Decline In Agricultural Production Research Articles

Watershed-Based Participatory Sustainable Land Management using Integrated physical SWC Measure in Ilasa Watershed of Goba District, Bale Highland South-Eastern Ethiopia

Soil erosion is among the most challenging and continuous environmental problems in the highlands of Bale particularly in Ilasa Watershed of Goba District. Soil erosion which emanates from both anthropogenic and natural causes currently results decline in agricultural productivity, crop production on the other hand increases downstream flooding and reservoir sedimentation, and loss of valuable plant nutrients. Soil and water conservation (SWC) practices have been carried out to solve land degradation and erosion severity problems in the Ilasa Watershed through participatory approaches the objective of this study was to implement integrated physical SWC practices through participatory approach in the Ilasa watersheds; to rehabilitate degraded watershed using different physical SWC measures and to minimize the risk of soil erosion and increasing soil depth by trapping sediment loss from Ilasa watershed. Hence, different participatory integrated watershed management practices were introduced in the Ilasa watershed for five consecutive years to avert the problem of soil erosion. Community participatory in integrated watershed management particularly soil and water conservation measures interventions for degraded rehabilitation and gulley treatment were capacitated through training, practical field works, and researchable materials support. Awareness creation, increasing knowledge and skill of farmers, providing technical and resource supports, and implementing slope based appropriate SWC structure could help sustainable land management that ensures environmental quality and food security in the study area as well as in the other areas having related biophysical and socioeconomic settings. Among the major types of physical SWC structures and gulley rehabilitation structures constructed in the study watershed were soil bund; stone bund; stone-faced soil bund and cut-off drains, gully reshaping and filling, brushwood check dam, loose stone check dame, sandbag check dam ...

Understanding Farmers Perception of Climate Change to Prepare Adaptation of Farmers

The impact of climate change has resulted in a decline in agricultural productivity. This study estimated farmers’ perceptions of climate change by comparing Imogiri Sub-district represent highland area and Pundong Sub-district deputize lowland area farmers in Bantul Regency. This study collected data using questionnaires to 79 respondents then analysis by likerts scale and descriptive statistical. The results showed that there six indicators of climate change became farmers’ perceptions. The farmers perception on highland regarding climate change is that 54% of farmers feel a decrease in rainfall, 54% feel drought, 55.2% feel a longer dry season, 60.8% feel reduced water sources, 74.4% feel a decrease in crop quality and 73.2% feel a decrease in crop quantity. At the same time, the perception of farmers in the lowland area regarding climate change is 66.9% of farmers feel a decrease in rainfall, 68.28% feel drought, 71.03% feel a longer dry season, 68.28% feel reduced water sources, 77.93% feel a decrease in crop quality and 77.93% feel a decrease in crop quantity. The importance of farmers’ perceptions of climate change may be used to adaptation from climate change. Understanding farmers’ perceptions can aid the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity.

Improvement of Saline Soil Properties and Brassica rapa L. Growth Using Biofertilizers

The decline in agricultural productivity because of soil salinization has become a global problem in recent years. Biofertilizers show great potential for soil improvement as a sustainable strategy; however, their effectiveness in improving saline soils and enhancing plant growth under saline stress is poorly understood. We assessed the effectiveness of biofertilizers in improving saline soils and enhancing crop growth under saline stress and investigated the related potential mechanisms. Changes in soil physicochemical properties, plant physiological parameters, and soil microbial communities were analyzed using pot experiments. The results showed that biofertilizer application reduced total soluble salts in the soil by 30.8% and increased Brassica rapa L. biomass by 8.4 times. Biofertilizer application increased soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus by 56.1%, 57.0%, and 290%, respectively. Simultaneously, superoxide dismutase, catalase, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total soluble sugar, and proline levels also increased by 89.5%, 140%, 110%, 190%, and 130%, respectively. Biofertilizers increased the abundance of Bacillus and Planococcus and decreased the abundance of Mortierella and Aspergillus, which could potentially be the underlying reason for the promotion of plant growth. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of biofertilizers in improving saline soils and that the application of biofertilizer could greatly promote agricultural production.

