology and dairy cattle breeding to enhance immunity, prevent animal infertility, increase productivity, and elevate the level of protein and fat components in milk. This suggests the potential application of plant biopreparations in the dairy industry, particularly in the technology of low-fat cottage cheese, to enhance its protein content. Objective. The present study aims to investigate the effect of biological preparations used in low-fat cottage cheese production on its quality and assess the feasibility of the said preparation. Methods. The quality parameters and biological value were evaluated for low-fat cottage milk cheese made from low-fat cow's milk prepared for curdling, as well as the lactating enzyme preparation "Fromaza" in the amount of 0.1 g for each batch of the product dissolved in plant extracts-based biopreparations "Biosvit" and "Megasvit". In samples of raw milk, the mass fraction of fat, protein, and solids and density were determined. Physicochemical and biochemical parameters, as well as the amino acid composition of protein in milk, were determined using standardized methods. Results. The study revealed that the use of "Biosvit" increased the mass fraction of total protein in the pilot cheese batch by 0.4%, while "Megasvit" led to a decrease in total protein content by 0.52%. Additionally, "Biosvit" and "Megasvit" reduced the mass fraction of non-casein protein in the pilot cheese batches by 0.25% and 1.82%, respectively, and increased the level of casein protein by 0.65% and 1.43%, respectively, compared to the control. The cheese yield from every 100 kg of processed raw milk increased by 2.8% and 4.5%, respectively, when using "Biosvit" and "Megasvit" preparations, compared to the control. Conclusions. The effectiveness of the biological preparation "Megasvit", used to dissolve the enzyme "Fromaza", in improving the quality and biological value of low-fat cottage cheese has been confirmed.

Studies on the Impact of Selected Pretreatments on Protein Solubility of Arthrospira platensis Microalga

Arthrospira platensis has emerged as a novel protein feed source since it contains high protein level and quality. However, this microalga presents a recalcitrant cell wall and its main proteins form protein-pigment complexes attached to the thylakoid membrane. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of mechanical/physical pretreatments (bead milling, extrusion, freeze-drying, heating, microwave and sonication) on A. platensis protein solubility. Total protein content and solubility were assessed by Bradford method and SDS-PAGE quantification. Protein degradation was assessed through quantification of protein fractions (18–26 kDa, 40–48 kDa and others) in SDS-PAGE gels. Peptide formation was evaluated using the o-phthaldialdehyde assay. The results showed a decrease in total protein content in the supernatant with extrusion (0.07 to 1.42 mg/mL) and microwave pretreatments, and in the pellet with extrusion. Therefore, extrusion, followed by microwave, was the most effective pretreatment for A. platensis proteins denaturation and solubility. It is suggested that the extrusion process cause an irreversible denaturation and aggregation of the major microalga proteins (c-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin), with a strong decrease in their solubility. Therefore, extrusion could increase the bioaccessibility of A. platensis proteins and enable the incorporation of this microalga at higher levels in monogastric diets.

Comparative assessment of various methods of studying the skin toxicity of a wound-healing drug

