Decrease In Body Temperature Research Articles

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity study of Rang Chuet (Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl.) extracts and its antioxidant activities

Rang Chuet (Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl.) is a Thai medicinal plant with pharmacological properties: it can be used as an antidote, for decreasing body temperature and it is addictive. This study investigated total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of Rang Chuet extracts, and its acute and sub-chronic toxicities of Rang Chuet extracts. To investigate the acute toxicity of Rang Chuet, male and female Wistar rats were orally gavaged with a single dose of 2000 and 15,000 mg/kg body weight of Rang Chuet leaf extracts prepared by three different extraction solvents, namely water, ethanol, and acetone. The Rang Chuet water extract showed the highest total phenolic contents at 2643 ± 195.05 mg GAE/100 g while the Rang Chuet acetone extract showed the lowest IC50 at 52.91 mg/ml by DPPH assay. The sub-chronic toxicity study was performed using Wistar rats of both sexes which were gavaged with ethanol and water Rang Chuet extracts for 90 days. Rats were gavaged with the equivalent dose of Rang Chuet in a typical consumer drink (to be taken 3 times a day, at dose 1460 mg/kg/day for water extract and 1025 mg/kg/day for ethanol extract), 3000 and 5000 mg/kg. The satellite group was given the same dose of both extracts for 90 days and observed thereafter for 14 days in order to study the reversibility of the adverse effects. The results revealed that none of the Rang Chuet extracts altered the general behavior or mortality or changes in the gross morphology and any histology of the rats’ visceral organs. For sub-chronic toxicity, the result showed that the treatment of ethanol and water Rang Chuet extracts had no significant effect on average body weight, relative organ weights, histopathology of organs, clinical biochemistry, hematological parameters or liver enzymes. This analysis of by-products of a lipid peroxidation study suggested a trend of decreasing malondialdehyde levels in most of the Rang Chuet treated groups. In conclusion, the safety value of Rang Chuet water extract and Rang Chuet ethanol extract in rats is 50 mg/kg body weight which indicate safe dose of Rang Chuet dried powder is 10.27 g/60 kg body weight per day.

Pengaruh Metode Kangguru terhadap Penurunan Suhu Tubuh, Frekuensi Menyusu dan Durasi Tidur Bayi

Immunizations sometimes have side effects once they are given to babies. DPT immunization is one that has a low-grade fever side effect and sometimes results in high fever and seizures. One of the efforts to treat fever in infants is the kangaroo method. Through this method, heat transfer occurs between mother and baby, increasing the frequency of breastfeeding which can meet the fluid needs of the feverish baby and facilitate the baby in increasing the duration of quiet sleep, less crying and less activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the kangaroo method on decreasing body temperature, feeding frequency and infant sleep duration. Sampling using Porbability Sampling with Simple Random Sampling technique, totaling 30 people and divided into 2 groups of 15 people each, namely the experimental and control groups. The results of the analysis are based on several assumptions of One way MANOVA, namely there is linearity between variables, the data is normally distributed, multicollinearity is not detected and the covariance matrix between groups is assumed to be the same as the Box'M value p = 0.006 > 0.001. The results of the multivariate test showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups with a value of F (3.26) = 49.334, p< 0.001; Wilk’s ʌ 0.149, ƞp2 = 0.851, then the univariate results showed that group differences caused significant differences in body temperature, feeding frequency and sleep duration with p < 0.001. The results of the bonferroni correction further test showed that the average decrease in body temperature, feeding frequency and duration of infant sleep in the experimental group was better than the control group with p < 0.001. This study proves that the kangaroo method has an effect on decreasing body temperature, breastfeeding frequency and infant sleep duration after DPT immunization.

The connection of polymorphism and diurnal changes of the biological clock gene expression with the risk of progression of primary open-angle glaucoma

