Decrease In Glucose Concentration Research Articles

The inflammatory injury of porcine small intestinal epithelial cells induced by deoxynivalenol is related to the decrease in glucose transport.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) stimulation on inflammatory injury and the expression of the glucose transporters sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter protein 2 (GLU2) in porcine small intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Additionally, the study aimed to provide initial insights into the connection between the expression of glucose transporters and the inflammatory injury of IPEC-J2 cells. DON concentration and DON treatment time were determined using the CCK‑8 assay. Accordingly, 1.0 µg/mL DON and treatment for 24h were chosen for subsequent experiments. Then IPEC-J2 cells were treated without DON (CON, N = 6) or with 1 μg/mL DON (DON, N = 6). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content, apoptosis rate, and proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, Il-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were measured. Additionally, the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase α1 (AMPK-α1), the content of glucose, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and sodium/potassium-transporting adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase) activity, and the expression of SGLT1 and GLU2 of IPEC-J2 cells were also analyzed. The results showed that DON exposure significantly increased LDH release and apoptosis rate of IPEC-J2 cells. Stimulation with DON resulted in significant cellular inflammatory damage, as evidenced by a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Additionally, DON caused damage to the glucose absorption capacity of IPEC-J2 cells, indicated by decreased levels of glucose content, AKP activity, Na+/K+-ATPase activity, AMPK-α1 protein expression, and SGLT1 expression. Correlation analysis revealed that glucose absorption capacity was negatively correlated with cell inflammatory cytokines. Based on the findings of this study, it can be preliminarily concluded that the cell inflammatory damage caused by DON may be associated with decreased glucose absorption.

Оценка влияния пробиотического препарата на энтеросорбенте «Флорин форте» на физиолого-иммунологическое состояние бестера

Assessment of the physiological and immunological status of fish is an urgent problem of modern aquaculture. One of the methods of such assessment is based on hematological and biochemical studies. Blood is the most sensitive and informative indicator of changes occurring in the body of fish. It reacts quickly and acutely to the effects of various adverse environmental factors and can serve as one of the early indicators of a violation of the functional state of fish. The study 
 of the effect of a probiotic drug on the enterosorbent “Florin forte” on hematological and biochemical blood parameters, in particular, on the level of hemoglobin, total serum protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, as well as on the distribution of shaped elements of peripheral blood of Bester (Huso huso × Acipenser ruthenus) was carried out on the basis of the Innovation Center “Bioaquapark – scientific andtechnical center of aquaculture” ASTU for 30 days. As a result of the conducted studies, it was noted that the use of the sorbed form of the probiotic drug has a positive effect on the physiological and immunological condition of the farmed fish. Thus, the blood of Bester's two-year-olds grown on compound feeds with the addition of probiotic enterosorbent was characterized by an increase in hemoglobin levels to 64.9 g/l, total whey protein to 23.6 g/l, as well as a decrease in cholesterol and glucose concentrations to 2.6 and 0.55 mmol/l, respectively. In the leukocyte formula of the studied fish, shifts in the quantitative ratios of leukocytes were found, confirming the body's reaction to the introduction of a probiotic drug on enterosorbent into the diet and considered as an adaptive mechanism that increases the protective function of the blood.

Physiological, Haematological And Production Characteristics Of Pheasants In Different Rearing Conditions

Summary This paper presents a physiological, hematological, and biochemical study of the impact of different rearing conditions on pheasant production outcomes and mortality rates in both the pheasant parent flock and pheasant chicks up to 6 weeks old. Pheasant breeding holds significance within hunting activities and meat production for the food market due to its high biological and nutritive value. Pheasant meat contains high-quality proteins, minerals, essential unsaturated fatty acids, and boasts a low-fat percentage. The quality of pheasant meat derived from natural habitats holds a higher biological value compared to that of pheasants raised on farms, featuring higher water, protein, and calcium contents, and a lower fat percentage. The dry mass of breast muscles from farm-reared birds contains more protein and less fat when compared to drumstick muscles. Notably, during the egg-laying period, alterations in hematological parameters linked to oxygen transport, decreased erythropoiesis, and increased values in white blood cell parameters were observed. Changes in blood biochemical parameters signify increased energy requirements in pheasant hens during egg laying, as well as heightened transportation of minerals, proteins, and cholesterol, which accumulate in the eggshell, albumen, and yolk. The elevated metabolic requirements in pheasant hens manifest significantly through increased levels of cholesterol, uric acid, lactates, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), calcium, and phosphorus. Simultaneously, there is a noteworthy decrease in plasma total proteins, albumins, glucose, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations. Several challenges persist throughout all production stages, leading to reduced egg yield, compromised egg quality and fertility, as well as increased mortality rates. These issues stem from factors such as high population density, an inappropriate male-to-female sex ratio, inadequate nutrition, and insufficient assessment of the biological quality of hatching eggs.