The impact of microplastics on yield and economic losses in selected agricultural food commodities

AbstractIn the realm of the global economy, agriculture holds a prominent status, acting as a vital source of employment and revenue for nations. Despite its crucial role, the agricultural sector contends with recurrent annual losses attributable to market fluctuations. One noteworthy contributor to the decline in agricultural productivity is the adverse impact of microplastics (MPs). This study aims to estimate the production losses suffered by key crops—rice, wheat, maize, tomato, and peas—due to MPs, along with the resulting economic consequences arising from the direct damage inflicted by MPs. To assess production losses caused by MPs, secondary data from diverse sources were employed for five plant varieties. The economic losses resulting from MPs were calculated for the period spanning 2017–2023, with cumulative data aggregated from all states. The study's findings indicate that the presence of MPs corresponds to an annual global output decline ranging from 0.4% to 34.7%. This decline translates to a reduction of approximately 0.01 million to 66.97 million tons per year in the production of food, fiber, and biofuels. The aggregate yearly economic losses are estimated at around USD 46.5 billion. These findings carry substantial implications for governmental policy in the agricultural domain, underscoring the necessity for current statistics on global losses incurred due to MPs. Moreover, they emphasize the importance of implementing a systematic surveillance system to monitor such losses effectively.

Examining limitations and future directions in climate change simulation models

Climate change refers to significant alterations in long-term climate conditions. If greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, there is a high probability of exceeding the 1.5°C and 2° thresholds of global warming throughout the 21st century. This situation poses a serious threat to the agriculture sector and can lead to a decline in agricultural production and a reduction in product quality. Additionally, intensive farming practices can decrease the resilience of agriculture. This study aims to examine the effects of climate change on the agriculture sector, explain the concept of modeling and the parameters that can be measured, provide guidance on how modeling studies on alfalfa, and similar crops can be improved by identifying their shortcomings. The modeling method is used in many different fields by creating abstract representations of real-world objects or events via a mathematical equation, writing algorithm, or simulation. Parameters used in alfalfa modeling include yield, growth, carbon, water, nitrogen balance, climate effects, and other factors. However, these models have shortcomings such as the need for more comprehensive data collection and testing, the requirement for more parameter adjustments, the inability to address various crops and different growth cycles, the lack of simulation of crown and root roles in growth, sensitivity in measuring soil and input factors, limited testing and research, inaccuracies in automatic classification, the absence of growth and yield simulation models, and the lack of deep learning techniques. Addressing these shortcomings is crucial for achieving more reliable and effective results in the agricultural sector. Strengthening models and addressing these deficiencies have the potential to lead to more robust and sustainable solutions in agriculture.

РАЗВИТИЕ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА В ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ СТРАНАХ, НАХОДЯЩИХСЯ ПОД САНКЦИЯМИ

The world is increasingly using sanctions to achieve the economic and political goals of their initiators. They tend to target key sectors of the economy, including trade and finance. Sanctions are also applied to individuals and companies. At the same time, agriculture and food security are formally exempted from restrictions on humanitarian grounds, but are still negatively affected because they are an integral part of the economy. In many countries, the effects of sanctions are compounded by other factors of internal instability, such as military conflicts, natural disasters, and mismanagement. This article analyzes the dynamics of agricultural production, the use of production inputs and some indicators of food security in five countries under sanctions pressure (Iran, Syria, Venezuela, Cuba, and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea). The aim is to analyze the development of the agricultural sector in these countries under sanctions. It is found that sanctions are a severe blow to the economy, including agriculture, but do not affect regime change, which is the ultimate goal of their initiators. The impact of sanctions is amplified in the case of secondary sanctions and the creation of a broad coalition. Moreover, the simultaneous application of financial and trade sanctions has a more pronounced negative effect. In addition to internal instability, sanctions significantly raise the composite Global Hunger Index, increasing the level of undernourishment in a country and negatively affecting the availability and stability of food supplies, while also increasing import dependence and food prices. In all the countries analyzed, the combination of constraints has led to a decline in agricultural productivity and access to re- sources, which has reduced agricultural production. At the same time, the industry is demonstrat- ing its ability to adapt to prevailing conditions.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN LABOUR MIGRATION IN AGRARIAN SOCIETIES OF NEPAL

