Decline In Agricultural Production Research Articles

Water Footprint of Rice Production in Malaysia: A Review of Evapotranspiration and Factors of Climate Change for Rice and Food Security in Malaysia

Rice is a special crop that requires a thin layer of water to produce, and is produced differently from other crops. The rice sectors in Malaysia continue to be developed in a proactive and progressive manner. Due to its growth process, rice has a different water footprint (WF) compared to other crops. This study improved the calculation of the blue and green WF of rice production and examined the variations of these footprints under the primary granary area of Malaysia. The effects of climate change will, however, make it more difficult to achieve food security and increase rice yields in the future. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss climate change impacts on rice production and food security in Malaysia. Many countries worldwide are becoming increasingly vulnerable to natural disasters due to climate change. Many climate models predict a decline in agricultural productivity due to excessive heat in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in Southeast Asia. Malaysia is no exception. Therefore, the present study examined the impact of climate change on rice yields in Muda Granary, Malaysia. Utilizing literature reviews, we assessed the value of evapotranspiration (ET) in order to calculate the green WF for the area. Climate variables (such as ET), yield, and variance of impact during the main season and off-season were the primary objectives of the study. Precipitation did not show a statistically significant difference between the main and off-seasons from 2011-2015. During the main crop season, the maximum ET was negatively associated with yield, but the minimum ET showed a positive association. In the off-season, green WF levels were higher than those in the main season. These findings indicate that climate change poses a serious threat to rice production, which will in turn affect food security as they are highly interconnected. Thus, it is high time for Malaysia to revamp its paddy and rice intervention strategies by giving due attention to enhancing the adaptive capacity of rice farmers to cope with climate change.

Effects of Climate Change on Mogadishu And Applicable Policy Priorities

İklim değişikliği, günümüzde küresel toplumun karşı karşıya olduğu en önemli sorunlardan biridir ve farklı coğrafyaları farklı şekillerde etkilemektedir. Çalışmada, iklim değişikliğinin Somali’ye ve özellikle Mogadişu üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. İklim değişikliği Mogadişu’yu sıcaklık artışı, tarımsal ürünlerde verim azalması, su sıkıntıları, kuraklık ve çölleşmeye ilişkin ciddi boyutlara ulaşan sorunlar özelinde etkilemektedir. Tarımsal üretkenlikte düşüş, iklim değişikliğinin Mogadişu üzerindeki ana etkisi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Hem başkent olması hem de kırsaldan yoğun göç alması nedeniyle Mogadişu, ülkenin nüfusu en yoğun kentidir. Kırsalda geçim imkânı bulamayan nüfus için kente göç bir zorunluluk olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Oysaki kentin altyapısı bu kadar nüfusu kaldırabilecek durumda değildir. İklim değişikliği sonucu yaşanma potansiyeli olan sayısız riski ortadan kaldırmak için, stratejiler geliştirmek amacıyla küresel, bölgesel ve ulusal düzeylerde devam eden birçok girişim bulunmaktadır. Söz konusu girişimlerde yer almak, farklı ülke deneyimlerinden faydalanarak politika seçenekleri belirlemek, Mogadişu için gereklidir. Kentleşme politika ve pratiklerinin, ekonomik ve toplumsal alt yapının yetersiz düzeylerde olması, iklim değişikliği nedeni ile ortaya çıkacak muhtemel sorunların, Mogadişu’da ağır sonuçlara yol açma potansiyeli bulunmaktadır. Mogadişu başkent olması ve kırsaldan yoğun göç alması nedeni ile kentsel dirençliliğin sağlanmasına yönelik, yeni bir planlama yaklaşımı geliştirilmesi önem kazanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda hazırlanan çalışma iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk olarak iklim değişikliğinin Mogadişu üzerine olası etkileri tespit edilmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise, Mogadişu’nun kentsel dirençlilik kazanmasına ve iklim değişikliği ile mücadele edebilmesine ilişkin politik tercihlerin neler olabileceği tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede Mogadişu özelinde, kentin altyapısının hazırlıklı olması, arazi kullanım planlamasının iklim değişikliğine göre yeniden revize edilerek kentsel dirençlilik kazandırılması, afet durumlarında erken uyarı ve müdahale sistemlerinin devreye alınması, kırdan kente göçün önlenmesine ilişkin yerel kalkınma projelerinin uygulanması, yönetişimin etkinleştirilmesi, geri dönüşüm süreçlerinin yaygınlaştırılması ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına enerji arzında daha fazla yer verilmesi, uygulanması gereken politika öncelikleri olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Retrospective and geographical features of forestry use of lands in Podilski Tovtry