Factors Influencing Glucose Response to Exercise Following Oral Glucose Load

PURPOSE: Exercise can reduce postprandial hyperglycemia by increasing contraction-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscles. However, postprandial exercise does not always have similar effects in all patients. This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing glucose response to exercise following oral glucose load.METHODS: We enrolled 169 adults with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, n = 64) and type 2 diabetes (T2D, n = 105). We measured fingertip capillary blood glucose level at 30-minute intervals over 2-hour after the 75-g oral glucose ingestion. In addition, a single bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise was conducted at 30 minutes after 75-g oral glucose ingestion. We also measured glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), β-cell function (HOMA-β), physical activity level questionnaire and anthropometrics.RESULTS: There was a significant difference in glucose concentration between the IGT and T2D groups (<i>p</i> <.001). Additionally, we found that patients with short diabetes duration (≤1 year) had significantly more decrease in glucose concentration than long diabetes duration (≥10 years) (<i>p</i> <.001). A regression analysis showed that waist circumference, visceral fat area, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR affected glucose response to exercise following oral glucose load in patients with T2D.CONCLUSIONS: Higher volumes of exercise following an oral glucose load may be necessary for individuals with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) who have a longer disease duration, larger waist circumference, increased visceral fat area, higher HbA1c levels, and elevated HOMA-IR values in order to prevent hyperglycemia.

Beneficial Effects of Adding a Mixture of Medicinal Herbs to Quail Diet on some Physiological and Biochemical Blood Parameters

This study was conducted in the poultry field of the Department of Animal production / College of Agriculture / University of Al-Qadisiyah to know the effect of using a mixture of herbs (licorice, thyme, turmeric and red pepper) on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of quail. 120 quail were used in this study. Which were randomly distributed in four treatments (2 replicates for each treatment, 15 birds for each replicate). The mixture of herbs was added to the diet in equal proportions and with different concentrations.(T1) A mixture of medicinal herbs was used at 2% of the ration (T2) A mixture of medicinal herbs was used at 4% of the ration (T3) A mixture of medicinal herbs was used at 6% of the ration (CONTROL), The mixture of medicinal herbs was used with a percentage of 0% of the feed. Feed and water were provided freely to the birds throughout the experiment period.The effect of a mixture of herbs (licorice, thyme, turmeric and red pepper) on some physiological characteristics such as the number of red cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC), types of white blood cells, the packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and biochemical traits such as glucose, total protein and cholesterol concentration was studied. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between the experimental treatments (medical herbal mixture) compared with the control treatment in both eosinophil and basophil white blood cells, as well as the percentage of total protein. A significant increase (p<0.05) in (red blood cell count(RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin percentage(Hb), white blood cell count(WBC), and white lymphocyte count, in the experimental treatments (medical herbal mixture) compared with the control treatment. There was a significant decrease in both glucose and cholesterol concentration in the experimental treatments (medical herbal mixture) compared with the control treatment. From this study we conclude that the use of the medical herbal mixture led to the improvement of some of the studied traits.