The article presents the results of studying the subacute skin toxicity of a wound-healing cream based on betamethasone dipropionate, gentamicin sulfate, and clotrimazole. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD No. 410), the research was conducted using the classic method. When studying the effect of a wound-healing agent on the body of animals during long-term 28-day dermal application by the classical method in animals of the I, II, and III experimental groups, which received the drug in a dose of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 ml/kg body weight; respectively no significant changes were found in the body weight of the animals and the weight coefficients of the liver, heart, spleen, kidneys, and lungs. At the same time, in the animals of the II and III research groups, a slight increase in the concentration of hemoglobin was noted, respectively, by 1.3 and 3.9 %, the level of urea – 5.3 and 11.2 %, the activity of AST – 9.8 and 14.9 % compared to the indicators of animals of the control group. In these groups, there was a decrease in total protein concentration by 5.5 and 6.8 %, creatinine level by 3.1 and 5.3 %, and ALT activity by 6.5 and 9.7 %. The studies conducted according to the OECD No. 410 make it possible to obtain more informative data on the toxic effect of the investigated agent. In particular, it was established that the use of the researched drug in animals of the I, II, and III experimental groups caused a decrease in the weight coefficients of the spleen mass, respectively, by 19.1 (Р < 0.05), 22.4 (Р < 0.05) and 28.3 % (P < 0.05), hearts – 3.6, 4.6 and 7.7 %, kidneys – 4.9, 6.5 and 10.4 % and animal body weight – 4.5, 5.4 and 6.4 %, hemoglobin concentrations – 2.6, 2.9 and 4.4 %, leukocyte counts – 21.4, 16.1 and 15.1 %, hematocrit values – 1.9, 3, 6 and 4.0 %. The average hemoglobin content in the erythrocyte (MSN) also decreased by 8.3, 6.9, and 5.1 %, and the average erythrocyte (MCV) volume was 5.0, 4.7, and 1.7 %. In addition, an increase in weight coefficients of liver mass was established by 10.8 (P < 0.05), 11.8 (P < 0.05), and 15.6 % (P < 0.05). When studying the effect of the researched agent during 28-day dermal application on biochemical indicators of blood serum in animals of the first experimental group, a decrease in the concentration of total protein by 5.8 % was established. Under these conditions, an increase in creatinine level, urea level, ALT, and AST was established, respectively, by 6.2, 18.8 (P < 0.05), 3.8, and 14.7 % (P < 0.05). It should be noted that the use of the researched product in animals of the II and III experimental groups caused an increase in the level of urea, respectively, by 28.6 and 35.7 % (Р < 0.05), creatinine by 8.4 and 3.5 %, AST – 16.4 (P < 0.05) and 11.3 % and the activity of ALT – 8.5 and 11.0 %.

Molluscicidal and biochemical effects of green-synthesized F-doped ZnO nanoparticles against land snail Monacha cartusiana under laboratory and field conditions

The glass clover snail, Monacha cartusiana (M. cartusiana) is one of the most seriously impacting economic animal pests spreading across Egypt which inflicts severe damages to the agriculture. A green route is developed by deploying an abundant Rosemary plant leaves aqueous extract to synthesize ZnO and F-doped ZnO (F–ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) that display high molluscicidal activities against the M. cartusiana land snails via leaf dipping and contact techniques. The effect of lethal concentrations, that kills 50% of exposed snails (LC50) value of the treatments, is examined on the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), enzymes, total protein (TP), total lipids (TL) and cholesterol level of snails, including the histopathological evaluation of the digestive gland and foot of M. Cartusiana. Their molluscicidal activity as poisonous baits under field conditions is also evaluated and compared to the recommended molluscicide, Neomyl. The results show that F− doping dramatically improves the snail control capability of ZnO NPs, and promotes a considerable increase in both ALT and AST enzymes with an enhancement of TL and Cholesterol levels, but a significant decrease in TP content and ALP activity in treated snails compared to the control group. The LC50 values are found to be 1381.55 and 2197.59 ppm using the leaf dipping for F–ZnO and ZnO, while 237.51 and 245.90 ppm can be achieved using the contact technique, respectively. The greenly synthesized F–ZnO and ZnO NPs induce severe histological alterations in the digestive gland and foot of M. cartusiana, including a complete destruction of the digestive tubules. The histological evaluation of the foot of M. cartusiana exposed to ZnO, shows a rupture of the epithelial layer of the foot sole, while F– ZnO NPs causes the folds of the foot becoming deeper and the rupture of epithelial layer. Our field experiments further demonstrate that F–ZnO achieves 60.08% reduction, while ZnO attains 56.39% diminution in snail population compared to the commercial, Neomyl (69.55%), exhibiting great potentials in controlling the harmful land snail populations.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis unveils a network of energy reallocation in Litopenaeus vannamei responsive to heat-stress

Temperature serves as an important environmental factor in ecosystems. Understanding the cooperation of various tissues of animals in response to heat stress is the basis for clarifying the regulation mechanism of different species under heat stress. Herein, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was conducted on three tissues (hepatopancreas, gill and muscle) of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei under heat stress. Three tissues displayed distinct gene expression patterns, suggesting a cooperation based on division of labor might have occurred among them. In hepatopancreas and gill, genes related to ATP generation and utilization were down-regulated, and energetically expensive protein turnover was almost shut down. While in muscle, genes related to ATP generation and utilization, and those involved in several energy-consuming processes were up-regulated. In consistent, significant accumulation of ATP and decrease of total protein concentration were detected in hepatopancreas and gill, while it was opposite in muscle. Therefore, we suggest that different tissues may cooperate with each other simultaneously via energy reallocation in response to heat stress. Less energy was channeled into protein turnover in gill and hepatopancreas, and more energy was required for muscle. This study not only provides a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism of L. vannamei in response to high temperature, but also lays the foundation of mining thermotolerance genes and proposing effective strategies to cope with the high temperature environment.

