Decomposition Of Methylene Blue Research Articles

Removal and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue on ZrO2 thin films modified with Anderson-Polioxometalates (Cr3+, Co3+, Cu2+): An experimental and theoretical study

In this work, several ZrO2 thin films modified with Anderson-type polyoxomolybdates (POMs) with general formula (NH4)6-n[XMo6O24H6]-6+n where X = Co3+, Cr3+ and, Cu2+ were prepared. Thin films were characterized through SEM and EDX assay, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) assay. The optical bandgap of ZrO2 thin films was determined to be 3.25 eV, while the modified thin films showed a red shift in the optical activity compared with bare ZrO2 thin films. Methylene Blue (MB) adsorption studies showed that Freundlich isotherm describes properly the experimental data for modified-ZrO2 thin films. Besides, the kinetic results showed the MB adsorption of modified-ZrO2 thin films was superior to bare ZrO2 thin film. The adsorption rate values (K2) of the pseudo-second order model follow these trend ZrO2/CrPOM > ZrO2/CoPOM > ZrO2/CuPOM > ZrO2. The photocatalytic activity of the thin films for MB decomposition under UV and Visible irradiation was studied. Among all the catalysts, the ZrO2 thin films showed the lowest photocatalytic degradation rate kap value (kap = 1.5 × 10−3 min−1), while the best result was obtained for ZrO2/CrPOM thin films (kap = 5.7 × 10−3 min−1) under UV irradiation. Besides, this was the only catalyst efficiently active in MB degradation under visible irradiation, these materials reach 10.4 % after 100 min under visible irradiation. Finally, chemical calculations supported the observed results, by means of TDDFT, EDA analysis, Fukui function and periodic DFT calculations.

Visible light-induced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye using pure phase bismuth ferrite nanoparticles

The degradation of organic dyes in wastewater has become a significant environmental issue, requiring the development of degradation technologies that are both effective and environmentally friendly. The present study employed the sol-gel approach to synthesize nanoparticles of phase pure bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3). The nanoparticles were assessed for their ability to efficiently degrade methylene blue (MB) dye, especially under visible light irradiation. The X-ray diffractogram (XRD) confirmed the formation of BiFeO3 nanoparticles, with an average crystallite size of 48 nm. The material's band gap, with a value of 1.84 eV, demonstrates its capacity to effectively absorb light, including wavelengths within the visible spectrum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to identify porous aggregated particles. Both Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirm the successful synthesis of pure BiFeO3 in the desired phase. The BiFeO3 photocatalyst exhibited a significant surface area and isotherms of type IV, a characteristic typically observed in mesoporous materials, as determined by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The efficacy of BiFeO3 nanoparticles in facilitating the decomposition of MB in a water-based solution was evaluated by visible light photocatalysis. An efficiency degradation of 98.49 % was recorded for MB within 2 h.

Synthesis of porous TiO2 and Fe-doped TiO2 films for photocatalysis by a cooling enhanced plasma electrolytic oxidation approach

Porous TiO2 films are widely used in photocatalysis for pollutant remediation and synthetic chemistry applications, and the homogeneity and stability of the films are important parameters. Here, we show that porous TiO2 and Fe-doped TiO2 (Fe-TiO2) films on Ti foils with homogeneous structure and well-controlled doping can be synthesized by a cooling enhanced plasma electrolytic oxidation (CPEO) method. The anatase content within pristine TiO2 films and the concentration of Fe dopant in Fe-TiO2 films can be manipulated by simply adjusting the synthetic parameters, leading to an optimum photocatalytic performance under both UV and visible light irradiation for the decomposition of methylene blue.