Socio-cultural, economic, political, and environmental factors play a crucial role in migration. The phenomenon of foreign labor migration has been shaped by a variety of factors including different dimensions of sustainable livelihood that push people to seek better opportunities. The main objective of this research was to assess the socioeconomic determinants of foreign labor migration in the agrarian community of the Sindhuli district of Nepal using a simple random sample technique. Accordingly, a quantitative interview protocol was employed along with the use of key informants’ interviews to collect pertinent information in the year 2021. Findings revealed that determining factors responsible for foreign labor migration were primarily low individual income (with a score of 0.72), followed by a lack of employment opportunities (0.66); poor economic conditions (0.57); limited access to social protection (0.42), and child education (0.36). Additionally, other factors that contributed to the migration included social prestige, desire for property accumulation, peer pressure, the decline in agricultural production, lack of education, inability to pay loans, and food insecurity. The finding of this research thus suggests the need to consider these core facts while developing strategies to manage migration so as to impact positive implications in the agrarian context of Nepal.

Soil Carbon and Microbial Processes in Agriculture Ecosystem

As global warming progresses, concerns also arise regarding the decline in agricultural productivity and soil degradation [...]

Assessing the Determinants of Adopting Urban Tree Planting as Climate Change Mitigation Strategy in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria

This study sought to explore the determinants of adopting urban tree planting as a method of reducing climate change in the metropolis of Enugu. The 823 respondents were chosen using a multistage random selection process. Logistic regression and descriptive statistics were employed in analysing the data. The study results indicated that the majority (53%) of the respondents were male, with an average age of 36 years. The majority of the households were aware of climate change, since they perceived extreme weather events like drought, a decrease in rainfall, and a rise in temperature. Moreover, the majority of the households experienced a decline in agricultural productivity, a reduction in farm returns, and a rise in unemployment during peak seasons. The mitigation strategy adopted by households for climate change is urban tree planting, and this contributes positively to livelihood improvement. Furthermore, the study results showed that the price of the tree, access to information on the changing climate, access to water, use and access of trees, and occupation positively influenced households’ decisions in adopting urban tree planting. Therefore, we recommend that stakeholders such as governments must promote the delivery of agricultural extension and advisory services by improving their climate information systems, among other strategies to boost their all-inclusive adaptation to the effects of climate change.

Risk Assessment and Prediction of Soil Water Erosion on the Middle Northern Slope of Tianshan Mountain

Soil erosion is a significant form of land degradation worldwide, leading to ecological degradation and a decline in agricultural productivity. The middle section of the northern slopes of Tianshan Mountain (MNSTM) in northwestern China is a high-priority area for soil water erosion prevention, and soil water erosion is a serious problem in the region. Despite this, there is a lack of research on soil water erosion in the MNSTM, and the trends and priority risk areas of soil water erosion remain unclear. Therefore, this study used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to quantitatively assess soil water erosion from 2001–2020 and predict it from 2030–2050. The study also used the Geodetector method to analyse the influencing factors of soil water erosion in the region. The results show that soil water erosion in the MNSTM has a fluctuating upward trend, increasing at a rate of 0.26 t hm−2 y−1 over the period 2001–2020 and reaching a maximum value of 39.08 t hm−2 in 2020. However, soil water erosion in the region is mitigated under both RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 climate scenarios. Vegetation was found to have the highest degree of influence on soil erosion, indicating that its protection and management should be prioritised for future soil and water conservation efforts. The eastern part of the MNSTM was identified as the most vulnerable area to soil and water erosion, and in the context of global climate change, it is crucial to enhance the ecological restoration of the MNSTM to reduce the risk of soil water erosion. These findings can serve as valuable information for decision makers to develop effective strategies to prevent soil erosion and improve the ecological environment in the MNSTM.

A Unified Lightweight CNN-based Model for Disease Detection and Identification in Corn, Rice, and Wheat

Plant diseases are a significant threat to global food security since they directly affect the quality of crops, leading to a decline in agricultural productivity. Several researchers have employed crop-specific deep learning models based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) to identify plant diseases with better accuracy and faster implementation. However, the use of crop-specific models is unreasonable considering the resource-constrained devices and digital literacy rate of farmers. This work proposes a single light-weight CNN model for disease identification in three major crops, namely, Corn, Rice, and Wheat. The proposed model uses convolution layers of variable sizes at the same level to accurately detect the diseases with various sizes of the infected area. The experimentation results reveal that the proposed model outperforms several benchmark CNN models, namely, VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, ResNet152, ResNet50V2, ResNet152V2, MobileNetV2, DenseNet121, DenseNet201, InceptionV3, and Xception, to achieve an accuracy of 84.4% while using just 387,340 parameters. Moreover, the proposed model validates its efficacy as a multi-functional tool by classifying healthy and infected categories of each crop individually, obtaining accuracies of 99.74%, 82.67%, and 97.5% for Corn, Rice, and Wheat, respectively. The better performance values and light-weight nature of the proposed model make it a viable choice for real-time crop disease detection, even in resource-constrained environments.