The purpose of this work is to study the connection betweengenetic factors (polymorphism and expression of key genes of the biological clock (KGBC), key genes controlled by KGBC, melatonin receptors) and the diurnal oscillation of melatonin in patients with stable and progressing primary open-angle glaucoma. Materials and methods. The study involved 115 patients aged 53–86 (averagely, 68.8 ± 7.9 years) with stable and progressive glaucoma. All patients underwent primary ophthalmological examination, tested for diurnal body temperature profile, intraocular pressure (IOP), melatonin (by the DLMO protocol) and were typed for key genes of the biological clock using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. We studied the sleep phase shift to later hours in carriers of the G-allele of the melatonin receptor gene during the progression of glaucoma. Results. The study of the clinical and genotypic features of the POAG course revealed phasal shifts of the circadian rhythms of body temperature, IOP, salivary melatonin levels and sleep phases which contributed to the progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Certain polymorphic variants of genes contribute to individual frequent manifestations of desynchronosis. The clock rs1801260 and MTNR1B rs10830963 gene polymorphism was found to be related to disturbances in melatonin production and sleep phase. Conclusion. Complex manifestations of circadian desynchronization accompanying the progressive course of glaucoma are the late phase of rhythms and a decrease in sleep duration, body temperature, salivary melatonin and IOP, internal desynchronization between IOP and body temperature, IOP and sleep, evening dyslipidemia. The revealed patterns open up prospects for future studies of the relationship between polymorphism and daily changes of the expression of key genes in the biological clock with the risk of progression of primary open angle glaucoma.

Phosphorylation status of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the mousebird Colius striatus undergoing torpor.

Torpor is a heterothermic response that occurs in some animals to reduce metabolic expenditure. The speckled mousebird (Colius striatus) belongs to one of the few avian taxa possessing the capacity for pronounced torpor, entering a hypometabolic state with concomitant decreases in body temperature in response to reduced food access or elevated thermoregulatory energy requirements. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a crucial site regulating metabolism by bridging glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Three highly conserved phosphorylation sites are found within the E1 enzyme of the complex that inhibit PDC activity and reduce the flow of carbohydrate substrates into the mitochondria. The current study demonstrates a marked increase in S232 phosphorylation during torpor in liver, heart, and skeletal muscle of C. striatus. The increase in S232 phosphorylation during torpor was particularly notable in skeletal muscle where levels were ~49-fold higher in torpid birds compared to controls. This was in contrast to the other two phosphorylation sites (S293 and S300) which remained consistently phosphorylated regardless of tissue. The relevant PDH kinase (PDHK1) known to phosphorylate S232 was found to be substantially upregulated (~5-fold change) in the muscle during torpor as well as increasing moderately in the liver (~2.2-fold increase). Additionally, in the heart, a slight (~23%) decrease in total PDH levels was noted. Taken together the phosphorylation changes in PDH suggest that inhibition of the complex is a common feature across several tissues in the mousebird during torpor and that this regulation is mediated at a specific residue.

5-HT Receptors and Temperature Homeostasis.

The present review summarizes the data concerning the influence of serotonin (5-HT) receptors on body temperature in warm-blooded animals and on processes associated with its maintenance. This review includes the most important part of investigations from the first studies to the latest ones. The established results on the pharmacological activation of 5-HT1A, 5-HT3, 5-HT7 and 5-HT2 receptor types are discussed. Such activation of the first 3 type of receptors causes a decrease in body temperature, whereas the 5-HT2 activation causes its increase. Physiological mechanisms leading to changes in body temperature as a result of 5-HT receptors’ activation are discussed. In case of 5-HT1A receptor, they include an inhibition of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, as well simultaneous increase of peripheral blood flow, i.e., the processes of heat production and heat loss. The physiological processes mediated by 5-HT2 receptor are opposite to those of the 5-HT1A receptor. Mechanisms of 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptor participation in these processes are yet to be studied in more detail. Some facts indicating that in natural conditions, without pharmacological impact, these 5-HT receptors are important links in the system of temperature homeostasis, are also discussed.

Changes in Body Surface Temperature Play an Underappreciated Role in the Avian Immune Response.

AbstractFever and hypothermia are well-characterized components of systemic inflammation. However, our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying such changes in body temperature is largely limited to rodent models and other mammalian species. In mammals, high dosages of an inflammatory agent (e.g., lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) typically leads to hypothermia (decrease in body temperature below normothermic levels), which is largely driven by a reduction in thermogenesis and not changes in peripheral vasomotion (i.e., changes in blood vessel tone). In birds, however, hypothermia occurs frequently, even at lower dosages, but the thermoeffector mechanisms associated with the response remain unknown. We immune challenged zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) with LPS, monitored changes in subcutaneous temperature and energy balance (i.e., body mass, food intake), and assessed surface temperatures of and heat loss across the eye region, bill, and legs. We hypothesized that if birds employ thermoregulatory mechanisms similar to those of similarly sized mammals, LPS-injected individuals would reduce subcutaneous body temperature and maintain constant surface temperatures compared with saline-injected individuals. Instead, LPS-injected individuals showed a slight elevation in body temperature, and this response coincided with a reduction in peripheral heat loss, particularly across the legs, as opposed to changes in energy balance. However, we note that our interpretations should be taken with caution owing to small sample sizes within each treatment. We suggest that peripheral vasomotion, allowing for heat retention, is an underappreciated component of the sickness-induced thermoregulatory response of small birds.

