Declarative Sentences Research Articles

Speech Acts Analysis and Its Application Within the Interlocutors’ Communication

This research deals with Speech Acts Analysis and Its Application Within the Interlocutors’ Communication which focused on its kinds, functions, and how each kind of illocutionary acts is performed by the students in FBMB Undikma under A Pragmatic Analysis. The kinds of speech acts; locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. The functions of illocutionary acts; representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative. A descriptive qualitative method was employed since the data being analysed was in the form of descriptive data. Content analysis method was also employed due to get description of the research phenomena which in the forms of words, clauses, phrases, and sentences. There were twenty-four fragments being analysed. As the result, based on its classification, it showed that the most dominantly performed was locutionary acts 224 times, then followed by illocutionary acts 223 times, and the last one was perlocutionary acts 215 times. The declarative sentence had the highest frequency performed 131 times and in terms of the functions; representative had the highest frequency performed 163 times. It is found that representative was the highest frequency performed by the speakers as asserting, explaining, agreeing, suggesting, asking, reporting, informing, demanding, telling, claiming, affirming, denying, disbelieving, concluding, calling, answering, introducing, greeting, and clarifying.

Dialogue in Fiction: The Syntactic Level

The article explores the syntactic peculiarities of dialogue in fiction. We focus on three such features: structural types of sentences, communicative types of sentences, and syntactic stylistic devices. Simple sentences have a distinct advantage in the characters’ conversation due to the fact that they allow the speakers to express their thoughts concisely and clearly thus ensuring the effectiveness of interpersonal communication. The quantitative distribution of communicative types of sentences in the dialogue may be explained by the fact that in the course of conversation the speakers/characters try to learn something they are interested in (interrogative sentences) and to notify the addressee about something important (declarative sentences). The prevalent use of elliptical constructions and aposiopeses reflects the natural omissions that occur in colloquial speech. Thus, at syntactic level, the conversation in fiction bears resemblance to colloquial speech.

More than just a modal particle

AbstractModal particles have been intensively studied in German and a few other European languages, but investigations of modal particles from little-known languages are rare. This paper examines in detail the morphosyntactic and the semantic properties of the Sanzhi Dargwa (Nakh-Daghestanian) modal particle =q’al. It is shown that the particle possesses the morphosyntactic properties that are commonly assumed for modal particles. The particle is then analyzed as presupposition trigger that interacts with focus and marks clauses as declarative sentences. It triggers two presuppositions, namely uncontroversiality and contrast/correction. Furthermore, it can express finiteness. The analysis suggests that accounting for modal particles as grammatical rather than lexical items with head status seems promising for further research.

따라말하기 과제를 통한 자폐범주성 장애 아동과 일반 아동의 평서문과 의문문의 음향학적 특성 비교*

The prosody of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has several abnormal features, including monotonous speech. The purpose of this study was to compare acoustic features between an ASD group and a typically developing (TD) group and within the ASD group. The study also examined audience perceptions of the lengthening effect of increasing the number of syllables. 50 participants were divided into two groups (20 with ASD and 30 TD), and they were asked to imitate a total of 28 sentences. In the auditory-perceptual evaluation, seven participants chose sentence types in 115 sentences. Pitch, intensity, speech rate, and pitch slope were used to analyze the significant differences. In conclusion, the ASD group showed higher pitch and intensity and a lower overall speaking rate than the TD group. Moreover, there were significant differences in s2 slope of interrogative sentences. Finally, based on the auditory-perceptual evaluation, only 4.3% of interrogative sentences produced by participants with ASD were perceived as declarative sentences. The cause of this abnormal prosody has not been clearly identified; however, pragmatic ability and other characteristics of autism are related to ASD prosody. This study identified prosodic ASD patterns and suggested the need to develop treatments to improve prosody.

An Epigenetic Approach to Semantic Categories

It is argued that early language learning in children emerges from five primary knowledge structures: 1) space; 2) objects; 3) actions; 4) number; and 5) events. These structures constitute the basis for the semantic domains that are used to form categories that represent the meanings of early words. The domains are naturally modeled in conceptual spaces that are based on geometric notions rather than on symbolic representations. It is shown how these semantics domains can be used to generate an epigenetic model of language acquisition. The four first primary knowledge systems are used for prepositions, nouns, verbs, and quantifiers, respectively, while events form the meanings of declarative sentences. This semantic model leads to direct recommendations for how the model can be implemented in robots and other artificial systems.