Syzygium cumini-mediated synthesis of rGO/Ag-Au nanostructures: Efficient catalysts for rapid degradation of organic dyes

BackgroundThe increasing human health risk caused by contamination of water by both natural and synthetic dye pollutants has become a crucial issue and poses an immense urge to find a sustainable approach for the removal of dye contaminants from wastewater. Photocatalysis performed in the presence of nanomaterials holds huge promise as an efficient and environmentally safe oxidation technology for organic dye removal from waste water. MethodsOur preparation methodology utilizes the extract derived from the endocarp of Syzygium cumini (SC) effects for concurrent reduction of GO and metal ions to form rGO/Ag-Au. The prepared rGO/Ag-Au nanostructures effectively breakdown organic dye pollutants like methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes. Significant findingsA robust interaction between the rGO matrix and the Ag-Au nanoparticles was established by structural characterization, while morphological investigation displayed the nanoscale Ag-Au particles uniformly coated over the rGO sheet surface. The catalytic efficiency of the rGO/Ag-Au nanocomposite toward methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) chromophores decomposition was assessed with the aid of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The decoration of well-spaced Ag-Au nanoparticles over the rGO sheet created firm catalytic active sites in the rGO/Ag-Au composite. With the improved catalytic active surface, the MB/MO dye was completely removed in a very short time of 2.5 to 5 min. The rGO/Ag-Au composite exhibited exceptional catalytic prowess in the disintegration of both dyes, leading to complete degradation. The remarkable efficacy in the dye degradation process can be attributed to the predominance of both electrostatic as well as π-π interactions between the nanocomposite and the dyes. As a result, the current study has developed an easy-to-use and green method for creating rGO/Ag-Au composites, offering a workable way to dispose of hazardous organic dyes in an affordable and efficient way.

The Photocatalytic Activity of the Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO-TiO2 Glass Coating

Due to the low melting temperature, the glazes based on the Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO system are used as coatings on the surface of industrial glass substrates. Moreover, the composition of these coatings does not contain PbO, meeting the optical and environmental properties requirements. In this study, TiO2 was used in the Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO glaze system to improve its photocatalytic ability. This can be considered a four – component glass system Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO-TiO2. The heating microscopy results show that the melting temperature of the glaze system is 606 °C. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results show that the TiO2 polyhedra are located independently in the structure without participating in forming a glass network. Thanks to that, the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 are maintained. The X-ray diffraction patterns results show that the formed TiO2 nanocrystals are rutile and anatase crystals. The results of determining the band gap energy using UV-Vis show that the band gap energy of the base glaze system increases with the addition of TiO2. The methylene blue decomposition results also showed that the ability to decompose organic increased when TiO2 was added to the glaze coating. The characteristics such as melting temperature, microstructure, and photocatalytic capacity of Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO-TiO2 white glazes (5 and 10 % weight of TiO2) also were indicated in this paper.

Boosted solar-driven photocatalysis: silver molybdate/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for methylene blue decomposition

Boosted solar-driven photocatalysis: silver molybdate/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for methylene blue decomposition

Efficient synthesis and characterization of novel BiVO4/ZnO/graphene composites to study enhanced photocatalytic activity for organic pollutant degradation

This study reports the efficient synthesis and thorough characterization of novel graphene doped BiVO4/ZnO nanocomposites. Among these doping percentages, 3% BVZO/G is optimized composite as it shows the highest photocatalytic performance i–e 98% and 95% among all the doping percentages. Under the visible light exposure λ⩾420nm , the decomposition of tetracycline (TC) and methylene blue has been studied to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the prepared composites. The characterization techniques such as photoluminescence spectroscopy, UV visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared have been used to investigate the optical, structural, morphological, and vibrational properties respectively. The findings of the research indicate that the doping of graphene resulted in enhanced absorption of visible light and efficient mitigation of charge carrier recombination. To check the stability of optimized photocatalyst, reusability test has been performed. Additionally, role of active species has been examined using different scavengers in trapping experiment. By understanding the composite material for the enhanced photocatalysis, the results of this research help to design a sustainable and efficient photocatalyst.