Limosilactobacillus reuteri BIO7251 administration improves metabolic phenotype in obese mice fed a high fat diet: an inter-organ crosstalk between gut, adipose tissue and nervous system

Gut microbiota is implicated in the control of host physiology by releasing bioactive actors that could exert a direct or indirect effect on tissue. A dysfunction of the gut microbiota to tissue axis could participate in the development of pathological states such as obesity and diabetes. The aim of this study was to identify the metabolic effect of Limosilactobacillus reuteri (known as Lactobacillus reuteri) BIO7251 (L. reuteri BIO7251) isolated from Corsican clementine orange. Body weight gain, adiposity, glucose tolerance, glucose absorption and food intake were measured in mice fed a high-fat diet in response to a preventive oral administration of L. reuteri BIO7251. This strain of bacteria exerts a beneficial effect on body weight gain by decreasing the subcutaneous adipose tissue mass. The treatment with L. reuteri BIO7251 decreases glucose absorption and food intake in obese/diabetic mice. L. reuteri BIO7251 could be tested as new probiotic strain that could manage body weight during obesity.

A Study on the Effect of Energy on the Development of Silkworm Embryos Using an Estrogen-Related Receptor.

Energy metabolism is a fundamental process in all organisms. During silkworm (Bombyx mori) embryonic development, there is a high demand for energy due to continuous cell proliferation and differentiation. Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are transcriptional regulatory factors that play crucial roles in mammalian energy storage and expenditure. Although most insects have one ERR gene, it also participates in the regulation of energy metabolism, including carbohydrate metabolism in Drosophila, Aphid, and Silkworm. However, no study has reported the direct impact of energy metabolism on embryonic development in silkworms. In this study, we used transgenic technology to increase silkworm (B. mori; Bm) BmERR expression during embryonic development and explored the impact of energy on embryonic development. We found no significant change in the quality of silkworm eggs compared to that of wild-type silkworms. However, there was an increase in the consumption of vitellin, a major nutrient in embryos. This resulted in a decrease in glucose content and a significant increase in ATP content. These findings provide evidence that the acceleration of energy metabolism promotes embryonic development and enhances the motility of hatched silkworms. In addition, these results provide a novel perspective on the relationship between energy metabolism and embryonic development in other insects.

Clover microgreen incorporation in diet-controlled diabetes and counteracted aflatoxicosis of rats.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the chronic metabolic diseases whose control remains a challenge. Its increased incidence was mainly attributed to increased environmental contamination. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of feeding clover microgreen (CM) on a diabetes model with or without aflatoxin exposure. Rats were distributed into 8 groups. G1 was a control group. G2 was fed CM. G3 was administered aflatoxin orally. G4 was fed clover and administered aflatoxin. G5 was diabetic rats. G6 was diabetic rats fed CM. G7 was diabetic rats administered aflatoxin. G8 was diabetic rats administered aflatoxin and fed CM. Phytochemical analysis of the CM showed that gardenin was the most common compound. The administration of aflatoxin aggravated diabetes. The groups fed CM showed a decreased glucose concentration compared to the unfed groups. Liver and kidney function parameters were improved by CM. The histopathological alteration of the pancreas, liver, and kidneys was relieved in CM-fed groups. The area % of insulin in islets of Langerhans was increased in CM-fed groups. Feeding CM also enhanced the oxidative stress biomarkers. In conclusion, CM improved all evaluated parameters in diabetic rats either exposed to aflatoxin or not compared to the control.

Long-term aspirin administration suppresses inflammation in diabetic cystopathy.

Diabetic cystopathy (DCP) is one of the most common and troublesome urologic complications of diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic low-grade inflammatory response. However, the correlation between inflammation and disease progression remains ambiguous and effective drugs interventions remain deficient. Herein, during 12-week study, 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: negative control (NC), NC treated with aspirin (NC+Aspirin), DCP, and DCP treated with aspirin (DCP+Aspirin). Type 1 diabetes mellitus was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). After 2 weeks modeling, the rats in treatment groups received daily oral aspirin (100 mg/kg/d). After 10 weeks of treatment, aspirin ameliorated pathological weight loss and bladder weight increase in diabetic rats, accompanied by a 16.5% decrease in blood glucose concentrations. H&E, Masson, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy revealed that a dilated bladder with thickened detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) layer, inflammatory infiltration, fibrosis and ultrastructural damage were observed in diabetic rats, which were obviously ameliorated by aspirin. The dynamic investigations at 4, 7 and 10 weeks revealed inflammation gradually increased as the disease progresses. After 10 weeks of treatment, the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB has been decreased to 78%, 39.7%, 44.1%, 33.3% at mRNA level and 67.6%, 76.7%, 71.4%, 67.1% at protein level, respectively (DCP+Aspirin vs. DCP, p < 0.01). Aspirin partially restored the increased expression of inflammatory mediators in bladder DSM of diabetic rats. The study provided insight into long-term medication therapies, indicating that aspirin might serve as a potential strategy for DCP treatment.