Intonation of a Declarative Sentence in Megrelian

The present paper deals with intonation of a declarative sentence in Megrelian. Detailed analysis concerning the issue has never been conducted before. The research has revealed that the Megrelian declarative sentence – simple, simple complicated and compound – begins with a low pitch and ends with falling intonation; some speakers start a declarative sentence with a high pitch but they end it with a falling intonation contour without any exception; even within a sentence, the members gradually fall and rise in tone depending on a speaker’s attitude, i.e. which part of speech they want to focus on. Emphasized parts of speech are outlined in a sentence this way. The results of the research are also important in terms of teaching Megrelian. The Megrelian declarative sentence is mainly characterized by LHL% intonation contour, though HL% intonation contour can also be found in rare cases.

Syntactical Development on Second Language Writing: A Case of L2 Child Learner on Immersion Experience Abroad

Development of child language is tremendously complex, remarkable and wondrous. In a second language acquisition context, a child can acquire his second language in either acquiring both languages at the same time or learning the second language after mastering the first one. This present research is concerned to describe the syntactical development particularly for second language writing of an eight-year old child who has experienced immersion abroad for one year in L2-speaking country. The participant is an eight-year old child from Jakarta Indonesia who has experienced immersion environment in Australia for one year. The research will be carried out qualitative naturalistic research design. Not less than 38 documents of participant’s paperwork during her school year were then collected, grouped and analysed. From the findings, it is known that morphological processes on L2 such as affixes and verb changes have emerged. Meanwhile, the findings also show the development on morphemic, phrasal and sentential level on acquiring L2. Some morphemes have been acquired such as the suffix, the changing of verb, the -ing form. Moreover, post-noun prepositional phrases are the most emerged phrases. On sentential level, active declarative sentences are the most frequently appeared. However, some errors and inconsistency also occur indicating the development of her second language.

Estudo sociofonético do português falado na Amazônia: uma comparação interdialetal entre Belém e Macapá

Este artigo apresenta uma comparação interdialetal entre as variedades de Belém (PA) (BRITO, 2014) e Macapá (AP) Lemos (em andamento), com o objetivo de investigar a variação geoprosódica do português falado na Amazônia Oriental. Foram analisados vocábulos oxítonos presentes em sentenças declarativas neutras e interrogativas totais, com o intuito de observar a variação entoacional da frequência fundamental (F0) em posição nuclear dos enunciados. A análise tem como base a Sociofonética (THOMAS, 2011), uma vez que compreende uma análise acústica da fala dentro do contexto social dos informantes. Trata-se de uma pesquisa do projeto AMPER-Amazônia, vinculada ao AMPER-POR. O corpus analisado totalizou 432 dados (3 sentenças x 2 modalidades x 2 variedades x 3 repetições x 12 informantes). O tratamento dos dados abarcou seis etapas: codificação das repetições; isolamento, segmentação automática no PRAAT; aplicação do script no PRAAT; seleção das três melhores repetições e aplicação da interface MatLab. Os resultados deste inédito e relevante estudo revelaram características prosódicas nos falares de belenenses e macapaenses ao apontarem contornos prosódicos similares da F0, na sílaba tônica final nas duas modalidades analisadas, porém evidenciaram-se traços prosódicos mais regulares nas interrogativas totais.

The Social Origin of the Concept of Truth - How Statements Are Built on Disagreements.

This paper proposes a social account for the origin of the truth value and the emergence of the first declarative sentence. Such a proposal is based on two assumptions. The first is known as the social intelligence hypothesis: that the cognitive evolution of humans is first and foremost an adaptation to social demands. The second is the function-first approach to explaining the evolution of traits: before a prototype of a new trait develops and the adaptation process begins, something already existing is used for a new purpose. Applied to the emergence of declarative sentences, this suggests something already existing—natural signs (which have a logical or causal relation to what they denote)—were used for the declarative function and thereby integrated (in the form of indexical objects implying a past action) into communication. I show that the display of an indexical object (such as the display of hunting trophies) can imply a conceptual structure similar to that informing the syntax of sentences. The view developed in this paper is broadly consistent with the argumentative theory of Mercier and Sperber, which suggests that reasoning is less adapted to decision making than to social purposes such as winning disputes or justifying one’s actions. In this paper I extend this view to the origin of the concept of truth. According to my proposal, the first declarative sentence (articulated in a simple sign language) emerged as a negation of a negation of an implicit statement expressed by the display of an indexical object referring to a past action. Thereby, I suggest that the binary structure of the truth value underlying any declarative sentence is founded on disagreements based on conflicts of interest. Thus, I deny that the concept of truth could have evolved for instrumental reasons such as solving problems, or through self-questioning about what one ought to believe.