Influence of non-ionizing radiation on protein metabolism in chickens

In practical terms, the idea of using an artificial magnetic field is of particular interest, which corresponds in its physical characteristics to the geomagnetic field of the Earth to combat the negative effects of hypogeomagnetic field. Further development of this idea is associated with the use and selection of hypo-, hypermagnetic fields acting on the body with experimental pathology. In this regard, the issue of influence of different duration of irradiation with an alternating pulsed electromagnetic field of ultra-low frequency (APEMF ULF) on the indicators that characterize metabolic processes in the body is insufficiently clarified. Therefore, the aim of research has been to study the effect of alternating pulsed electromagnetic field of ultra-low frequency on protein content and protein metabolism in the body of experimental chickens of the Dominant D959 cross. For this purpose, four experimental and control groups of 120-day-old chickens have been formed – 20 heads in each. The poultry has been kept in a specially equipped room with an alternating pulsed electromagnetic field of ultra-low frequency. The total protein content has been determined by the biuret method; protein fractions (albumins, globulins: alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma) – by diffuse polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) electrophoresis; the content of creatinine, urea and uric acid has been performed by spectrophotometry using standard techniques. According to the results of research, it has been established that by selecting different regimens and duration of action of APEMF ULF, it is possible to influence protein metabolism in the body of chickens. Thus, on the 80th day of continuous irradiation of experimental chickens with APEMF ULF, regardless of the level of protein in the diet, in their blood revealed an increase in total protein, the relative content of globulin fraction mainly due to γ-globulins, and an increase in creatinine, urea and uric acids. When the period of continuous irradiation has been increased to 5 months, a negative effect on protein metabolism has been revealed, which has been manifested by a decrease in total protein content, relative albumin content, decrease in creatinine, urea and uric acid in the serum of experimental chickens. The combination of long-term (for 150 days) daily 60 minutes with weekly intervals of irradiation of chickens with APEMF ULF and their feeding with a 15% increase in protein levels in the diet caused a stimulating effect on protein metabolism and resistance of experimental chickens, with increasing, the relative content of globulins due to the γ-globulin fraction, as well as the main indicators of protein metabolism – creatinine, urea, uric acid. Key words: electromagnetic influence, chicken of Dominant D959 cross, total protein, protein fractions, creatinine, urea, uric acid.

Some physiological and biochemical criteria in the local buffalo infected with stomach and intestinal worms in the city of Samarra

The study included 70 local buffalo animals (between six months and two years), 50 buffalo were confirmed to be infected with gastrointestinal worms and 20 were considering as a control group. The results of the feces tests showed that local buffalo was infected with different types of worms. It was observed that worm incidence was as follows: 85% Nematodes, 10% Cestode and 5% Trematode. The results of the study showed a significant decrease in the total number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total number of platelets, and significant increase was observed in the total number of white blood cells and was most likely caused by a significant increase in the rates of eosinophil's. Also the results showed that the effect of worms on some biochemical parameters was significant decrease in total protein concentration, albumin, and globulin. So, it could be concluding that buffalo spread in the city of Samarra suffers from parasitic diseases that affect the health of animals, through change the study criteria, so a therapeutic program must be adopted by cattle breeders to control parasitic diseases and thus improve the health and production of animals.