Electron structure and photocatalytic properties of (Na/K)VMoO6 nanosuspensions

Electron structure features of nanopowders with composition of (Na/K)VMoO6 have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The dispositions of valence edge and conduction band were determined experimentally for vacuum condition by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–visible and impedance spectroscopy and evaluated theoretically for water solutions. The additional absorbance band in the band gap has been found for both compounds, which leads to electron conductivity at low-temperature range (250–350 °C). Nanopowders have been prepared by sol-gel method with further ground in the planetary mill. Prepared powders in water solution have formed nanosuspension with size's particle up to 100 nm for NaVMoO6 and 400 nm for KVMoO6, which is hardly sedimentated. The highly effective photocatalytic ability under visible light irradiation of the prepared compounds was observed using methylene blue decomposition process. The almost full methylene blue (20 mg/L) degradation is observed during 30 min for 10 mg of the photocatalysts. The investigation of possible dye degradation pathway has showed the high depth of decomposition.

Structural properties and photocatalytic activity of amorphous-crystalline TiO2 thin films

TiO2-coated glass plates were prepared by dip coating using TiO2 coating sol with a mixed amorphous and crystalline structure. These samples were dried at 100°C or calcined at 500°C, which were referred to as MT and CT, respectively. The TiO2 thin films on glass plates were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area measurement, scanning electron microscopy, and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectra. The TiO2 thin films of MT samples had mixed amorphous and crystalline structures, while those of CT samples had only crystalline structures. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was investigated on the basis of methylene blue (MB) decomposition under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation. In the dark stabilization, MT samples had a higher MB adsorption capacity than CT samples. MT samples had a smaller amount of anatase TiO2 than CT samples, but both glass plate samples showed the same MB photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet light irradiation. We presumed that these results were because the amorphous-crystalline TiO2 thin films had a high specific surface area, so they had more adsorption and active sites. Under visible light irradiation, only the MT samples had photocatalytic activity, which can be attributed to their high visible light absorbance, which may be due to their peroxo groups, disordered structure, and larger specific surface area.

Pitch/Metal Oxide Composite Fibers via Electrospinning for Environmental Applications

This study investigates the synthesis and application of composite electrospun fibers incorporating coal tar pitch (CTP) and various nanomaterial additives, with a specific focus on their potential for eco-bio-applications. The research underscores the environmentally viable aspects of CTP following a thermal treatment process that eliminates volatile components and sulfur, rendering it amenable for fiber electrospinning and subsequent carbonization. Composite fibers were fabricated by integrating CTP with nanomaterials, including nickel oxide (NiO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), activated carbon (AC), and magnetite (Fe3O4). The C/NiO composite fibers exhibit notable acetone sensing capabilities, specifically displaying a rapid response time of 40.6 s to 100 ppm acetone at 220 °C. The C/TiO2 composite fibers exhibit a distinct “beads-on-a-string” structure and demonstrate a high efficiency of 96.13% in methylene blue decomposition, highlighting their potential for environmental remediation applications. Additionally, the C/AC composite fibers demonstrate effective adsorption properties, efficiently removing manganese (II) ions from aqueous solutions with an 88.62% efficiency, thereby suggesting their utility in water purification applications. This research employs an interdisciplinary approach by combining diverse methods, approaches, and materials, including the utilization of agricultural waste materials such as rice husks, to create composite materials with multifaceted applications. Beyond the immediate utility of the composite fibers, this study emphasizes the significance of deploying environmentally responsible materials and technologies to address pressing eco-bio-challenges.

Designing g-C3N4/ZnCo2O4 nanocoposite as a promising photocatalyst for photodegradation of MB under visible-light excitation: Response surface methodology (RSM) optimization and modeling