Índices entonativos de modalidad entre enunciados declarativos e interrogativos con final descendente: variedades geoprosódicas de Asturias

This paper shows the relevance of the tonal range and the duration as complementary intonation indices of the pitch accents and boundary edges in the discrimination of declarative and interrogative sentences in languages with falling boundary tones in both modalities. It is based on regularities observed in the prosodic descriptions, verified in perceptual experiments and assessed by dialectometric analysis in the geoprosodic varieties of Asturias. The different models and, especially, the one of Asturian centromeridional are shown in which the concatenation of pitch accents and boundary edges is identical in the assertive and interrogative utterances. The samples from the Asturian corpus of the Atlas Multimedia Prosodico del Espacio Romanico (AMPER-Astur) are taken as a reference.

Analizyng The Lingual Elements of Sampoerna Hijau Advertisement Published on Youtube

The research aims to find any lingual elements and meanings used by advertisers in “Sampoerna Hijau” Cigarette advertisements on Youtube. There are 5 editions of advertisements that are analized, “Edisi Dateng Kondangan”, “Edisi Selfie di Kondangan”, “Edisi Minum Es Kacang Ijo”, “Edisi Punyaku Lebih Nikmat” and the last is “Edisi Hijau Panas”. Seven Types of Meaning theory by Leech is used on this research. This study is design in a qualitative research. Researcher collected the data using observation methods. Then in the analysis of research data using Agih method with the basic technique that is Bagi Unsur Langsung or BUL techniques. The BUL method and technique are used by researcher to analyze the signs and forms found in Sampoerna Hijau cigarette advertisements so that they can easily classify these lingual signs and forms. The researcher found that the lingual form in the five editions of Sampoerna Hijau Cigarette Advertisements, namely: 10 interrogative sentences, 13 imperative sentences, 13 declarative sentences, 14 exclamation sentences, 2 nouns and 1 adjective. The meanings found in each lingual form are 5 meanings, with the following description: sentences that contain reflections as many as 12 sentences, sentences containing affective meanings of 22 sentences, sentences containing conceptual meanings of 15 sentences, sentences that contains a colloquial meaning of 2 sentences and the last sentence that contains connotative meaning of 1 sentence.

An investigation of questions in Ètùló language of Benue State, Nigeria

This study investigated the formation of questions in Etulo, a minority language spoken in Benue State. It specifically examines the strategies used in forming content and polar questions in the language. Data for the study were collected during a fieldtrip to Adi in Buruku Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. The study shows that both content and polar questions are formed in the language through different strategies. Whereas content questions are formed through the use of interrogative words such as òle/kↄ ‘where’, òle ‘which’, ème ‘who’ emine ‘how many’ among others, the main strategy employed in polar question formation is the use of tone. In addition to tone; the language also uses such particles as gbɛ́ɛ̀ and lô in polar question formation. These particles occur at the final position of a declarative sentence to indicate that it is a question.
 Key Words: Etulo, Question Formation, Polar, Interrogative Words

Um estudo preliminar sobre a prosódia de construções com tópico e foco no português paulista

Este trabalho objetiva analisar as estratégias prosódicas relacionadas ao fraseamento prosódico e à configuração tonal associados à marcação de tópico e foco em sentenças declarativas do português brasileiro (doravante, PB), com enfoque no dialeto falado na cidade de São Paulo, ainda não descrito nesse sentido. Através da análise de dados produzidos por falantes de São Paulo, observou-se que as estratégias empregadas para a marcação prosódica de foco e tópico se assemelham às já descritas em estudos anteriores para outras variedades do PB (MORAES; ORSINI, 2003; ORSINI, 2005; FERNANDES, 2007; TRUCKENBRODT et al., 2009; FROTA et al., 2015; entre outros). Isto é, parece haver uma distinção entre os dois tipos de construção, uma vez que tópicos, independentemente da sua posição na sentença, tendem a formar sintagmas entoacionais (I) independentes, apresentando uma pausa e um tom de fronteira baixo ou alto na sua fronteira direita. Porém, expressões focalizadas não necessariamente formam um I independente, pois, em posição inicial, pode também ocorrer um acento frasal baixo associado à direita do sintagma fonológico (φ) que contém a expressão focalizada e, portanto, tal domínio está contido no mesmo I que contém o restante da sentença.