Energy-sparing by 2-methyl-2-thiazoline protects heart from ischaemia/reperfusion injury.

AimsCardiac ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains a critical issue in the therapeutic management of ischaemic heart failure. Although mild hypothermia has a protective effect on cardiac I/R injury, more rapid and safe methods that can obtain similar results to hypothermia therapy are required. 2‐Methyl‐2‐thiazoline (2MT), an innate fear inducer, causes mild hypothermia resulting in resistance to critical hypoxia in cutaneous or cerebral I/R injury. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the protective effect of systemically administered 2MT on cardiac I/R injury and to elucidate the mechanism underlying this effect.Methods and resultsA single subcutaneous injection of 2MT (50 mg/kg) was given prior to reperfusion of the I/R injured 10 week‐old male mouse heart and its efficacy was evaluated 24 h after the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. 2MT preserved left ventricular systolic function following I/R injury (ejection fraction, %: control 37.9 ± 6.7, 2MT 54.1 ± 6.4, P < 0.01). 2MT also decreased infarct size (infarct size/ischaemic area at risk, %: control 48.3 ± 12.1, 2MT 25.6 ± 4.2, P < 0.05) and serum cardiac troponin levels (ng/mL: control 8.9 ± 1.1, 2MT 1.9 ± 0.1, P < 0.01) after I/R. Moreover, 2MT reduced the oxidative stress‐exposed area within the heart (%: control 25.3 ± 4.7, 2MT 10.8 ± 1.4, P < 0.01). These results were supported by microarray analysis of the mouse hearts. 2MT induced a transient, mild decrease in core body temperature (°C: −2.4 ± 1.4), which gradually recovered over several hours. Metabolome analysis of the mouse hearts suggested that 2MT minimized energy metabolism towards suppressing oxidative stress. Furthermore, 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging revealed that 2MT reduced the activity of brown adipose tissue (standardized uptake value: control 24.3 ± 6.4, 2MT 18.4 ± 5.8, P < 0.05). 2MT also inhibited mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in rat cardiomyoblasts.ConclusionsWe identified the cardioprotective effect of systemically administered 2MT on cardiac I/R injury by sparing energy metabolism with reversible hypothermia. Our results highlight the potential of drug‐induced hypothermia therapy as an adjunct to coronary intervention in severe ischaemic heart disease.

The influence of preconditioning with low dose of LPS on paraquat-induced neurotoxicity, microglia activation and expression of \u03b1-synuclein and synphilin-1 in the dopaminergic system

BackgroundProlonged inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein aggregation are important factors contributing to Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathology. A known ROS generator, pesticide paraquat (PQ), was indicated as an environmental substance potentially increasing the incidence of PD and is used to model this disease. We investigated if a combination of inflammation and oxidative stress in subthreshold doses would exacerbate the modelled neuropathology.MethodsWe examined the late effects of acute or repeated peripheral inflammation induced by low dose of LPS (10 μg/kg, ip) on PQ toxicity in the rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, microglial activation markers and expression of major Lewy bodies proteins, α-synuclein and synphilin-1.ResultsWe observed that LPS increased, while PQ decreased body temperature and microglia CD11b expression in the SN. Single LPS pretreatment, 3 h before repeated weekly PQ injections (4×) slightly aggravated neuronal degeneration in the SN. Moreover, degeneration of dopaminergic neurons after weekly repeated inflammation itself (4×) was observed. Interestingly, repeated LPS administration combined with each PQ dose counteracted such effect. The expression of α-synuclein decreased after repeated LPS injections, while only combined, repeated LPS and PQ treatment lowered the levels of synphilin-1. Therefore, α-synuclein and synphilin-1 expression change was influenced by different mechanisms. Concomitantly, decreased levels of the two proteins correlated with decreased degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and with a normalized microglia activation marker.ConclusionsOur results indicate that both oxidative insult triggered by PQ and inflammation caused by peripheral LPS injection can individually induce neurotoxicity. Those factors act through different mechanisms that are not additive and not selective towards dopaminergic neurons, probably implying microglia. Repeated, but small insults from oxidative stress and inflammation when administered in significant time intervals can counteract each other and even act protective as a preconditioning effect. The timing of such repetitive insults is also of essence.