TREATMENT OF ACUTE INTESTINAL INFECTION IN MINKS

The article presents the results of studies on the effectiveness of the multicomponent drug Nifulin (powder for oral administration) in the treatment of acute gastrointestinal infection in minks. The active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) of the drug are metronidazole, furazolidone and oxytetracycline hydrochloride. The researches were conducted on 135 minks of standard dark brown breed at the age of 4–5 months with acute gastrointestinal infection. To isolate and identify pathogens from sick minks with intestinal infection, samples of feces were taken, and from animal’s corpses – samples of parenchymal organs. On the basis of clinical signs of the disease and results of bacteriological researches of biomaterial, a diagnosis – salmonellosis has been put. The test for the sensitivity of bacteria-isolates to oxytetracycline showed a high degree of sensitivity of isolated strains of Salmonella to this antibiotic.
 Nifulin was administered orally at a dose of 0,3g/kg body weight with food three times a day for 3 days. For laboratory tests blood sampling was performed from 10 animals before treatment and on the 10th day from the latest application of the drug.
 Morphological studies of blood samples of sick minks before treatment established a significant increase in the number of leukocytes, and in leukoformula – an increased relative number of rod-nucleated neutrophils and lymphocytes, a decreased number of segmentonuclear neutrophils. Biochemical studies of blood serum revealed a decrease in total protein content, increased transaminase enzyme activity and increased urea and creatinine content, compared with physiological norms.
 On the 10th day after antibiotic therapy hematological studies established a reliable decrease in the relative number of leukocytes by 65,4%, in the number of rod-nucleated neutrophils by 1,3 times and in the number of lymphocytes by 1,9 times, an increase in the number of segmentonuclear neutrophils by 1,4 times. The results of biochemical tests of mink’s serum blood indicated a reliable increase in the total protein content by 18% and increased ALT and AST enzyme activity, compared with the physiological values. The increase in serum AST activity in 1.8 times was noted, that can be explained, as a consequence of the disease, and the influence of antibiotics on the mink’s liver functional state. In this case, a decrease in urea content in 1.3 times and creatinine content – in 1.5 times was determined, the values of these indicators were normalized, indicating the restoration of the physiological state of the mink’s kidneys.
 As a result of the treatment of minks the clinical signs of the disease were gradually disappeared: diarrhea stopped, body temperature and respiratory frequency normalized, general condition has improved. In most animals (130 goals) clinical recovery came. During the application of Nifulin manifestations of adverse reactions or negative effects in the experimental minks were not observed.

Inhalable Jojoba Oil Dry Nanoemulsion Powders for the Treatment of Lipopolysaccharide- or H2O2-Induced Acute Lung Injury

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid) is a dioecious plant in desert and semi-desert areas, e.g., the Ismailia Desert in Egypt. Jojoba oil (JJBO) is a natural slight yellow oil with the functions of skin barrier repairing and wound healing, which is dermally applied as a traditional medication or cosmetic in the Middle East. The objective of this study was to prepare JJBO dry nanoemulsion powders (JNDs) and investigate their anti-acute lung injury effects. JJBO nanoemulsions (JNEs) were prepared and then lyophilized to JNDs and the properties and simulated lung deposition were measured. Rat acute lung injury (ALI) models were established after intratracheal (i.t.) administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). JNDs and dexamethasone (DXM) solutions were also i.t. administered to the rats. The pathological states of lung tissues were checked. Inflammatory and oxidative factors in the lung tissues were determined using ELISA methods. NF-κB p65 and caspase-3 were measured with a Western blotting method and an immunohistochemical method, respectively. JNDs had an appropriate mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 4.17 µm and a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 39.11%. JNDs showed higher anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-induced ALI than DXM with a decrease in total protein content and down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and NF-κB p65. JNDs also showed higher anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation effect on H2O2-induced ALI than DXM with elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increasing of superoxide dismutase (SOD), decrease in of lipid peroxide malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), and inhibition of caspase-3 expression. Moreover, i.t. JNDs attenuated bleeding and infiltrations of the inflammatory cells in the two ALI models. JNDs are a promising natural oil-contained inhalable medication for the treatment of LPS- or H2O2-induced ALI.

Bisphenol A-induced Alterations in Different Stages of Spermatogenesis and Systemic Toxicity in Albino Mice (Mus musculus).