Creating a Z-scheme heterojunction system can enhance the efficiency of separating and transporting charge carriers responsible for degrading pollutants. Hence, in this study, ZnCo2O4 was combined with g-C3N4 through a straightforward approach to create a novel Z-scheme heterogeneous nanocomposite. Various techniques were employed to inspect the photocatalysts' crystallinity, morphology, chemical composition, functional groups, band structure, and electrochemical properties. The Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue reveals that the catalytic activity of g-C3N4/ZnCo2O4 nanocomposite (414 × 10−4 min−1) is considerably greater than that of the individual building units (g-C3N4: 45.7 × 10−4 min−1 and ZnCo2O4 79.5 × 10−4 min−1). The impact of operational parameters such as photocatalyst dosage (mg), pH, and dye concentration (ppm) on the photodegradation ability of the nanocomposite g-C3N4/ZnCo2O4 was assessed and optimized based on response surface methodology and central composite design model. The highest level of degradation, reaching 99%, was gained in the optimal condition, including pH = 7, 90 mg of g-C3N4/ZnCo2O4 photocatalyst, and 5 ppm of MB. The photoluminescence and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results revealed that the significant attenuation of the generated electron-hole pair recombination increased the nanocomposite photocatalytic performance. Also, extensive solar light absorption and adaptation of the band structures of the two semiconductors resulted in increased photocatalytic activity. The addition of scavengers to the photocatalytic test environment showed the importance of the contribution of each active species in the decomposition of methylene blue. The heterojunction photocatalytic system showed good reproducibility and reusability in the reaction solution.

Silver decoration of Cr2O3 nanoparticles: Facile preparation of Cr2O3 nanoparticles and Ag–Cr2O3 nanocomposites and characterization of their antibacterial activity and ability to photocatalytically degrade organic wastes under visible light

An eco-friendly, single-step process was adopted for the preparation of Cr2O3 nanoparticles (CR-NPs), and different concentrations of Ag were doped into the CR-NPs through liquid impregnation to synthesize a series of Ag-CRNPs composites. In order to prevent agglomeration, chemical transformation, and weak adhesion of Ag to CR-NPs, a mechanical process of circular-motion grinding and high-temperature treatment in a sealed condition were used. Well-defined heterojunctions were successfully formed between Ag and CR-NPs. In comparison to the CR-NPs, the Ag-doped CR-NP composites exhibited excellent performance in photocatalytic and antibacterial applications. Under visible light (VL), the best-performing composite (2 %-Ag decorated CR-NPs) showed 96 %, 79 %, and 57 % decomposition of methylene blue, Congo red, and tetracycline, respectively, in 100 min, which was attributed to a synergetic effect in the composites. The rate constant of the photocatalytic reaction is 14 times higher than that of the reaction without a photocatalyst. The enhanced efficiency was attributed to a reduced bandgap, prolonged retention of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, an increased amount of active spots, and increased absorption of VL. Similarly, the best-performing composite exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with zones of inhibition of 15.4 and 15.1 mm, respectively. The 2 %-Ag decorated CR-NPs were the most efficient and exhibited robust recyclability until the fifth cycle (≥90 %). The photocatalytic activity was primarily driven by reactive oxygen species, holes and hydroxyl radicals.

Methylene blue decomposition in visible light by CaTiO3/g-C3N4 nanorods produced by the methanol mixing method

In recent years, research on using photocatalysts for solar energy has attracted much attention. In this study, g-C3N4 nanorods and CaTiO3 nanocuboids were mixed with methanol to produce g-C3N4 nanorods by molten salt synthesis; CaTiO3 nanocuboids were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. These two types of particles were then mixed by adding them to methanol and stirring. The methanol mixing method dispersed the aggregated g-C3N4 nanorods, allowing them to bind more closely to the CaTiO3 particles. Methylene blue degradation by visible light was used to evaluate the organic degradation of the mixed particles. The composite particles showed excellent degradation ability for the removal of methylene blue.

Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Coupled with Cobalt Oxyhydroxide for Methylene Blue Degradation.