Sars-Cov-2 Infection Promotes Endothelial Dysfunction and Thrombosis in a Mouse Model of COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most infected individuals are asymptomatic or show only mild symptoms, but 20% of infected individuals become severely ill resulting in a 2-5% mortality rate for severe infections. Men, the elderly and patients with comorbidities (such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity) are more likely to develop severe disease. Clinical features characterizing severe COVID-19 cases include inflammation and thrombosis, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes remain elusive. K18 hACE2 transgenic mice express the SARSCoV-2 receptor human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) under the control of the human cytokeratin 18 (K18) promoter. K18 hACE2 mice express hACE2 in airway epithelial cells and are susceptible to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infections. At the dose of 10 5 PFU/mouse, all SARS-CoV-2-infected K18 hACE2 mice rapidly lose weight and succumb to viral infection by 5-6 days post infection. Morbidity and mortality correlated with SARS-CoV-2 replication in the nasal turbinates and lungs. Notably, susceptibility was highly associated with a local and systemic cytokine/chemokine storm. SARS-CoV-2 infection in K18 hACE2 mice recapitulates many of the pathological findings observed in human patients offering a reliable animal model for the study of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Infection with a lower viral dose (10 4 and 2.5x10 3 PFU/mouse) prolongs the symptomatic phase of the infection, postponing time of death up to 16 days post infection (mortality rate at 10 4 PFU: ~40% in females, 100% in males; mortality rate at 2.5x10 3 PFU: ~30% in females, ~55% in males). At these lower viral doses, K18 hACE2 mouse males exhibited both increased susceptibility to the SARS-CoV-2 infection and more severe disease. Male mice showed increased mortality associated with an increase in weight loss and decrease in body temperature. Disease characteristics showed striking similarities with reported human COVID-19 cases, including severely reduced O 2 saturation. The pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 cases involves both virus-induced cell damage and secondary tissue damage due to a vicious cycle of dysregulated - hyperactive coagulation and inflammatory pathways that present as “a cytokine storm”, endothelial dysfunction, and “immunothrombosis”. Analysis of murine plasma analytes from infected mice revealed additional pathogenetic features resembling SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. High circulating D-dimer levels are now considered a main predictor of poor outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, we also observed a progressive increase of circulating D-dimer levels in the plasma of K18 hACE2 infected mice peaking at day 7 post infection, suggestive of a hypercoagulable state. Moreover, similar to humans, the increase in soluble thrombomodulin plasma concentration and its correlation with disease severity was indicative of endothelial activation and dysfunction in K18 hACE2 infected mice. SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced changes of coagulation and endothelial activation in mice resulted in a biphasic alteration of endothelial permeability where an initial increase in vascular permeability, peaking at day 5 post infection, was followed by a sudden decrease in Evan's blue dye extravasation in the lung parenchyma and characterized by the appearance of areas of hemorrhagic infarction indicative of thrombotic events. Altogether, our results identify the K18 hACE2 transgenic mouse as an important small animal model to study the molecular mechanisms involved in the derangement of the finely tuned interaction between the immune and coagulation systems associated with severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections. DisclosuresMosnier: Hematherix: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Coagulant Therapeutics: Research Funding.

The Effect of Mother-to-Baby Skin Contact on Decreasing Fever after DPT1/HB1/HIB1 Immunization in the Work Area of the Bancak Health Center, Semarang Regency

One of the immunizations included in the government program is DPT immunization. The side effect of DPT immunization is high fever which can be treated such as giving antipyretic drugs, increasing breast milk, and wiping or in warm water compresses (IDAI, 2011). The purpose of this study was to prove the effect of mother-to-child skin contact on reducing fever after DPT1/Hb1/Hib1 immunization in the Bancak Health Center, Semarang Regency. This research method uses a Quasi Experimental design with a Pretest-Posttest Non Equivalent Control Group Design. The population of this study was the number of infants who were immunized by DPT1/Hb1/Hib1 in the Work Area of the Bancak Health Center, Semarang Regency, as many as 63 babies. The technique used in this research is non-probability sampling with purposive sampling type. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the average decrease in body temperature of infants with fever after DPT1/Hb1/Hib1 immunization in the intervention group and the control group (p-value 0.001). It is hoped that families, health workers and the community can apply skin to skin in handling baby fever.