Decision support systems in agricultural industry perspective

Recent years in agriculture, there have been a lot of constraints such as climatic change, water scarcity, shrinking of lands due to human encroachment, labour shortage, soil nutrition, pests and diseases etc., which leads to decline in agricultural productivity. In order to feed the growing-hungry population, there is a need for strategic and tactical management in agriclure to increase the yield. Decision Making Process (DMP) plays a vital role in meeting the population requirements. Leveraging Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Agriculture aids in the development of decision making information system called Decision Support System (DSS) that helps the farmers to take suitable decisions in a timely manner for maximizing productivity and reducing inputs and their costs. DSS is integrated with simulation models, databases for soil, weather and crops, statistics and other information technologies. It is a relevant, timely, user-friendly system to assist and manage crop cultivation and suggests the appropriate site-specific agronomic practice and recommendations to the farmers without affecting the environment. Parameters such as weather, soil properties, water level and pest and disease incidence are taken into consideration in DSS thereby facilitating the crop management. The main goal of DSS is to increase the agricultural productivity by utilizing the available limited resources. This paper reviews the DSS in existence and their benefits in agriculture.

Climate Change, Inequality, and Vulnerabilities in Pre-Modern Korea: Implications for Mission After COVID-19

Korea's late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Chosŏn Dynasty is marked by evidence of climate change. A distinctive feature of this period was the frequent outbreak of plagues such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid, especially among the less privileged. There was, consequently, a large-scale discontentment among the poor. In this milieu, some local Confucian scholars, dismayed by the prevailing corruption in the central government, withdrew themselves from government business, focused on studying imported Catholic texts from China, and converted to Catholicism. The emergence of indigenous religious movements also reflected this social reality. This paper explores the correlation among climate anomalies, decline in agricultural productivity, competition for limited common resources, heightened social inequality, and frequent plagues, and how Catholicism, an indigenous religious movement, and Protestant Christianity impacted and were impacted by these processes in Korea's late Chosŏn Dynasty. It also suggests missional implications of this in the post-Covid-19 era.

Decision-Making, Irregular Migration, and Benefits: A Case of Chin Migrant Workers in Malaysia

Abstract: Malaysia is a primary destination country for many economic migrants from Myanmar, including those from Chin State. Their remittances are essential sources of income for their families' survival. However, the diversity of workers' migration experiences, the challenges to finding regular migration pathways, and finally, the benefits of working in Malaysia remain unclear. This study employed nongovernmental referrals and snowball sampling to explore the above research questions. Findings indicate that the primary driving factors for Chin people's migration are poverty, a decline in agricultural production due to climate change, and a lack of employment opportunities at home. In addition, in Myanmar, people in Chin State experience structural discrimination based on ethnicity, religious affiliation, military oppression, and human rights violations. Barriers to regular migration include: (1) access to broker services; (2) the high cost of a legal work permit; (3) complicated paperwork and lengthy bureaucratic procedure; (4) geographical challenges to accessing the registration center; and (5) the high cost of living in the city while waiting for application results. For many, the irregular migration journey is a huge sacrifice, though female migrants are especially vulnerable, including to sexual harassment by brokers. However, the higher wages they can earn in Malaysia sometimes enable them to repay their debts and support their family's basic needs and welfare. The findings suggest that the national and local governments must enhance the socioeconomic conditions of the Chin people to minimize the "push factors" as well as streamline the regular migration process to facilitate those who choose to migrate.