A Basic Study of the Effects of Mulberry Leaf Administration to Healthy C57BL/6 Mice on Gut Microbiota and Metabolites.

Mulberry leaves contain α-glucosidase inhibitors, which have hypoglycemic effects and are considered functional foods. However, few reports have covered the effects of mulberry leaf components on normal gut microbiota and gut metabolites. Herein, gut microbiota analysis and NMR-based metabolomics were performed on the feces of mulberry leaf powder (MLP)-treated mice to determine the effects of long-term MLP consumption. Gut microbiota in the mouse were analyzed using 16S-rRNA gene sequencing, and no significant differences were revealed in the diversity and community structure of the gut microbiota in the C57BL/6 mice with or without MLP supplementation. Thirty-nine metabolites were identified via 1H-NMR analysis, and carbohydrates and amino acids were significantly (p < 0.01-0.05) altered upon MLP treatment. In the MLP-treated group, there was a marked increase and decrease in maltose and glucose concentrations, respectively, possibly due to the degradation inhibitory activity of oligosaccharides. After 5 weeks, all amino acid concentrations decreased. Furthermore, despite clear fluctuations in fecal saccharide concentrations, short-chain fatty acid production via intestinal bacterial metabolism was not strongly affected. This study provides the knowledge that MLP administration can alter the gut metabolites without affecting the normal gut microbiota, which is useful for considering MLP as a healthy food source.

Spatiotemporal 1H NMR Spectroscopy of 3D Cell Models

The emergence of three-dimensional cell cultures representing tissue features closely, that are weakly reproduced by standard two-dimensional systems, requires adapting established analytical techniques to investigate these challenging new models. It is especially desired to obtain spatially resolved data for living organoids giving insight into transport processes and biochemical characteristics of domains differently provided with nutrition supply and waste product removal. Within this work we present an NMR-based approach to dynamically obtained radial metabolite profiles for cell spheroids, one of the most frequently used 3D models. Our approach combines an easy to reproduce custom-made measurement design maintaining incubator conditions without inhibition of the NMR experiment, with a spatial selective NMR pulse sequence. To overcome the inherently low sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy we modified the selective sequence to achieve faster acquisition and employed a commercially available cryo NMR probe. Finally, radial metabolite profiles could be obtained via double Abel inversion of the measured one‑dimensional intensity profiles. Applying this method to Ty82 cancer cell spheroids clearly demonstrates the spatial resolution, for instance confirming exceedingly high lactate and strongly decreased glucose concentrations in the oxygen-depleted core of the spheroid. Furthermore, we dynamically investigate the process of cell death and metabolite degradation after maintaining a spheroid under incubator conditions for several days.

Development of new thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids as aldose reductase inhibitors endowed with antihyperglycaemic activity: design, synthesis, biological investigations, and in silico insights

This research study describes the development of new small molecules based on 2,4-thiazolidinedione (2,4-TZD) and their aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory activities. The synthesis of 17 new derivatives of 2,4-TZDs hybrids was feasible by incorporating two known bioactive scaffolds, benzothiazole heterocycle, and nitro phenacyl moiety. The most active hybrid (8b) was found to inhibit AR in a non-competitive manner (0.16 µM), as confirmed by kinetic studies and molecular docking simulations. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments demonstrated that compound 8b had a significant hypoglycaemic effect in mice with hyperglycaemia induced by streptozotocin. Fifty milligrams per kilogram dose of 8b produced a marked decrease in blood glucose concentration, and a lower dose of 5 mg/kg demonstrated a noticeable antihyperglycaemic effect. These outcomes suggested that compound 8b may be used as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetic complications.

The Effects of Lipoic Acid on Yolk Nutrient Utilization, Energy Metabolism, and Redox Balance over Time in Artemia sp.