Forest cover is an important component of the landscape and is responsible for the conservation of other components. Forests of the Podolian Upland are distinguished by a high natural resource potential and a significant risk of manifestation of unfavorable natural processes. The aim of our research is to study the forest cover of Podilski Tovtry and analyze the dynamics of its changes for the period from 1880 to the present. Forestry nature management in Tovtry is second only to agriculture in terms of the area of occupied land. Forests of the reef zone and adjacent territories within the Ternopil oblast are part of the Ternopil forestry enterprise and the Medobory Nature Reserve. Within the study area, forests of a relatively large area are confined to the summit surface and slopes of the main ridge. Our research has established that in the period from 1880 to 1930, there was a significant decrease in forest cover practically throughout the entire study area, which is associated with both the need for firewood and agrarian overpopulation and the desire to expand the arable land. A direct relationship was found between the decrease in forest cover and the approach to villages and hamlets. After the Second World War and until the present, there have been no significant changes in forest cover. In some areas, even an increase in forested areas was found. Active forest expansion was observed at the beginning of the two thousandth years amid a decline in agricultural production.

Impact of climate change on the agriculture sector and its adaptation strategies

Climate change in Indonesia, including erratic rainfall intensity, extreme temperatures, El Nino and La Nina events, can cause farmers not to implement agricultural efforts optimally. Multiplier effect caused is the risk of decreased agricultural production and even crop failure that causes losses for farmers. The impact can broadly reduce farmers’ welfare, food security and increase poverty, for which most Indonesians livelihood as farmers. The negative consequences of climate change require efforts to minimize the impact and anticipate through adaptation strategies. These research aims are to analyze the impact of climate change on the agriculture sector and develop an adaptation strategy to address the impact of climate change on the agricultural sector. This method uses review literature related to the impact of climate change on agricultural products and adaptation strategies to climate change in the agricultural sector. The impact of climate change caused a decline in agricultural production and even crop failure. The main actors of climate change that affect the agricultural sector include rain patterns, extreme climate events (floods and droughts), and increased air temperatures. Recommendations for adaptation strategies are using superior plants, adjusting planting time and pattern, water management technology (rain harvesting and irrigation), and biotic environmental strategies.

Food Demand Sensitivity During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic that hit Indonesia caused a decline in agricultural production, rising food prices, restrictions on export-import activities, and a decrease in food and non-food consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine the demand for staple food during the pandemic era, to examine household budget allocations and to determine price elasticity and income elasticity. This study uses expenditure data for consumption of the Indonesian population based on the results of the March 2020 Susenas. Data analysis uses the AIDS model. The results of the analysis show that rice is the main staple food with a share of expenditure of 52% in urban areas and 57% in rural areas, followed by chicken meat, eggs, cooking oil, sugar and milk, respectively. Comparison of consumption between before and during the pandemic era shows an increase in consumption for all commodities other than milk and sugar in urban areas, while in rural areas consumption decreases for rice, milk and sugar. The share of staple food expenditure is significantly influenced by prices and income in urban areas, while in rural areas prices and incomes have no significant effect. Both in urban and rural areas, the highest income elasticity is for chicken meat and eggs, while rice, cooking oil and sugar are considered inferior goods. The pandemic era is the right moment for the government to promote local food to accelerate food diversification programs.