ДИНАМИКА РАЗВИТИЯ ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВА В ЕВРЕЙСКОЙ АВТОНОМНОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The article, based on an analysis of statistical indicators of livestock farming in the Jewish Autonomous region for 1990–2021, reveals negative dynamics in the development of the industry. When considering the cattle livestock, including pigs, sheep and goats, vertical and horizontal methods are used. They provide an objective assessment of the livestock industry dynamics. It is noted that in the 90s of the last century the region was a fairly large producer of agricultural products, providing both the region and other areas of the Russian Far East with agricultural products. Over the past few decades, agriculture in the region has undergone a significant decline, negatively affecting the economy of the region. It is determined that the cattle breeding development in the region, which needs capital intensity, suffers from the lack of large manufactures. The forage crops sown areas analysis also shows negative dynamics. And this is one of the leading reasons for the cattle livestock decline. It is substantiated that the population outflow from rural areas results in the decline of agricultural production. To the author, the predominant agricultural producers in the Jewish Autonomous region are households. It is noted that modern state support options aimed at the regional agriculture development are not efficient enough. For its rise and development, the branch needs large cattle breeding enterprises and participation of agricultural holdings in the production process.

Water Footprint of Rice Production in Malaysia: A Review of Evapotranspiration and Factors of Climate Change for Rice and Food Security in Malaysia

Rice is a special crop that requires a thin layer of water to produce, and is produced differently from other crops. The rice sectors in Malaysia continue to be developed in a proactive and progressive manner. Due to its growth process, rice has a different water footprint (WF) compared to other crops. This study improved the calculation of the blue and green WF of rice production and examined the variations of these footprints under the primary granary area of Malaysia. The effects of climate change will, however, make it more difficult to achieve food security and increase rice yields in the future. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss climate change impacts on rice production and food security in Malaysia. Many countries worldwide are becoming increasingly vulnerable to natural disasters due to climate change. Many climate models predict a decline in agricultural productivity due to excessive heat in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in Southeast Asia. Malaysia is no exception. Therefore, the present study examined the impact of climate change on rice yields in Muda Granary, Malaysia. Utilizing literature reviews, we assessed the value of evapotranspiration (ET) in order to calculate the green WF for the area. Climate variables (such as ET), yield, and variance of impact during the main season and off-season were the primary objectives of the study. Precipitation did not show a statistically significant difference between the main and off-seasons from 2011-2015. During the main crop season, the maximum ET was negatively associated with yield, but the minimum ET showed a positive association. In the off-season, green WF levels were higher than those in the main season. These findings indicate that climate change poses a serious threat to rice production, which will in turn affect food security as they are highly interconnected. Thus, it is high time for Malaysia to revamp its paddy and rice intervention strategies by giving due attention to enhancing the adaptive capacity of rice farmers to cope with climate change.

Effects of Climate Change on Mogadishu And Applicable Policy Priorities

İklim değişikliği, günümüzde küresel toplumun karşı karşıya olduğu en önemli sorunlardan biridir ve farklı coğrafyaları farklı şekillerde etkilemektedir. Çalışmada, iklim değişikliğinin Somali’ye ve özellikle Mogadişu üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. İklim değişikliği Mogadişu’yu sıcaklık artışı, tarımsal ürünlerde verim azalması, su sıkıntıları, kuraklık ve çölleşmeye ilişkin ciddi boyutlara ulaşan sorunlar özelinde etkilemektedir. Tarımsal üretkenlikte düşüş, iklim değişikliğinin Mogadişu üzerindeki ana etkisi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Hem başkent olması hem de kırsaldan yoğun göç alması nedeniyle Mogadişu, ülkenin nüfusu en yoğun kentidir. Kırsalda geçim imkânı bulamayan nüfus için kente göç bir zorunluluk olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Oysaki kentin altyapısı bu kadar nüfusu kaldırabilecek durumda değildir. İklim değişikliği sonucu yaşanma potansiyeli olan sayısız riski ortadan kaldırmak için, stratejiler geliştirmek amacıyla küresel, bölgesel ve ulusal düzeylerde devam eden birçok girişim bulunmaktadır. Söz konusu girişimlerde yer almak, farklı ülke deneyimlerinden faydalanarak politika seçenekleri belirlemek, Mogadişu için gereklidir. Kentleşme politika ve pratiklerinin, ekonomik ve toplumsal alt yapının yetersiz düzeylerde olması, iklim değişikliği nedeni ile ortaya çıkacak muhtemel sorunların, Mogadişu’da ağır sonuçlara yol açma potansiyeli bulunmaktadır. Mogadişu başkent olması ve kırsaldan yoğun göç alması nedeni ile kentsel dirençliliğin sağlanmasına yönelik, yeni bir planlama yaklaşımı geliştirilmesi önem kazanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda hazırlanan çalışma iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk olarak iklim değişikliğinin Mogadişu üzerine olası etkileri tespit edilmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise, Mogadişu’nun kentsel dirençlilik kazanmasına ve iklim değişikliği ile mücadele edebilmesine ilişkin politik tercihlerin neler olabileceği tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede Mogadişu özelinde, kentin altyapısının hazırlıklı olması, arazi kullanım planlamasının iklim değişikliğine göre yeniden revize edilerek kentsel dirençlilik kazandırılması, afet durumlarında erken uyarı ve müdahale sistemlerinin devreye alınması, kırdan kente göçün önlenmesine ilişkin yerel kalkınma projelerinin uygulanması, yönetişimin etkinleştirilmesi, geri dönüşüm süreçlerinin yaygınlaştırılması ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına enerji arzında daha fazla yer verilmesi, uygulanması gereken politika öncelikleri olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Retrospective and geographical features of forestry use of lands in Podilski Tovtry