Background.Bisphenol A (BPA) is known to alter sperm morphology, but information is limited on the most susceptible stage(s) of spermatogenesis, especially in mice.Objectives.This study investigated the reproductive, biochemical, and hematological changes caused by exposure to BPA in male albino mice. The genotoxicity of BPA to the six stages of spermatogenesis in mice was determined.Methods.Mice were exposed orally to BPA at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 mg/kg bw doses for 5 days and assessed for sperm morphology after 35 days. Based on the result, the second group of mice was exposed to BPA at 1.0 mg/kg bw dose for 5 days, their spermatozoa were assessed for sperm morphology based on BPA exposure at the 6 maturation stages of spermatogenesis: spermatozoa, elongating spermatids, round spermatids, secondary spermatocytes, primary spermatocytes, and spermatogonia. Biochemical and hematological analyses of the blood of exposed mice were also carried out.Results.The results showed that BPA induced concentration-dependent, significantly (p<0.05) increased sperm cell abnormalities at three of the four concentrations tested, with the exception of 0.5 mg/kg bw, in comparison with the negative control. The highest frequency of sperm aberrations was induced in spermatozoa exposed to BPA while at the primary spermatocytes. The order of induced sperm abnormality at the different stages of exposure was: primary spermatocytes > elongating spermatids > spermatozoa > spermatogonia > round spermatids > secondary spermatocytes. The results of the biochemical analysis showed significantly (p<0.05) increased serum urea, creatinine, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities with a concomitant decrease in total protein content at the various stages of spermatogenesis. In addition, the results for hematological parameters showed several significant (p<0.05) modulations in mice exposed to BPA.Conclusions.These data showed that BPA is most toxic to primary spermatocytes and alterations of biochemical and hematological parameters might be the mechanisms of induced toxicity.Ethics Approval.The Research Ethics Committee, Federal University of Technology, Akure approved the study protocols.Competing Interests.The authors declare no competing financial interests

Blood biochemical parameters in transfer factor donor cows depending on sensitization scheme

Research and development of means for effective prevention and treatment of diseases in animals are one of the priorities for modern veterinary science. Means based on the transfer factor are quite promising to solve these problems. One of the stages of obtaining a qualitative transfer factor specific to a particular disease is the sensitization of the body of donor animals. The purpose of this work was to investigate the blood biochemical parameters of donor cows after sensitization according to different schemes. The experiments were performed on cows of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed, aged 4–5 years. Sensitization of pregnant cows was performed 1–1.5 months before calving with a concentrated formol-alum vaccine against salmonellosis of calves manufactured by the Kherson Biofactory. The vaccine was administered to the animals of the first experimental group one month before calving, one-time in a dose of 10 ml. Animals of the second experimental group 1.5 months before calving were two-time vaccine administered with an interval between injections of 10 days in doses of 10 and 15 ml. Studies have shown that in donor cows, which were two-time vaccine administered, there was an increase in hemoglobin content by 13% (P&lt;0.05). There was also a decrease in glucose and creatinine content by 13–28% (P&lt;0.05–0.01) in the blood serum of pregnant cows, which did not depend on the sensitization scheme, and a tendency to a decrease in total protein content. Regardless of the sensitization scheme of cows, an increase in serum aminotransferase activity was observed by 1.3–1.5 times (P&lt;0.05–0.001), and if alanine aminotransferase activity increased mainly with a single injection of the vaccine, then aspartate aminotransferase activity was more intensively increased after a two-time vaccine administration. There was a slight decrease in сalcium (by 5–9%) and phosphorus (by 2–3%) content and an increase in potassium content (by 2–5%) in the blood serum of pregnant cows two weeks after vaccine administration regardless of the sensitization scheme.

Changes in Salivary Proteome in Response to Bread Odour.