Food Demand Sensitivity During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic that hit Indonesia caused a decline in agricultural production, rising food prices, restrictions on export-import activities, and a decrease in food and non-food consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine the demand for staple food during the pandemic era, to examine household budget allocations and to determine price elasticity and income elasticity. This study uses expenditure data for consumption of the Indonesian population based on the results of the March 2020 Susenas. Data analysis uses the AIDS model. The results of the analysis show that rice is the main staple food with a share of expenditure of 52% in urban areas and 57% in rural areas, followed by chicken meat, eggs, cooking oil, sugar and milk, respectively. Comparison of consumption between before and during the pandemic era shows an increase in consumption for all commodities other than milk and sugar in urban areas, while in rural areas consumption decreases for rice, milk and sugar. The share of staple food expenditure is significantly influenced by prices and income in urban areas, while in rural areas prices and incomes have no significant effect. Both in urban and rural areas, the highest income elasticity is for chicken meat and eggs, while rice, cooking oil and sugar are considered inferior goods. The pandemic era is the right moment for the government to promote local food to accelerate food diversification programs.

English

Globally, climatic vulnerabilities and natural hazards adversely affect crop productivity and food security. The yield of major crops in Pakistan is badly affected by natural adversaries, which is a source of poverty. It is predicted that the near future food insecurity issue can prevail in Pakistan due to these hazards. Due to climatic and natural hazards, a decline in agricultural productivity affects the farming community, manufacturing, and business sectors through a multiplier effect. The study was designed during 2020 to assess the farmers’ perceptions regarding the impact of natural hazards on food crop production in the Rice-Wheat cropping zone of Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected from 540 farmers using Multistage Random Sampling Technique (MRST). The study ranked natural hazards based on the mean score of the Likert Scale of farmers’ perceptions. Food productivity was adversely prone to flood, insect infestation, biological diseases, extreme heat, wind storms in summer, hailstorms, and heatwaves. However, there was a positive impact of humidity on food production. So, appropriate policies should be formulated to mitigate the antagonistic impact of natural hazards on rice-wheat production, ensuring food security via increasing food production (availability) and income (accessibility).

Развитие и территориальные различия сельского хозяйства Калининградской области

The patterns of development and distribution of production, including agricultural production, common to the country, are also characteristic of the exclave Kaliningrad region. However, spatial isolation from other Russian regions causes, firstly, a greater dependence on external geoeconomic and geopolitical factors and, secondly, a clearer manifestation of the patterns of spatial differentiation in the economy. Research methods are based on the spatio-temporal analysis of statistical data, using methods of comparative geographic diagnostics. The article shows a deeper decline in agricultural production in the region during the crisis years of the 1990s and increased rates of development in more favorable decades of the 21st century, as well as an acute manifestation of the polarization concepts and location of agricultural production within a separate territory compared to the country’s interior regions. The study which relied on the level of agricultural development and specialization of the territory of the region, the degree of use of land and labor resources in crop production, animal husbandry, hunting and the provision of services in these areas, substantiated to distinguish four types of municipalities according to the factors of agricultural development. Given each type, the author noted the need for a special socio-economic policy.

Penerapan IoT dalam Sistem Otomatisasi Kontrol Suhu, Kelembaban, dan Tingkat Keasaman Hidroponik

The growing population in Indonesia and the narrowing of agricultural land have the potential to cause a decline in agricultural production and scarcity of food sources in the future. Hydroponics is a pattern of cultivation with water media with important parameters including the quantity of nutrients provided, the level of acidity and the availability of water that functions as a nutrient solvent medium for plants. Difficulty in monitoring and not having much time to control these parameters is a concentration that must be investigated. This study aims to develop a monitoring and control system for hydroponic plants automatically based on the Internet of Things (IOT). The research was carried out by modeling a control device consisting of a microcontroller, temperature sensor, pH sensor, and also a wifi device that was integrated with the Blink Library as a receiving system for parameter monitoring results. The test uses the blackbox method to test the performance of the system which gets the results of the component automation test (WLS and Relay) with 100% functioning, while the temperature and humidity test has an error value of 4.81% and 5.37% with DHT11, and the test pH (acidity level) in 6.08 buffer solution obtained an average result of 6.68 with an error value of 1.8%. Keywords: Internet of Things, hydroponics, hydroponic automation, pH sensor, temperature humidity sensor