Association between preoperative toe perfusion index and maternal core temperature decrease during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundThe main mechanism of body temperature decrease during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia is core-to-peripheral redistribution of body heat, attributable to vasodilation. Perfusion index (PI) obtained with a pulse oximeter helps to assess peripheral perfusion dynamics by detecting the change in peripheral vascular tone. This study aimed to examine whether preoperative toe PI could predict the decrease in core temperature induced by spinal anesthesia during cesarean delivery.MethodsParturients undergoing scheduled cesarean delivery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia from September 2019 to March 2020 were enrolled in this single-center prospective cohort study. All parturients received 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (10 mg) with fentanyl (15 μg) intrathecally. A pulse oximeter probe was placed on the left second toe for continuous PI measurement. The 3 M™ Bair Hugger™ Temperature Monitoring System placed over the right temporal region was used to record core temperature over time. We evaluated the association between the maximum core temperature decrease, which is the primary outcome, and the preoperative toe PI at operating room (OR) admission using a segmented regression model (SRM) and a generalized additive model (GAM). The maximum core temperature decrease was defined as the difference between core temperature at OR admission and minimum intraoperative core temperature.ResultsForty-eight patients were evaluated. In the SRM, the slope for the association between the maximum core temperature decrease and the preoperative toe PI changed from 0.031 to 0.124 after PI = 2.4%. Likewise, with the GAM, there was a small core temperature decrease when preoperative toe PI was greater than 2.0 to 3.0%.ConclusionsLow preoperative toe PI was associated with maternal core temperature decrease during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Preoperative toe PI is a simple, non-invasive, and effective tool for the early prediction of perioperative core temperature decrease during cesarean delivery.Trial registrationUMIN Clinical Trials Registry (registry number: UMIN000037965).

Effect of prewarming on body temperature in short-term bladder or prostatic transurethral resection under general anesthesia: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

Perioperative hypothermia causes postoperative complications. Prewarming reduces body temperature decrease in long-term surgeries. We aimed to assess the effect of different time-periods of prewarming on perioperative temperature in short-term transurethral resection under general anesthesia. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in patients scheduled for bladder or prostatic transurethral resection under general anesthesia. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive no-prewarming or prewarming during 15, 30, or 45 min using a forced-air blanket in the pre-anesthesia period. Tympanic temperature was used prior to induction of anesthesia and esophageal temperature intraoperatively. Primary outcome was the difference in core temperature among groups from the induction of general anesthesia until the end of surgery. Repeated measures multivariate analysis of covariance modeled the temperature response at each observation time according to prewarming. We examined modeled contrasts between temperature variables in subjects according to prophylaxis. We enrolled 297 patients and randomly assigned 76 patients to control group, 74 patients to 15-min group, 73 patients to 30-min group, and 74 patients to the 45-min group. Temperature in the control group before induction was 36.5 ± 0.5 °C. After prewarming, core temperature was significantly higher in 15- and 30-min groups (36.8 ± 0.5 °C, p = 0.004; 36.7 ± 0.5 °C, p = 0.041, respectively). Body temperature at the end of surgery was significantly lower in the control group (35.8 ± 0.6 °C) than in the three prewarmed groups (36.3 ± 0.6 °C in 15-min, 36.3 ± 0.5 °C in 30-min, and 36.3 ± 0.6 °C in 45-min group) (p < 0.001). Prewarming prior to short-term transurethral resection under general anesthesia reduced the body temperature drop during the perioperative period. These time-periods of prewarming also reduced the rate of postoperative complications.Study Registration Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03630887).