Lipoic acid (LA) is a mitochondrial coenzyme that, depending on the concentration and exposure time, can behave as an antioxidant or pro-oxidant agent and has a proven ability to modulate metabolism by promoting lipid and glucose oxidation for energy production. To assess the effects of LA on energy metabolism and redox balance over time, Artemia sp. nauplii was used as an animal model. The administered concentrations of the antioxidant were 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 µM. Therefore, possible differences in protein, triglyceride, glucose, and lactate concentrations in the artemia samples and total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) in the culture water were evaluated. We also measured the effects of LA on in vivo activity of the electron transport system (ETS), antioxidant capacity, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h post-hatching. There was a decrease in glucose concentration in the LA-treated animals, and a decrease in ammonia production was observed in the 0.5 µM LA treatment. ETS activity was positively regulated by the addition of LA, with the most significant effects at concentrations of 5.0 and 10.0 µM at 12 and 24 h. For ETS activity, treatments with LA presented the highest values at 24 h, a period when ROS production decreased significantly, for the treatment with 10.0 µM. LA showed positive regulation of energy metabolism together with a decrease in ROS and TAN excretion.

Dark fermentative hydrogen production in packed-bed bioreactor using the Persian Gulf dead coral, ceramic saddle, and ceramic ball as support matrixes

Dark fermentative hydrogen production by Enterobacter aerogenes in a packed bed bioreactor using three immobilization supports was studied. The effects of glucose concentrations (20, 10, 5, 2.5, and 1.5 g/L) and support matrixes (Persian Gulf dead coral, ceramic saddle, and ceramic ball) on the hydrogen yield (HY) and hydrogen production rate (HPR) at low hydraulic retention time (HRT) were investigated. According to the achieved results, glucose concentration, porosity and shape support, and bed voidage affected hydrogen production. The HYs were increased with decreasing glucose concentration and at 2.5 g/L glucose concentration, the maximum HYs of 3.11, 2.86 and 2.79 mol hydrogen/mol glucose were obtained for dead coral, ceramic ball, and ceramic saddle, respectively. The results indicated that at the HRT of 0.6 h, the bioreactor packed with dead coral resulted in higher HY (3.11 mol H2/mol glucose) and HPR (173 mL/L.h) representing 8–11%, and 8–15%, enhancement compared to the bioreactor packed with ceramic supports. Besides, based on the acquired results, the HY and HPR of the ceramic ball were higher than the ceramic saddle.

5-LB: Rescuing Alpha-Cell Function in Type 1 Diabetes

Increased glucagon secretion from the pancreatic alpha cell is the first and most important defense against hypoglycemia. In T1D this defense mechanism is lost. We propose that the loss of the neighboring beta cells causes, and in turn the loss of inhibitory signals they generated, is a key factor in the inability of alpha cells to respond appropriately to blood sugar levels. The sudden cessation of this inhibitory input during hypoglycemia is a necessary signal for the glucagon response. We hypothesize that reactivation of endogenous paracrine and autocrine signaling might restore the alpha cell’s ability to respond to hypoglycemia in T1D. We used isolated islets and tissue slices from non-diabetic organ donors and donors with T1D and measured dynamic hormone secretion and calcium recordings. We found that alpha cell responses are briefer than the sustained beta cell responses. If not reset by inhibitory input, the alpha cell is not able to respond again. Glucagon secretion can be recovered by activation of paracrine signals to inhibit the alpha cell. We found full glucagon recovery if reset for 15 min or longer using high glucose in healthy islets (no reset 0.51 +/- 0.09 vs. 5 min reset 0.99 +/- 0.12 vs. 15 min 1.63 +/- 0.31, fold change to baseline +/- SEM). In tissues from T1D donors, alpha cells failed to respond to decreases in glucose concentration despite normal glucagon content and responses to KCl depolarization. Baseline glucagon secretion was significantly elevated compared to healthy individuals (mean 25.93 +/- SEM 8.55 pM in T1D vs 7.49 +/- 2.21, p&amp;lt;0.05). Furthermore, we found severely diminished Ca2+ responses to both lowering glucose concentration and glutamate receptor stimulation. We demonstrate that alpha cells from T1D donors cannot mount an efficient glucagon response due to deficient glutamate receptor signaling and loss of paracrine inhibitory input. Our results suggest that restoring both signals rescues glucagon secretion. Disclosure J. Panzer: None. A. Pugliese: Consultant; Provention Bio, Inc. Funding American Diabetes Association (4-22-PDFPM-12 to J.P.); The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (2018PG-T1D053, G-2108-04793)

Immunomodulatory effects of testosterone and letrozole during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection.