УПРАВЛІННЯ СІЛЬСЬКИМ ГОСПОДАРСТВОМ ПІВНІЧНОГО РЕГІОНУ В СИСТЕМІ ПРОДОВОЛЬЧОВОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

Agriculture and commercial economy of the Northern zone developed together with the development of the territory, is a way of life of the peoples rooted here. It was based on centuries-old agricultural traditions taking into account the extreme harsh natural conditions and agricultural features. The agro-industrial farm is designed to provide the population with biologically complete local food products, perform a social function. The purpose of the article is the sustainable development of agricultural production, providing an increase in the level of food self-sufficiency of the population of the northern territories on the example of the Komi Republic. The subject of the study is the process of managing the sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The research methods used were systematic, comparative analysis, analogies, statistical, generalization of accumulated experience. The hypothesis of the study. The development of local agricultural production will increase food self-sufficiency, which will lead to savings in investments in transport, reduce product losses and improve its quality. Presentation of the main material. The possibilities and limitations of the development of northern agriculture are revealed. The trends in the development of the agricultural sector in the 1960s-1980s and in the conditions of market transformations are considered. The reasons for the decline in agricultural production, the reduction of the coefficient of food self-sufficiency are established. Priorities for the development of agriculture have been determined. Practical significance. Conclusions and recommendations can be taken into account by the Ministry of Agriculture and Consumer Market of the Komi Republic and other government bodies when determining the directions for improving state policy on the development of the agricultural sector. Conclusions of the study. Sustainable development of agriculture and increasing food self-sufficiency will require strengthening innovative modernization, the formation of a multi-layered agrarian economy, improving the economic mechanism, priority development of rural infrastructure, improving the level and quality of life of peasants.

Coupling geographic information system integrated fuzzy logic-analytical hierarchy process with global and machine learning based sensitivity analysis for agricultural suitability mapping

CONTEXTIndia's increasing population growth and unsystematic land cover transformation have led to land degradation and a decline in agricultural production. To achieve optimum advantage from the land, proper exploitation of its resources is necessary. Remote sensing, advanced fuzzy logic, and multi-criteria decision-making like analytical hierarchy process (AHP) integrated agricultural land suitability analysis (ALAS) may facilitate identifying and formulating effective agricultural management strategies required for smart agriculture. OBJECTIVESThe present study was conducted to construct India's robust agricultural suitability model by developing hybrid fuzzy logic and the AHP based model. METHODSFourteen topographical, climatological, soil-related, land-use, and land-cover-related factors were prepared and employed to model agricultural suitability. Agricultural suitability models predicted multi-parameters based agricultural suitable zones for the entire country using three fuzzy operators (AND, Gamma 0.8, Gamma 0.9) and a hybrid fuzzy-AHP model. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the models' reliability using Moris technique-based global sensitivity analysis, random forest (RF), and correlation coefficient. The best agricultural suitable model was compared with the production of major crops in India. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSResults showed that 19.8% of the study area was permanently not suitable in the northernmost region, 19.7% was currently not suitable in the northernmost region, while 20.1% and 20.2% areas were predicted as moderately suitable and highly suitable zones, respectively. The rainfall, elevation, slopes, evapotranspiration, and aridity index had a prime influence on the output of the agricultural suitability model. SIGNIFICANCEThe adopted method and its application processes can analyze agricultural land suitability and recommend optimal farming methods. It is also comprehended as a promising option for meeting food, nutrition, energy, and job demands while still protecting our threatened environment.

Cельские жители Юга России о настоящем и будущем села (анализ анкетного опроса 2018 г.)

The modern Russian village has been going through difficult times for more than three decades. This was manifested in the elimination of a huge number of agricultural enterprises, the growth of socio-economic problems, and the irrevocable migration of the rural population. The social and property differentiation of farms and the villagers themselves indicates different economic models of behavior, different adaptive capabilities of the population, and the presence / absence of rural resources. Some rural areas are leaders, profitable; others, on the contrary – are outsiders, weak. The author analyzed the regions of the Republic of Kalmykia, Astrakhan oblast, Volgograd oblast, Stavropol Krai – has traditionally been a barn, providers, suppliers of primary agricultural products – meat, grain, milk, oil, grease, wool, vegetables, and fruits. At present, when all financial flows are concentrated in the capital and several major cities, these southern Russian regions, while continuing to supply all the same products, are in an unequal position with the leaders of the country's economic development. On their territories, of course, there are profitable agricultural enterprises, but most rural settlements do not belong to such, on the contrary, they are depressed and gradually disappear. The article deals with the problems of the rural population of the agrarian regions of the South of Russia. The prolonged crisis and the simultaneous decline in agricultural production led to the degradation of rural areas and a decline in the standard of living of the rural population. The main problems remain the lack of employment, low incomes, and the active outflow of the rural population.