The Speech Act of Request in Computer-Mediated Communication

Through conversation ones establish relationship with others and keep channels open for further relationships. Politeness strategies and issues have been the focus of a number of studies. The way ones request for something to others depends on some factors such as the context they are in and the interlocutors they talk to. This article aims at developing the latest discussion on politeness phenomena by paying attention to the specifics of Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) settings specifically an online discussion forum. This article attempts to identify how speech act of request is performed in Top Law School (TLS) online discussion forum. The data were analyzed to observe the forms of speech act of request and the types of speech act of request performed in the online discussion forum. The findings of this paper revealed that the forms of speech act of request are expressed by declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentence. Moreover, the types of speech act of request employed by the users are directive, indirective, and literal speech acts. The writer believes that the study will be beneficial and a good reference for future researchers in conducting research on pragmatics under the same topic. Hopefully, it will enrich readers’ knowledge and understanding of the speech act of request and the politeness in CMC.

The The Interpersonal Meaning of Verbal Text and Visual Image Relation in English Textbook for Junior High School Grade VIII

This study aimed at explaining the relations between verbal text and visual image in English Textbook for Junior High School Grade VIII in terms of interpersonal meaning. The first is the checklist of verbal text analysis by Halliday in Eggin (2004) to analyse the verbal text. The second is the checklist table for visual image analysis by applying the theory of Kress and Van Leeuween (2006). The last is about the relation between verbal text and visual image in terms of interpersonal meaning (Royce’s theory; 2007). The findings show mostly every chapter is dominated by declarative sentences. In declarative mood, the sentence indicates to state something or explain something. Some conversations indicate the image acts and the gazes of them are ‘offer’, they could be explained that the images address us indirectly, the viewer is not the object, but the subject looked. The represented participants are the object of the viewer’s dispassionate scrutiny, no contact between the viewer and the represented participants. The image acts and the gazes happen between represented participants and represented participants. The eye contacts prove the verbal text produced by the represented participants. Verbally, the statement and question relate through intersemiotics reinforcement of address. The activities between represented participant and represented participant happen verbally in which the viewer do not joint in the conversation. As visually, the eyeline just happened between represented participant and represented participant without the viewer. It could be said relationship happened when the verbal text supports the visual image.

ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN BAHASA, KANDUNGAN PORNOGRAFI DAN KONOTASI PORNOGRAFI, SERTA KANDUNGAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM TEKS LAGU CAMPURSARI

Research on the use of language, sentence, the content of pornography and connotations of pornography, and the content of character education in the campursari song text are aimed to describing at: (1) language, (2) sentence variations, (3) pornographic content and pornographic connotations, and (4) content character education in the campursari song text. This study included qualitative descriptive research. The research data are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. The data source for this study is ten songs downloaded from the internet. The results of the study: (1) ten songs analyzed by nine song texts used Javanese as the title and one song used the Javanese language and Indonesian language. Of the ten songs, all song texts use Javanese, there are mixed Indonesian language codes into Javanese, mixed Javanese language codes and English into Indonesian, Indonesian language code switching to Javanese, and there are letters written that violate General Guidelines Enhanced Javanese Spelling (PUEBJYD), (2) the use of sentences consists of: (a) declarative sentences, (b) interrogative sentences, and (c) imperative sentences, (3) there are six songs containing pornography and connotations of pornography, and (4) the value of prominent character education is creative, besides that it is a violation of polite and religious values.