Survivable hypothermia or torpor in a wild-living rat: rare insights broaden our understanding of endothermic physiology

Maintaining a high and stable body temperature as observed in endothermic mammals and birds is energetically costly. Thus, it is not surprising that we discover more and more heterothermic species that can reduce their energetic needs during energetic bottlenecks through the use of torpor. However, not all heterothermic animals use torpor on a regular basis. Torpor may also be important to an individual’s probability of survival, and hence fitness, when used infrequently. We here report the observation of a single, ~ 5.5 h long hypothermic bout with a decrease in body temperature by 12 °C in the native Australian bush rat (Rattus fuscipes). Our data suggest that bush rats are able to rewarm from a body temperature of 24 °C, albeit with a rewarming rate lower than that expected on the basis of their body mass. Heterothermy, i.e. the ability to withstand and overcome periods of reduced body temperature, is assumed to be an evolutionarily ancestral (plesiomorphic) trait. We thus argue that such rare hypothermic events in species that otherwise appear to be strictly homeothermic could be heterothermic rudiments, i.e. a less derived form of torpor with limited capacity for rewarming. Importantly, observations of rare and extreme thermoregulatory responses by wild animals are more likely to be discovered with long-term data sets and may not only provide valuable insight about the physiological capability of a population, but can also help us to understand the constraints and evolutionary pathways of different phenologies.

Pharmacogenetic excitation of the median raphe region affects social and depressive-like behavior and core body temperature in male mice

AimsMedian raphe region (MRR) is an important bottom-up regulatory center for various behaviors as well as vegetative functions, but detailed descriptions and links between the two are still largely unexplored. MethodsPharmacogenetics was used to study the role of MRR in social (sociability, social interaction, resident intruder test) and emotional behavior (forced swim test) parallel with some vegetative changes (biotelemetry: core body temperature). Additionally, to validate pharmacogenetics, the effect of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), the ligand of the artificial receptor, was studied by measuring (i) serum and brainstem concentrations of CNO and clozapine; (ii) MRR stimulation induced neurotransmitter release in hippocampus; (iii) CNO induced changes in body temperature and locomotor activity. Key findingsMRR stimulation decreased locomotion, increased friendly social behavior in the resident intruder test and enhanced depressive-like behavior. The latter was accompanied by diminished decrease in core body temperature. Thirty minutes after CNO injection clozapine was predominant in the brainstem. Nonetheless, peripheral CNO injection was able to induce glutamate release in the hippocampus. CNO had no immediate (<30 min) or chronic (repeated injections) effect on the body temperature or locomotion. SignificanceWe confirmed the role of MRR in locomotion, social and depressive-like behavior. Most interestingly, only depressive-like behavior was accompanied by changed body temperature regulation, which was also observed in human depressive disorders previously. This indicates clinical relevance of our findings. Despite low penetration, CNO acts centrally, but does not influence the examined basic parameters, being suitable for repeated behavioral testing.

CASE SERIES OF SEVERE ACCIDENTAL HYPOTHERMIC CARDIAC ARREST TREATED SUCCESSFULLY WITH CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS IN A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN UNITED KINGDOM

Introduction Accidental hypothermia is unintentional decrease in body temperature below 35°C. Severe hypothermia is when temperature drops below 28°C and have a high mortality rate. Methods Case 1 A 48 year old man suspected CVA fall into freezing canal. He was clinging on the side of canal. He developed cardiac arrest when retrieved by crew. Three unsuccessful shocks administered. His temperature was 21° C in ED. A midline sternotomy performed and CPB achieved. He was slowly rewarmed and acidosis corrected. When temperature was 27.5° C,internal DC Cardioversion delivered, reverted him to sinus rhythm. He was successfully weaned of CPB. Total CPB time was 4 hours and 38 min. The patient was extubated next day. He had mild dysarthria and expressive dysphasia. He was discharged to stoke unit on day 3 and improved after stroke rehabilitation. Case 2 A 53 year old female, with previous history of mental illness, found unresponsive adjacent to reservoir, with weighted bag and ankles tied with chains and padlocks. She had cardiac arrest and temperature recorded as 14.1°C. She was airlifted to ED. Initial ABG pH 7.23, Lactate 2.5 and K of 4.0. No shockable rhythm achieved. She was profoundly coagulopathic with INR>10, APTT ratio>5 and Fibrinogen level A femoro-femoral bypass was done. She was slowly rewarmed, coagulopathy and acidosis corrected. She was severely vasoplegic and developed pulmonary oedema. At temperature of 28°C, developed sinus rhythm. She was successfully weaned off CPB after six hours with high doses of vasopressors. She developed TRALI and was ventilated for 12 days. She was confused, withdrawn and non-engaging with staff, with no focal neurological signs and a normal EEG. She received mental health support and rehabilitation and was discharged to a mental health unit on day 30. Results Severe accidental hypothermia is associated with high mortality rate ranging from 30-80% [1]. The neurological outcomes of the survivors are usually good, when the reason for cardiac arrest is not asphyxia. There are retrospective observational studies suggesting prognostic indicators which may predict survival on admission to hospital. Hyperkalemia, pH 400, increased ammonia levels and raised PaCO2 are bad prognostic indicators. A study by Eich et al showed that early initiation of basic life support, hypokalemia, female gender and slow rewarming to be indicators of superior outcomes. CPB is recommended for hypothermic patients in arrest and for patients with core temperatures lower than 25°C. CPB and ECMO has encouraging survival rate of unto 63%. CPB ensures controlled gradual increase in core body temperature and adequate tissue oxygenation. Discussion This case series demonstrates successful recovery with good neurological outcome from severe accidental hypothermic cardiac arrest with CPB in our institution over one year period. For severe hypothermia, CPB is extremely useful treatment device. The prognostic indicators are unclear and more evidence is required.