Effect of humate substances on biological activity and physical properties of eroded soils: a case study of Uzbekistan

Worldwide, approximately 3 million hectares of land degraded due to erosion, and every minute approximately 44 hectares of agricultural land are being lost. In fact, agricultural area situated in arid zone is vulnerable to erosion, which leads to decline in agricultural productivity due to low quality soil. Evidently, the vital activity of microorganisms is interlinked with the assimilation of minerals by plants in irrigated lands, that is, the production of high and quality crops. Therefore, this research was intended to see effect of humate substance on biological activity and physical properties of eroded soils, that is, investigate how humate substance impact on overall structure of soils in the Pskent district of Tashkent province. The results extracted from field and laboratory experiments showed that poultry manure in moderately eroded soils and humus and poultry manure variants in washed-out soils ranged from 2.2x107 KHB/g to 7.5-3.0x106 KHB/g. Oligonitrophilic microorganisms were found to be the same in all variants. Micromycetes were observed in humus variants with an average erosion of 2.2x104 KHB/g, and in washed-out soils of 7.5x103 KHB/g. The amount of actinomycetes in samples 3 and 4 was 7.5x103 KHB/g per 1 gram of soil, while in samples 1, 2, 5 and 6 they were not found at all. This means that the amount of actinomycetes was slightly reduced in summer, but the relative changes between the options were 1.1-8.3x108 KHB/g in washed-out soils with moderate erosion in less washed soils, and 7.5-8.3x107 KHB/g in moderately washed and washed soils. Furthermore, influence of humic biofertilizers, organic fertilizers on general physical properties of eroded typical gray soils was also studied. Accordingly, the effect of fertilizers in the control variant was 1.30g/cm3, followed by the variant with the use of mineral fertilizers humate 1.27g/cm3, and the application of poultry manure 1.29g/cm3. In moderately eroded soils, the values were found to be 1.40 g/cm3, 1.35 g/cm3, 1.33 g/cm3, respectively, and 1.25 g/cm3, 1.31 g/cm3, 1.29 g/cm3 in washed out soils.

동아시아(한⋅중) 전통사회의 재해 DB 구축과 의의

This academic research presentation is an experiment to find out a priori how the disaster DB prepared by this research team can be utilized. Although a full-scale disaster DB has not yet been established, it can be said to be an effort to find out the significance by presenting some of the internal discussions. This academic research presentation was made up of five topics. These topics will serve as a starting point for this research team to find a methodology for future disaster research. Therefore, the future research prospects of this research team can be summarized as follows： First, we will trace the homogeneity and heterogeneity of the East Asian disaster DB. Disaster-related records vary according to times and regions. For example, there are very few records of the ancient Korean society, but related records gradually increase through the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. This is a difference caused by whether there are records, not the occurrence of a disaster. Also, there are quantitative differences as well as differences in perception and expression in the records of China and the Korean Peninsula in the traditional era. In order to accurately understand the quantitative and qualitative differences in records, it is necessary to review data to check the trends and meanings of long-term disaster phenomena and to summarize terms and cases. In addition to short-term and local phenomena, disasters occur repeatedly over a long period of time, so it is necessary to systematically summarize, compare, and review them within a long-term view. Second, promotion of interdisciplinary exchanges and joint research with various adjacent disciplines. Comprehensive summary of disaster data and standardization of terms can help all disciplines related to disasters. In order to understand disaster data in various academic fields, it is necessary to understand the records of traditional societies and their scalability. In addition to the occurrence and damage of disaster data, the political and social context of disaster data is linked to population and decrease in arable land, decline in agricultural productivity, and infectious diseases. Therefore, disaster is a research topic that connects from political and socioeconomic issues to the fields of natural science and medicine. Third, development of new research methodologies. As disaster-related research spans the fields of natural sciences such as astronomy, meteorology, geology, and ecology, a new research direction can be suggested through interdisciplinary exchanges. In previous studies, we traced changes in the natural environment of traditional societies and the resulting socioeconomic changes through limited topics such as solar eclipse, lunar eclipse, comet, drought, flood, and abnormal temperature. However, it is now necessary to strive to develop a research methodology that can create a virtuous cycle between disciplines as a new field of study as well as individual disciplines. Comprehensive summarization of data on traditional societies and definition of terminology should be performed through group research. Furthermore, if various disciplines related to natural disasters have a structural research system and approach them from multiple perspectives, a new research methodology can be created. In addition, providing our society with a traditional understanding of changes in climate and environment today will arouse public interest as well as emerging researchers.