It is widely recognized that smelling food results in a mouth-watering feeling and influences appetite. However, besides changes in volume, little is known about the effects that food odours have on the composition of saliva. The aim of the present study was to access the effects that smelling bread has on saliva proteome and to compare such effects with those of chewing and ingesting it. Besides a significant increase in saliva flow rate, together with a decrease in total protein concentration, bread odour induced changes in the proportion of different salivary proteins. The expression levels of two spots of cystatins and two spots of amylase increased due to olfactory stimulation, similar to what happened with bread mastication, suggesting that odour can allow anticipation of the type of food eaten and consequently the physiological oral changes necessary to that ingestion. An interesting finding was that bread odour increased the expression levels of several protein spots of immunoglobulin chains, which were decreased by both bread or rice mastication. This may be of clinical relevance since food olfactory stimulation of salivary immunoglobulins can be used to potentiate the oral immune function of saliva. Moreover, the effects of bread odour in the levels of salivary proteins, previously observed to be involved in oral food processing led to the hypothesis of an influence of this odour in the sensory perception of foods further ingested. Further studies are needed to elucidate this point, as well as whether the changes observed for bread odour are specific, or if different food odours lead to similar salivary proteome responses.

Dysfunction of Salivary Glands, Disturbances in Salivary Antioxidants and Increased Oxidative Damage in Saliva of Overweight and Obese Adolescents.

Obesity is inseparably connected with oxidative stress. This process may disturb the functioning of the oral cavity, although the effect of oxidative stress on salivary gland function and changes in the qualitative composition of saliva are still unknown. Our study is the first to evaluate salivary redox homeostasis in 40 overweight and obese adolescents and in the age- and gender-matched control group. We demonstrated strengthening of the antioxidant barrier (↑superoxide dismutase, ↑catalase, ↑peroxidase, ↑uric acid, ↑total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) with a simultaneous decrease in reduced glutathione concentration in saliva (non-stimulated/stimulated) in overweight and obese teenagers compared to the controls. The concentration of the products of oxidative damage to proteins (advanced glycation end products), lipids (malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal) and DNA (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine) as well as total oxidative status were significantly higher in both non-stimulated and stimulated saliva as well as plasma of overweight and obese adolescents. Importantly, we observed more severe salivary and plasma redox alterations in obese adolescents compared to overweight individuals. In the study group, we also noted a drop in stimulated salivary secretion and a decrease in total protein content. Interestingly, dysfunction of parotid glands in overweight and obese teenagers intensified with the increase of BMI. We also showed that the measurement of salivary catalase and TAC could be used to assess the central antioxidant status of overweight and obese adolescents.

BDNF is obverse to oxidative stress (adenosine deaminase and nitric oxide) in type II diabetes mellitus

The relational analysis of adenosine deaminase (ADA), nitric oxide (NO), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), and TP (total protein) is accomplished by comparing these parameters with glucose levels of healthy and type II diabetes mellitus people. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with impairment in many domains of cognitive function which may result from reduced BDNF. ADA is an important enzyme that plays a relevant role in purine and DNA metabolism, immune responses, and peptidase activity and for modulating the bioactivity of insulin. Nitric oxide is associated with loss of normal cellular function and increases the generation of nitric oxide synthetase products like nitroxyl (NO-), peroxynitrite (OONO-), and S-nitrosothiol (RSNO). In our study, a group of one hundred adult patients of either sex who had a history of not less than 6 years of diabetes mellitus and an equal number of healthy non-diabetics was selected as controls, respectively. The results of the parameters were analyzed using the SISA software and the correlation between the parameters was retrieved and represented graphically. A significant increase in adenosine deaminase activity and nitric oxide levels was observed in diabetic subjects when compared with that in controls. A significant decrease in total protein concentration and BDNF was observed in diabetic subjects when compared with that in controls. The results suggest that the increase in the glucose level has contributed to an increase in the inflammation factor ADA and oxidative stress factor NO and decrease in the total proteins especially BDNF, a neuron sentinel.

Protective effects of syringic acid, resveratrol and their combination against isoprenaline administered cardiotoxicity in wistar rats.