In this study, the coupled use of a double dielectric barrier discharge (DDBD) and CoOOH catalyst was investigated for the degradation of methylene blue (MB). The results indicated that the addition of CoOOH significantly promoted MB degradation performance compared to the DDBD system alone. In addition, both the removal rate and energy efficiency increased with an increase in CoOOH dosage and discharge voltage. After 30 min of discharge treatment in the coupled system (with CoOOH of 150 mg), the removal rate reached 97.10% when the discharge voltage was 12 kV, which was 1.92 times that in the single DDBD system. And when the discharge time was 10 min, the energy efficiency could reach 0.10 g (k·Wh)-1, which was 3.19 times better than the one in the single DDBD system. Furthermore, the addition of CoOOH could also significantly enhance the TOC and COD removal rates of MB. In the DDBD-coupled-with-CoOOH system, TOC and COD were 1.97 times and 1.99 times those of the single DDBD system after 20 min of discharge treatment with a discharge voltage of 12 kV and 100 mg of CoOOH. The main active substances detected in the coupled system indicated the conversion of the active species H2O2 and O3 into a more oxidizing ·OH was enhanced through the addition of a CoOOH catalyst, resulting in the more effective decomposition of MB and intermediate molecules.

Spontaneous degradation of methylene blue adsorbed on magnetic biochars

Methylene blue (MB) is one of the most widely studied organic molecules in the treatment of wastewater. Sorption, biodegradation, photodegradation, electrochemical oxidation, ozonation, and other advanced oxidative processes are frequently used to remove this dye from water solutions. The unexpected degradation of MB adsorbed on magnetic biochar from aqueous solution was observed. We found that the conditions of handling, such as drying temperature and storage period, substantially influenced the stability of the dye fixed on the (magnetic) carbon adsorbents. Twelve substances were identified by mass spectrometry as products of decomposition, mostly demethylated, oxidated, and hydroxylated substances. The decomposition of MB was further investigated using non-magnetic carbon biochars and aluminosilicate mineral zeolite. Our findings of the spontaneous decomposition of MB and the identification of the species of degradation offer a new approach to evaluate the mechanism of adsorption, the process of regeneration, and the toxicity of treated solutions.

Synthesization and Photocatalytic Activity Evaluation of Float-Type g-C3N4 Microtubes

Float-type g-C3N4 microtubes were created by hydrothermal method and calcination using g-C3N4. Substances after hydrothermal synthesis and float-type g-C3N4 microtubes were investigated by XRD and SEM. The photocatalytic activity of float-type g-C3N4 microtubes was evaluated by methylene blue decomposition. According to these results, the substance, such as a needle, was found to have the same crystal structure as g-C3N4. In addition, it was confirmed that the needle-like substance was hollow inside, according to the SEM result. This substance can float on water. Therefore, Float type g-C3N4 microtubes can receive more light, and the decomposition rate has increased compared to g-C3N4.

Magnetic Manganese‐Based Micromotors MnFe2O4@Fe3O4/graphite and Mn2O3@Fe2O3@Fe3O4/graphite for Organic Pollutant Degradation

AbstractWastewater pollution with organic compounds poses a serious threat to human health. One of the possible methods for solving these problems can be the use of micro/nanomotors. Among them, manganese‐based micro/nanomotors have a number of important advantages related to high catalytic activity, powerful motion, and low cost. Due to their mobility, micro/nanomotors promote an increase in the intensity of mass transfer in the reacting system. When introducing ferromagnetic elements into manganese‐based micro/nanomotors, it is possible not only to increase their motion speed, but also to make their motion more controllable. Herein, for the first time it demonstrates a synthesis method for MnFe2O4@Fe3O4/graphite and Mn2O3@Fe2O3@Fe3O4/graphite magnetic catalytic micromotors, which have remarkable photocatalytic properties. Micromotors are clusters of nanoparticles whose motion in a hydrogen peroxide solution in a non‐uniform magnetic field is caused by the action of magnetic force and self‐diffusiophoresis. Nanoparticles are synthesized by the plasma‐arc method with subsequent annealing in the air. When changing the annealing temperature, the catalytic and magnetic properties of nanoparticles can vary within a wide range of values. Micromotors MnFe2O4@Fe3O4/graphite have the most optimal catalytic and magnetic properties. The results of the research show that these micromotors are effective catalysts in the decomposition of methylene blue.