Development of the Inactivated QazCovid-in Vaccine: Protective Efficacy of the Vaccine in Syrian Hamsters.

In March 2020, the first cases of the human coronavirus disease COVID-19 were registered in Kazakhstan. We isolated the SARS-CoV-2 virus from clinical materials from some of these patients. Subsequently, a whole virion inactivated candidate vaccine, QazCovid-in, was developed based on this virus. To develop the vaccine, a virus grown in Vero cell culture was used, which was inactivated with formaldehyde, purified, concentrated, sterilized by filtration, and then adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide gel particles. The formula virus and adjuvant in buffer saline solution were used as the vaccine. The safety and protective effectiveness of the developed vaccine were studied in Syrian hamsters. The results of the studies showed the absolute safety of the candidate vaccine in the Syrian hamsters. When studying the protective effectiveness, the developed vaccine with an immunizing dose of 5 μg/dose specific antigen protected animals from a wild homologous virus at a dose of 104.5 TCID50/mL. The candidate vaccine induced the formation of virus-neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated hamsters at titers of 3.3 ± 1.45 log2 to 7.25 ± 0.78 log2, and these antibodies were retained for 6 months (observation period) for the indicated titers. No viral replication was detected in vaccinated hamsters, protected against the development of acute pneumonia, and ensured 100% survival of the animals. Further, no replicative virus was isolated from the lungs of vaccinated animals. However, a virulent virus was isolated from the lungs of unvaccinated animals at relatively high titers, reaching 4.5 ± 0.7 log TCID50/mL. After challenge infection, 100% of unvaccinated hamsters showed clinical symptoms (stress state, passivity, tousled coat, decreased body temperature, and body weight, and the development of acute pneumonia), with 25 ± 5% dying. These findings pave the way for testing the candidate vaccine in clinical human trials.

Relationship between Spinal Anesthesia and Hypothermia Incidence among Post Operative Patients in the Operating Recovery Room "JIH" Hospital Yogyakarta

Introduction: Complications of surgery may lead the patient to experience ill and even death. One of the complications in the patient after surgery with spinal anesthesia is the incidence of hypothermia. Hypothermia can occur as a result of a combination of anesthesia and surgery that causes disturbance in body temperature regulation that can make decreasing body temperature. Method: This research uses a descriptive correlational method with a retrospective approach, with total sampling technique amount of 106 respondents, using a checklist sheet research instrument.Data analysis techniques spearman rank. Results: The characteristics of surgery patients with spinal anesthesia in the operating room of Yogyakarta "JIH" Hospital were mostly female, 87.9%, most of whom were adults 74.1%, the highest frequency of surgery with spinal anesthesia duration &gt;2 hours 55.7% and had an incidence of hypothermia 54.7%. Correlational statistical analysis obtained a Cramer's value of 0.371, a correlation coefficient value of 0.348 with a probability value (p-value) of 0.000. Conclusion: There is a relationship between spinal anesthesia and hypothermia incidence among postoperative patients in the operating recovery room "JIH" Hospital Yogyakarta. The direction of the correlation is positive and closeness is sufficient.