Global climate change and the creation of adapted varieties of forage crops

In Russian agriculture, fodder crops play a huge role as a source of complete feed for animals and as the main factor in the greening of all agriculture. It is fodder crops that are the main factors for increasing the humus content in soils, as the main indicator of their fertility, it is they who can most successfully fight wind and water erosion, it is they who most successfully of all agricultural crops can grow on the poorest and most problematic soils (saline, arid, waterlogged, etc.) being pioneers for the cultivation of basic food crops. This predetermines the primary role of forage crops in responding to climate change throughout Eurasia. In the past periods of history, global climate change led to major social shocks precisely because of a sharp decline in agricultural production, crop failures, and even a subsequent decline in population in individual countries [1]. Timely response to such changes by creating varieties adapted to new limiting environmental factors will not only successfully overcome the expected crisis, but also benefit from such a change. In addition to using traditional methods, great hopes are pinned on the widespread use of modern genetic technologies, biochemical and physiological methods, methods of cell and tissue culture.

Development of an Integrated Model to Assess the Impact of Agricultural Practices and Land Use on Agricultural Production in Morocco under Climate Stress over the Next Twenty Years

Climate change is one of the major risks facing developing countries in Africa for which agriculture is a predominant part in the economy. Alterations in rainfall patterns and increasing temperatures projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) could lead to a decline in agricultural production in many areas requiring significant changes in agricultural practices and land distribution. The study provided estimates of the economic impacts of climate change, compared these with historical impacts of drought spells, and estimated the extent to which the current Moroccan agricultural development and investment strategy, the Plan Maroc Vert, helps in agricultural adaptation to climate change and uncertainty. The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of climate change on the overall economy by using an integrated framework incorporating a computable general equilibrium model. A concomitant factor to climate change will be the increase in population and its distribution and level of consumption, which will also influence agricultural production strategies, the conversion of agricultural land, the type of irrigation, and technological development. We demonstrated how changes in cereal production and area, affluence, and climate (rainfall and temperature) can be acquired for 12 regions of Morocco and used to develop and validate an earth system model in relation to the environment and socio-economic level, which projects their impact on current and potential land use over the next 20 years. We used different mathematical equations based on cereal area and production, population, consumption (kg/person), and change in climate (temperature and rainfall) in bour and irrigated areas for the growing season of 2014 in 12 regions to project agricultural land use over the next 20 years. Therefore, several possible scenarios were investigated to explore how variations in climate change, socio-economic level, and technological development will affect the future of agricultural land use over the next 20 years, which in turn could have important implications for human well-being. Among the 12 Moroccan regions, only 4 had a surplus of cereal production compared to their local consumption. The increase in population will generate a cereal deficit in 2024 and 2034, thus lowering the average annual quantity available per capita of cereals from 204.75 to 160.61 kg/p in 2014 and 2034, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the amount of cereals per person by 5 kg/p and 25 kg/p so that the 2014 production could satisfy the population projected in 2024 and 2034. We found that cereal production will decrease with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation according to the simulated scenarios, which might not satisfy the growing population in 2024 and 2034. This study provides a practical tool that can be used to provide policy makers with advice on food security assurance policy based on our current knowledge of the impending onset of climate change, including socio-economic statistics and the agricultural constraints of cereals in the 12 regions of Morocco.