To evaluate the cardio-protection of syringic acid (SA) in combination with resveratrol (RV) in isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarcted (MI) rats. Groups of all rats were subjected oral pre-treatment at the beginning of the study with SA (50 mg/kg), RV (50 mg/kg) and combination (COMB) of SA (25 mg/kg) and RV (25 mg/kg) along with gallic acid (GA) (50 mg/kg) for 30 days. After sacrification, homogenate of heart tissue along with serum were utilized for further biochemical investigations. The effects on creatine kinase (CK), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) were studied in serum and heart tissues. Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and reduced glutathione (GSH), membrane bound enzymes and electrolytes were tested in heart tissues. Body weights and heart weights were also observed along with high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), uric acid and total protein content (TPC) in serum. CK, AST, ALT and GGT levels in serum were augmented significantly while these enzymes are decreased in cardiac tissue samples of ISO-treated rats. GST, GPX, GSH, Na+/K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ ATPases, K+ ions were significantly decreased while Na+ and Ca2+ ions were increased in the heart tissues of ISO-injected rats. Loss and gain of body and heart weights were noticed significantly in rats having ISO administration. ISO group showed significant increase in hs-CRP and Uric acid while significant decrease in TPC. All of actions of ISO were ameliorated by COMB. COMB suppressed ISO induced MI in rats and exhibited cardio-protection.

Moderate protective effect of Kyotorphin against the late consequences of intracerebroventricular streptozotocin model of Alzheimer's disease.

The established decrease in the level of endogenous kyotorphin (KTP) into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with an advanced stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the found neuroprotective activity of KTP suggested its participation in the pathophysiology of the disease. We aimed to study the effects of subchronic intracerebroventricular (ICV) treatment (14days) with KTP on the behavioral, biochemical and histological changes in rats with streptozotocin (STZ-ICV)-induced model of sporadic AD (sAD). Three months after the administration of STZ-ICV, rats developed increased locomotor activity, decreased level of anxiety, impaired spatial and working memory. Histological data from the STZ-ICV group demonstrated decreased number of neurons in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. The STZ-ICV group was characterized with a decrease of total protein content in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex as well as increased levels of the carbonylated proteins in the hippocampus. KTP treatment of STZ-ICV rats normalized anxiety level and regained object recognition memory. KTP abolished the protein loss in prefrontal cortex and decrease the neuronal loss in the CA3 subfield of the hippocampus. STZ-ICV rats, treated with KTP, did not show significant changes in the levels of the carbonylated proteins in specific brain structures or in motor activity and spatial memory compared to the saline-treated STZ-ICV group. Our data show a moderate and selective protective effect of a subchronic ICV administration of the dipeptide KTP on the pathological changes induced by an experimental model of sAD in rats.

Peach Fruit Development: A Comparative Proteomic Study Between Endocarp and Mesocarp at Very Early Stages Underpins the Main Differential Biochemical Processes Between These Tissues.

Peach (Prunus persica) is an important economically temperate fruit. The development follows double sigmoid curve with four phases (S1–S4). We centered our work in the early development. In addition to S1, we studied the very early stage (E) characterized by the lag zone of the exponential growing phase S1, and the second stage (S2) when the pit starts hardening. “Dixiland” peach fruit were collected at 9 (E), 29 (S1), and 53 (S2) days after flowering (DAF) and endocarp and mesocarp were separated. There was a pronounced decrease in total protein content along development in both tissues. Quantitative proteomic allowed the identification of changes in protein profiles across development and revealed the main biochemical pathways sustaining tissue differentiation. Protein metabolism was the category most represented among differentially proteins in all tissues and stages. The decrease in protein synthesis machinery observed during development would be responsible of the protein fall, rather than a proteolytic process; and reduced protein synthesis during early development would reroute cell resources to lignin biosynthesis. These changes were accompanied by net decrease in total amino acids in E1–S1 and increase in S1–S2 transitions. Amino acid profiling, showed Asn parallels this trend. Concerted changes in Asn and in enzymes involved in its metabolism reveal that increased synthesis and decreased catabolism of Asn may conduct to an Asn increase during very early development and that the β-Cyano-Alanine synthase/β-Cyano-Alanine hydratase could be the pathway for Asn synthesis in “Dixiland” peach fruit. Additionally, photosynthetic machinery decays during early development in mesocarp and endocarp. Proteins related to photosynthesis are found to a higher extent in mesocarp than in endocarp. We conclude mesocarpic photosynthesis is possible to occur early on the development, first providing both carbon and reductive power and latter only reductive power. Together with proteomic, histological tests and anatomical analysis help to provide information about changes and differences in cells and cell-walls in both tissues. Collectively, this work represents the first approach in building protein databases during peach fruit development focusing on endocarp and mesocarp tissues and provides novel insights into the biology of peach fruit development preceding pit hardening.