Isolation, Characterization and Phytochemical Evaluation of Active Compound Coumarin from Oldenlandia corymbosa (Linn)

Medicinal plants have served through ages, as a constant source of medicaments for the exposure of a variety of diseases. Plants are known to provide cures for various human illnesses and are a rich source of phyto constituents having diversified pharmacological properties. Oldenlandia corymbosa (L.) (syn. Hedyotis corymbosa Lam., Thai name Ya-Lin-Ngu), a member of the family Rubiaceae, is widely distributed in tropical regions of Asia. The decoction of whole plants is used in traditional medicine for antipyretic purposes to decrease body temperature. Pharmacologically, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties of plant extracts have been reported. This plant is well known to contain mainly iridoid glucosides. The whole plant contains reducing sugars, amino acids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides and alkaloids. The present aim of the study is to extraction and isolation of bioactive compound from Oldenlandia corymbosa (L.). The isolation and characterization analysis included, Thin Layer Chromatography, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, GC-MS and Spectroscopy studies (IR, NMR, and MASS). The presences of coumarin in the methanolic fraction revealed that the isolated constituent is most active compound. Isolation of bioactive compound coumarin may help in identification of various pharmacological activities and carrying out further research in Oldenlandia corymbosa (L.).

Heating pad vs. infusion warmer to prevent hypothermia in intraopera-tive patients: which one is more effective?

Background: The use of heating pads and infusion warmers on intraoperative patients has been proven to prevent hypothermia. However, the differences in the effectiveness of the two methods have not been studied.Purpose: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of a heating pad and infusion warmer in preventing hypothermia (decreased body temperature and the incidence of shivering) in intraoperative patients.Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental design by a Posttest-Only Design with Nonequivalent Groups. The populations in this study were surgical patients with regional anesthesia, with a total sample of 64 respondents (32 respondents in the heating pad group and 32 respondents in the infusion warmer group) selected randomly. The incidence of hypothermia was perceived from two indicators: a decrease in body temperature and the prevalence of shivering, which was observed and recorded during the intraoperative period. The data were analyzed by discrimination tests (mean discrimination test and proportion discrimination test) to determine the difference in the effectiveness of the two groups.Results: The average decrease in body temperature during the intraoperative period (0-40 minutes of operation) in the group given the infusion warmer was greater than the group given the heating pad (p&lt;0.001). The group given the infusion warmer was 8.750 times more likely to experience shivering than the group given the heating pad (p&lt;0.001; OR=8.750).Conclusion: Using a heating pad is better in preventing hypothermia in intraoperative patients than using an infusion warmer.

Echolocation call frequencies of bats vary with body temperature and weather conditions

Many animals vary their acoustic signals with weather conditions to ensure sufficient range of signal transmission as atmospheric attenuation increases (the atmospheric attenuation change hypothesis). However, few studies have considered the effects of weather conditions on the vocalizations of endotherms via the effects on their physiological condition (the physiological change hypothesis). In the present study, we directly linked weather conditions to changes in bats' body temperatures and to their echolocation call frequencies. We found a significantly positive correlation between body temperatures and call frequencies among individuals of the great leaf-nosed bat, Hipposideros armiger , in the wild. We then monitored changes in body temperature and call frequency of H. armiger over an hour at an ambient temperature of about 11 °C. The bats emitted echolocation calls of lower frequencies with decreasing body temperature caused by decreased ambient temperature, supporting the physiological change hypothesis. We also investigated changes in body temperature and echolocation call frequencies for H. armiger from summer to winter. The bats’ body temperatures decreased with decreasing ambient temperature. However, echolocation call frequencies increased significantly. A linear mixed-effects model suggested that the change in atmospheric attenuation rather than body temperature had a significant effect on the call frequency, supporting the atmospheric attenuation change hypothesis. Overall, our results suggested that weather conditions can affect the echolocation signals of bats via the effects on their body temperature and on atmospheric attenuation. When both effects coexist, weather-induced adjustments in the echolocation signals could be more likely to be driven by the atmospheric attenuation effect. • Call frequency is correlated with body temperature among individuals in H. armiger . • Body temperature and call frequency decrease at low (constant) ambient temperature. • Seasonal variation in weather conditions causes a decrease in body temperature. • Call frequency is negatively correlated with atmospheric attenuation.