Malaria is one of the leading health problems globally. Plasmodium infection causes pronounced sexual dimorphism, and the lethality and severity are more remarkable in males than in females. To study the role of testosterone in the susceptibility and mortality of males in malaria, it is common to increase its concentration. However, this strategy does not consider the enzyme CYP19A1 aromatase, which can transform it into oestrogens. To avoid the interference of oestrogens, we inhibited in vivo CYP19A1 aromatase with letrozole and increased the testosterone level by exogen administration before infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. We measured the impact on free testosterone, 17β-oestradiol and dehydroepiandrosterone levels in plasma; additionally, we evaluated parasitaemia, body temperature, body mass, glucose levels and haemoglobin concentration. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of testosterone on the immune response; we quantified the CD3+/CD4+, CD3+/CD8+, CD19+, Mac-3+ and NK cells in the spleen and the plasma concentrations of the cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-17A. Finally, we quantified the levels of antibodies. We found that mice treated with the combination of letrozole and testosterone and infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA had increased concentrations of free testosterone and DHEA but decreased levels of 17β-oestradiol. As a result, parasitaemia increased, leading to severe anaemia. Interestingly, testosterone increased temperature and decreased glucose concentration as a possible testosterone-mediated regulatory mechanism. The severity of symptomatology was related to critical immunomodulatory effects generated by free testosterone; it selectively increased CD3+CD8+ T and CD19+ cells but decreased Mac-3+. Remarkably, it reduced IL-17A concentration and increased IL-4 and TNF-α. Finally, it increased IgG1 levels and the IgG1/IgG2a ratio. In conclusion, free testosterone plays an essential role in pathogenesis in male mice by increasing CD8+ and decreasing Mac3+ cells and mainly reducing IL-17A levels, which is critical in the development of anaemia. Our results are important for understanding the mechanisms that regulate the exacerbated inflammatory response in infectious diseases and would be useful for the future development of alternative therapies to reduce the mortality generated by inflammatory processes.

Impact of glucose oxidase treatment in high sugar and pH musts on volatile composition of white wines

Climate change is modifying the composition of the grapes, increasing sugar and pH levels, which produces unbalanced wines with high alcohol degree, low acidity and poor aromatic notes. In this study, glucose oxidase (GOX) and catalase (CAT) were applied in white must with high sugar content and pH (>3.8) to simultaneously decrease glucose concentration and pH. The effect of enzyme treatment on volatile composition of wine was investigated. A concentration of 0.17 mkat/L for both GOX and CAT was sufficient to produce a remarkable reduction of glucose concentration in the must (61.5 g/L), achieving similar results within the pH range of 3–4. The musts subjected to enzymatic treatment yielded more balanced wines, lowering their alcohol content by 10–27 mL/L and pH by 0.3–0.5, while leaving their chromatic characteristics unchanged compared to the control wines. As positive effects, enzyme treatment reduced the concentrations of C6-alcohols with green-herbaceous notes and high-chain ethyl esters with soapy notes in wines, and did not modify the concentrations of short-chain ethyl esters, acids and higher alcohols. However, the concentrations of heptyl acetate and 2-phenylethanol with floral notes, and some ketones with floral and fruit notes, were lower in wines from treated musts.