Synthesis of Polystyrene@TiO2 Core–Shell Particles and Their Photocatalytic Activity for the Decomposition of Methylene Blue

In this study, we investigated the preparation conditions of polystyrene (PS)@TiO2 core–shell particles and their photocatalytic activity during the decomposition of methylene blue (MB). TiO2 shells were formed on the surfaces of PS particles using the sol–gel method. Homogeneous PS@TiO2 core–shell particles were obtained using an aqueous NH3 solution as the promoter of the sol–gel reaction and stirred at room temperature. This investigation revealed that the temperature and amount of the sol–gel reaction promoter influenced the morphology of the PS@TiO2 core–shell particles. The TiO2 shell thickness of the PS@TiO2 core–shell particles was approximately 5 nm, as observed using transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, Ti elements were detected on the surfaces of the PS@TiO2 core–shell particles using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The PS@TiO2 core–shell particles were used in MB decomposition to evaluate their photocatalytic activities. For comparison, we utilized commercial P25 and TiO2 particles prepared using the sol–gel method. The results showed that the PS@TiO2 core–shell particles exhibited higher activity than that of the compared samples.

Supported TiO2-ZnWO4 Photocatalytic Nanofibrous Membranes for Flow-Through and Fixed-Bed Reactors.

We developed utilization models of supported electrospun TiO2-ZnWO4 photocatalytic nanofibrous membranes for air and water purifications using a noncomplex system with facile adaptation for large-scale processes. For this uniquely designed and multimode catalyst, ZnWO4 is selected for a visible light activity, while TiO2 is incorporated to enhance physical stability. Morphological structures of the TiO2-ZnWO4 membrane are characterized by scanning electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The distinguished growth of ZnWO4 nanorods at the surface of the TiO2-ZnWO4 membrane is revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The relaxation process and charge transfer mechanism are proposed following the examination of interface and band gap (2.76 eV) between TiO2 and ZnWO4 particles via HR-TEM and UV-vis spectrophotometry. For the gas-phase reaction, a transparent photocatalytic converter is designed to support the pleated TiO2-ZnWO4 membrane for toluene decomposition under visible light. To obtain a crack-free and homogeneous fiber structure of the pleated TiO2-ZnWO4 membrane, 1 h of nanofibrous membrane fabrication via a Nanospider machine is required. On the other hand, a fiberglass-supported TiO2-ZnWO4 membrane is fabricated as a fixed-bed photocatalyst membrane for methylene blue decomposition under natural sunlight. It is observed that using the calcination temperature at 800 °C results in the formation of metal complexes between fiber glass and the TiO2-ZnWO4 membrane. The TiO2-ZnWO4 membrane successfully decomposes toluene vapor up to 40% under a continuous-flow circumstance in a borosilicate photocatalytic converter and 70% for methylene blue in solution within 3 h. Finally, the mechanically robust and supported TiO2-ZnWO4 nanofibrous membranes are proven for an alternate potential in environmental remediation.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Fe-Doped Cadmium Oxide Showed Bactericidal Behavior and Highly Efficient Visible Light Photocatalysis.

Cationic dyes present in industrial effluents significantly reduce the effectiveness of remediation operations. Considering the terrible impact of these pollutants on environment and biodiversity, investigating strategies to remove potentially harmful compounds from water is becoming an increasingly intriguing issue. In this work, we employed a simple hydrothermal technique to synthesize Fe-doped CdO (2, 4, and 6 wt %) nanostructures and assessed their efficacy in degrading methylene blue (MB) dye and inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Structural, morphological, and optical characterization of produced nanomaterials was also performed using X-ray diffraction, TEM, and UV absorption spectra. The photocatalytic decomposition of MB was significantly enhanced (58.8%) by using Fe (6 wt %)-doped CdO catalysts for 80 min under irradiation. In addition, 2.05-5.05 mm inhibitory zones were seen against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus), whereas the range for Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) was 1.65-2.75 mm. These nanostructures were shown to be very effective inhibitors of beta-lactamase, d-alanine-d-alanine ligase B, and fatty acid synthase inhibitor by in silico molecular docking investigations.