Climate Change and Agriculture: An Indian Perspective: A Review

Industrial revolution and fast deforestation in 20th century pushes the earth to face climate change. Climate change became one of the most important global environmental challenges of the 21st century. Besides other weather abnormalities it is potential threat to world food security as agriculture production is directly dependent on various weather parameters. Even a small alteration in climate, adversely affects agriculture by decreasing the production. Global temperatures have already increased by 0.70°C over the past century and prediction of more rise of temperature is there. Possible changes in temperature, precipitation and CO2 concentration are expected to significantly impact crop growth. India could experience a 40% decline in agricultural productivity by the 2080s. Various food grain crops are going to affect badly under the temperature rise situation. It has been projected that under the scenario of a 2.50°C to 4.90°C temperature rise, rice yields will drop by 32% to 40% and wheat yields by 41% to 52%. This paper summarized study related to climate change projections and its impact on production of various crops.

Environmental Impact of leather Industrial Pollution on Agricultural Production in Vellore District

Water plays a vital role on agricultural production and industrial process, but this valuable resource is gradually declining from the past few decades due to increasing industrial activities, irrigation, drinking and domestic usage etc. Leather and leather goods manufacturing industry is one of the traditional business in India. It requires huge amount of water and chemical, dye and dye intermediates, distilleries etc for leather process. The wastewater produces during the process which released into the lands and water sources. It leads to damage of crops and declining the agricultural productivity. The rate of environmental degradation was identified by the decline of agricultural productivity and the quality of surface and ground water has decline at very high rate. This study focused on impact of leather industrial pollution on agricultural production and to give the remedial measures for reducing water pollution. In order to obtain the objectives of this study, we used secondary data sources.

Environmental Impact of leather Industrial Pollution on Agricultural Production in Vellore District

Water plays a vital role on agricultural production and industrial process, but this valuable resource is gradually declining from the past few decades due to increasing industrial activities, irrigation, drinking and domestic usage etc. Leather and leather goods manufacturing industry is one of the traditional business in India. It requires huge amount of water and chemical, dye and dye intermediates, distilleries etc for leather process. The wastewater produces during the process which released into the lands and water sources. It leads to damage of crops and declining the agricultural productivity. The rate of environmental degradation was identified by the decline of agricultural productivity and the quality of surface and ground water has decline at very high rate. This study focused on impact of leather industrial pollution on agricultural production and to give the remedial measures for reducing water pollution. In order to obtain the objectives of this study, we used secondary data sources.

The relationship between GHG emissions and agricultural land productivity in the EU member states and Ukraine

The article is devoted to the quantitative relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural land productivity in EU member states and Ukraine (a country that continues to integrate into the EU). The author made a comparative analysis of the productivity of agricultural land in EU member states, other leading players in the world agricultural market, Ukraine and the world average. The method of statistical grouping to determine the reason for the different productivity of agricultural land (the value of gross output per 1 hectare of agricultural land) in the EU member states and in Ukraine was used. The author identified the cause of high levels of greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide equivalent) per hectare of agricultural land in the most developed EU countries by using the graphical method. Based on the calculated target level of greenhouse gas emissions per hectare of agricultural land in the EU until 2030, required by the European Green Deal, the probable threat to EU member states and Ukraine in terms of possible decline in agricultural production has been identified. By using the econometric method and the method of regression analysis, the author identified the existence of a positive and strong quantitative relationship between emissions of carbon dioxide equivalent and value of agricultural production per hectare of land in EU member states and Ukraine. The magnitude of the increasing of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions under condition of increasing the value of gross output per hectare of agricultural land by one euro is calculated. Based on the results of the study, the author concluded that there is a high probability of reducing the productivity of agricultural land in developed EU countries, if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced to the level of the target value. The author also substantiated the practical lack of opportunity for less developed countries of the EU and Ukraine to increase the economic productivity of land, according to realize the requirements of the European Green Deal. Recommendations for avoiding a possible threat in agricultural production of the studied countries are summarized.