Ahots murmurikatuaren zenbait ezaugarri akustikoz

Ikerketa honen helburu nagusia ahots murmurikatuaren zenbait ezaugarri akustiko aztertzea da. Horretarako, lagina 36 esaldik osatzen dute, horietako 18 ahots arruntean gauzatuak eta beste 18ak ahots murmurikatuan. 12 galdera azentuen gauzapena ikertzeko erabili dira eta 6 intonazioarena ikertzeko. [a] bokalaren formakinak aztertzeko esaldi mota guztiak erabili dira (datuen azterketaren atalaren azpiataletan esaldi zehatzak agertuko dira). Inkesta egiteko eduki dugun informatzailea Igorreko 23 urteko andrazko bat izan da. Berorren ama-hizkuntza bertako euskararen barietate tradizionala izan da eta ikasketa guztiak euskaraz egin ditu. Emaitzen artean, hurrengoak dauzkagu: (1) ahots murmurikatuaren ezaugarririk nabarmenenak, ahots arruntaren aldean, f0rik ez egotea eta intonazioa apalagoa izatea dira; (2) iraupenari dagokionez, ahots murmurikatuan eginiko esaldiak luzexeagoak dira, berau estatistikoki esanguratsua izan ez arren; (3) [a] bokalaren formakinen azterketan ahots mota estatistikoki esanguratsua da bokalaren f1 eta f2 formakinei dagokienez; horrela bada, ahots murmurikatuan [a] bokala irekiagoa eta aurreratuagoa da ahots arruntean baino; (4) ahots murmurikatuan azentuaren korrelatu akustiko nagusia iraupena da; (5) silaba azentuduna luzeagoa da azentu bakoa baino; azkenik, (6) adierazpenezkoen eta bai/ez erako galderen bereizkuntzan iraupena eta intonazioa biak erabiltzen dira, baina esaldiaren azken silaban kontraste handiagoa gertatzen da gainerako egonguneetan baino. Bai/ez erako galderen azken silabak luzeagoak eta intentsitate altuagokoak dira adierazpen-esaldienak baino.

EARLY SYNTACTIC ACQUISITION IN A BALINESE SPEAKING CHILD

This article addresses the acquisition of syntax in a Balinese monolingual child at the age of 2;5 until 2;7. The data was collected in natural setting when the child involved in spontaneous interaction with adults. The speech produced by the child was segmented based on the utterances. The speech produced by the child was transcribed orthographically, along with the phonetic transcription. Besides, every utterance produced by the child accompanied by contextual description and explanation. The data was coded and glossed according to the parts of speech, and grammatical functions. The results show that at this stage, even though the child goes through early sentence or word combinations stage, the child still produces single-word utterances at the onset as well. The words belong to noun, verb, adjective, adverb and particle. Words combination produced can be classified into declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences. Initially, the child frequently omit subject. The fact that in colloquial adult’s conversation in Balinese omitting subject is acceptable may contribute to the subject omission. In two words combinations NP and VP occurred and in three or more words utterances S-P, S-P-O and S-P-C starting to be produced. In making questions kije‘where’, ape ‘what’, encen ‘which one’ and nyen ‘whose’ are used. In question, the child also applied rising intonation when question words are not applied. The child is also able to express tag question. In imperative sentences, the child is able to use command, request, and invitation. This study implies the role of adult’s input in children language acquisition as shown in subject omission and the flexible word order.

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND BUGINESE DECLARATIVE SENTENCES PATTERN

This study aimed at investigating the differences and similarities of sentences pattern in English and Buginese and the approach of this study used namely qualitative, where the contrastive analysis was chosen as the method of the study in comparing and analyzing sentence patterns of both languages. From the analysis, it revealed that the similarities of two languages were: (1) both languages have similar sentences pattern, especially for the verbal simple present tense and verbal and nominal future tense, (2) both languages, have the same elements to construct a sentence (S+V+O). Meanwhile, the differences between both of them were (1) declarative sentence pattern for the nominal simple present tense, and verbal and nominal past tense between two languages is different. (2) There is no such pattern S + Vlinking + Subject Complement in Buginese since Buginese has no verb tobe. (3) In making past sentences in Buginese, it would involve Ergative Pronoun, namely -na, -no, -ni, and their position attached at the end of word pura. Hopefully, these findings can predict the interference would happen during teaching English as a target language with the student who has Buginese as their mother tongue. Furthermore, it is suggested that future researchers could conduct a Buginese language study in different settings, such as pragmatics analysis, morphological system, and phonology system.

INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS IN TOBA DREAM MOVIE

This study focused on indirect speech act used by the main characters in Toba Dream movie. The objectives of the study were to: (1) find out the types of indirect speech acts used in Toba Dream movie, and (2) describe how types of indirect speech acts used in Toba Dream movie. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The data of the study were all utterances uttered by the main character in Toba Dream movie and collected by watching the movie. The result of the study showed that there were four types of indirect speech acts found in Toba Dream movie, they were: representative, directive, commisive, expressive containing indirect speech acts in Toba dream Movie. Representative (25,71%) were realized by interrogative sentences and imperative sentences. Directive (21,43%) were realized by declarative sentences and interrogative sentences. Commisive (14,28%) were realized by declarative sentences. The main characters in Toba dream movie dominated the use of indirect speech act to express statement, command and warning. It showed that they could produce the language more politely and keep the hearer’s face while getting instruction or information indirectly.Keywords: indirect speech act, movie pragmatic, Toba Dream