Explainable Deep-Learning-Based Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease Using Multimodal Input Fusion of PET and MRI Images

PurposeAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, incurable human brain illness that impairs reasoning and retention as well as recall. Detecting AD in its preliminary stages before clinical manifestations is crucial for timely treatment. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides valuable insights into brain abnormalities by measuring the decrease in brain volume expressly in the mesial temporal cortex and other regions of the brain, while Positron Emission Tomography (PET) measures the decrease of glucose concentration in the temporoparietal association cortex. When these data are combined, the performance of AD diagnostic methods could be improved. However, these data are heterogeneous and there is a need for an effective model that will harness the information from both data for the accurate prediction of AD.MethodsTo this end, we present a novel heuristic early feature fusion framework that performs the concatenation of PET and MRI images, while a modified Resnet18 deep learning architecture is trained simultaneously on the two datasets. The innovative 3-in-channel approach is used to learn the most descriptive features of fused PET and MRI images for effective binary classification of AD.ResultsThe experimental results show that the proposed model achieved a classification accuracy of 73.90% on the ADNI database. Then, we provide an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) model, allowing us to explain the results.ConclusionOur proposed model could learn latent representations of multimodal data even in the presence of heterogeneity data; hence, the proposed model partially solved the issue with the heterogeneity of the MRI and PET data.

In vivo anti-diabetic activity, physicochemical and sensory properties of Kunu enriched with African walnut

This study aimed at determining the anti-diabetic, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of African walnut enriched- kunu beverage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats. The physicochemical, sensory and anti-diabetic properties of the four formulated samples viz: NWJ (90% kunu + 10% raw walnut juice); BWJ (90% kunu + 10% boiled walnut juice); RWJ (90% kunu + 10% roasted walnut juice) and ZWJ (kunu 100%) were evaluated using standard methods. The boiling and roasting of the walnut juice affected the TTA and brix of the enriched kunu but all have similar pH around 5. The significant (p < 0.05) increase in insulin, glycogen concentrations, hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were observed in the STZ-induced rats after treatment with the enriched kunu. However, the decrease in hepatic glucose concentration and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activities in the treated rats, signified a significant (p < 0.05) lowering of the fasting blood glucose level (from 30 to 10 mmol/l) when compared with the untreated rats. Besides, the boiling process of the BWJ sample gave it a significantly (p < 0.05) higher overall acceptability when compared to the RWJ, NWJ and ZWJ samples. The study established the antidiabetic potentials and consumer acceptability of African walnut enriched kunu as potential functional food in diabetes management.

Dual A1 and A2A adenosine receptor antagonists, methoxy substituted 2-benzylidene-1-indanone, suppresses intestinal postprandial glucose and attenuates hyperglycaemia in fructose-streptozotocin diabetic rats

Background/AimRecent research suggests that adenosine receptors (ARs) influence many of the metabolic abnormalities associated with diabetes. A non-xanthine benzylidene indanone derivative 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-4-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-1-one (2-BI), has shown to exhibit higher affinity at A1/A2A ARs compared to caffeine. Due to its structural similarity to caffeine, and the established antidiabetic effects of caffeine, the current study was initiated to explore the possible antidiabetic effect of 2-BI.MethodsThe study was designed to assess the antidiabetic effects of several A1 and/or A2A AR antagonists, via intestinal glucose absorption and glucose-lowering effects in fructose-streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced with diabetes via fructose and streptozotocin. Rats were treated for 4 weeks with AR antagonists, metformin and pioglitazone, respectively. Non-fasting blood glucose (NFBG) was determined weekly and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted at the end of the intervention period.ResultsDual A1/A2A AR antagonists (caffeine and 2-BI) decreased glucose absorption in the intestinal membrane significantly (p < 0.01), while the selective A2A AR antagonist (Istradefylline), showed the highest significant (p < 0.001) reduction in intestinal glucose absorption. The selective A1 antagonist (DPCPX) had the least significant (p < 0.05) reduction in glucose absorption. Similarly, dual A1/A2A AR antagonists and selective A2A AR antagonists significantly reduced non-fast blood glucose and improved glucose tolerance in diabetic rats from the first week of the treatment. Conversely, the selective A1 AR antagonist did not reduce non-fast blood glucose significantly until the 4th week of treatment. 2-BI, caffeine and istradefylline compared well with standard antidiabetic treatments, metformin and pioglitazone, and in some cases performed even better.Conclusion2-BI exhibited good antidiabetic activity by reducing intestinal postprandial glucose absorption and improving glucose tolerance in a diabetic animal model. The dual antagonism of A1/A2A ARs presents a positive synergism that could provide a new possibility for the treatment of diabetes.