Forest cover is an important component of the landscape and is responsible for the conservation of other components. Forests of the Podolian Upland are distinguished by a high natural resource potential and a significant risk of manifestation of unfavorable natural processes. The aim of our research is to study the forest cover of Podilski Tovtry and analyze the dynamics of its changes for the period from 1880 to the present. Forestry nature management in Tovtry is second only to agriculture in terms of the area of occupied land. Forests of the reef zone and adjacent territories within the Ternopil oblast are part of the Ternopil forestry enterprise and the Medobory Nature Reserve. Within the study area, forests of a relatively large area are confined to the summit surface and slopes of the main ridge. Our research has established that in the period from 1880 to 1930, there was a significant decrease in forest cover practically throughout the entire study area, which is associated with both the need for firewood and agrarian overpopulation and the desire to expand the arable land. A direct relationship was found between the decrease in forest cover and the approach to villages and hamlets. After the Second World War and until the present, there have been no significant changes in forest cover. In some areas, even an increase in forested areas was found. Active forest expansion was observed at the beginning of the two thousandth years amid a decline in agricultural production.

Impact of climate change on the agriculture sector and its adaptation strategies

Climate change in Indonesia, including erratic rainfall intensity, extreme temperatures, El Nino and La Nina events, can cause farmers not to implement agricultural efforts optimally. Multiplier effect caused is the risk of decreased agricultural production and even crop failure that causes losses for farmers. The impact can broadly reduce farmers’ welfare, food security and increase poverty, for which most Indonesians livelihood as farmers. The negative consequences of climate change require efforts to minimize the impact and anticipate through adaptation strategies. These research aims are to analyze the impact of climate change on the agriculture sector and develop an adaptation strategy to address the impact of climate change on the agricultural sector. This method uses review literature related to the impact of climate change on agricultural products and adaptation strategies to climate change in the agricultural sector. The impact of climate change caused a decline in agricultural production and even crop failure. The main actors of climate change that affect the agricultural sector include rain patterns, extreme climate events (floods and droughts), and increased air temperatures. Recommendations for adaptation strategies are using superior plants, adjusting planting time and pattern, water management technology (rain harvesting and irrigation), and biotic environmental strategies.

Food Demand Sensitivity During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic that hit Indonesia caused a decline in agricultural production, rising food prices, restrictions on export-import activities, and a decrease in food and non-food consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine the demand for staple food during the pandemic era, to examine household budget allocations and to determine price elasticity and income elasticity. This study uses expenditure data for consumption of the Indonesian population based on the results of the March 2020 Susenas. Data analysis uses the AIDS model. The results of the analysis show that rice is the main staple food with a share of expenditure of 52% in urban areas and 57% in rural areas, followed by chicken meat, eggs, cooking oil, sugar and milk, respectively. Comparison of consumption between before and during the pandemic era shows an increase in consumption for all commodities other than milk and sugar in urban areas, while in rural areas consumption decreases for rice, milk and sugar. The share of staple food expenditure is significantly influenced by prices and income in urban areas, while in rural areas prices and incomes have no significant effect. Both in urban and rural areas, the highest income elasticity is for chicken meat and eggs, while rice, cooking oil and sugar are considered inferior goods. The pandemic era is the right moment for the government to promote local food to accelerate food diversification programs.