Decades Of 20th Century Research Articles

Weather Forecast or Rain-Dance? On Inter-War Business Barometers

In this paper, I use the materials of the debate on the reliability and the utility of “business barometers” of the Twenties in order to show that the theoretical reflexions of the time could be used by economic historians as a working hypothesis to analyze the influence exerted by circulating statistical data on the decisions of economic operators and institutions. I offer a short illustration of the origins and circulation of economic trends forecasting in the first decades of 20th century, paying particular attention to the critical attitude shown by Corrado Gini and Oskar Morgenstern and to the debate arisen inside the Harvard Committee for Economic Research on the inefficiency of its “index of economic conditions” during the 1929 crisis. I finally suggest that thorough research on the circulation and the influence exerted by the Harvard index on the business world, still after the slump in prices of New York Stock Exchange, could contribute to explain the behaviour of American businessmen and investors during the first Thirties, and the deepening of the crisis. The paper was presented at the 11th Annual Conference of the European Business History Association in Geneva, September 13-16, 2007.

UP-02.05: Venereal diseases in early 20th century Greece

To present the situation of the fight against venereal diseases (mainly syphilis and gonorrhea) in Athens during the first four decades of 20th century, before and after the establishment of the specialized in these diseases “A. Syngros” Hospital in 1910.

Las esculturas barrocas italianas de los jardines de la embajada de España en Lisboa

In the gardens of the seventeenth century palace, property of the kingdom of Spain, in which is the Spanish embassy in Lisbon, we can observe a group —although not an homogeneous one, for the different dates and geographical origins (Genoa and eventually Rome)— of Italian baroque sculpture. D. Luis Lobo da Silveira (1640-1706) and D. Rodrigo da Silveira Silva e Teles (1663-1735), second and third counts of Sarzedas, owners of the palace in the 17th century and first decades of 18th century, were almost certainly the commissioners of this works, that today still remain in the property: three fountains (in the upper garden), a statue of Hercules (that belonged to another ancient fountain) and four (allegorical or mythological) statues in the yard. These last four statues in particular, assume a special importance because they enrich the panorama of Italian sculpture imported to Portugal in the baroque period and they prove the existence of works by the Genoese sculptor Bernardo Schiaffino (1678-1725) in Portugal, fact that remained unknown until now.

EARNINGS INEQUALITY IN USA, 1969-99: COMPARING INEQUALITY USING EARNINGS EQUATIONS

A simple decomposition method using an earnings equation is proposed by synthesizing two decomposition methodologies, those of Juhn, Murphy, and Pierce (1993) and Fields (2003), in order to study changes in earnings inequality in America during the last three decades in the 20th century. The proposed method enables us to compute both aggregate and detailed decompositions of changes in earnings inequality. The decomposition of earnings inequality change during the last three decades in 20th century shows that the increase in earnings inequality in America was caused by changes in the wage structure and the distribution of unobservables. The premium to education contributes substantially to the widening of earnings inequality during the 1980s and 1990s. A decreasing male wage premium contributes to leveling earnings inequality.

Intellectual Property Rights In Cyberspace

Emergence of digital and information technologies towards the concluding decades of 20th century as the defining paradigms of new communication has raised a whole new set of challenges to legal regime. When intellectual property laws were first drafted, computer technology did not exist. At that time, it was not foreseen that it would be necessary to protect information stored by digital means, nor was it foreseen that information would become such a sought after commodity. The Internet, software, business-methods for e-commerce applications and electronic databases are relatively new territories where innovators have created an environment in which information exists in plentiful quantities and available to many people. However, due to the lack of concrete laws, the Internet has become a breeding ground for several unlawful activities most of them related to intellectual property rights, namely copyrights and trademarks. In this paper an attempt has been made to identify and explore the impact of the internet technology on Intellectual Property Rights and the implications for the legal system including the extent of protection offered to IPR over the cyberspace. The author has employed the US legislations, case law precedents along with Indian legislations on IPR for the analysis.

O.D. Skelton and the North American mind

NINETEEN THIRTY-FIVE WAS A GOOD YEAR for Canadian-American connection. Prime Minister R. B. Bennett began negotiation of a trade agreement with United States spring. Another leader, Mackenzie King, finished job time to celebrate his success on Armistice Day, 11th of November, from his perspective appropriate occasion to contrast cooperative peoples of America with those of a barbaric Europe.1 O. D. Skelton, King's chief foreign policy adviser as he had been Bennett's, was delighted by substance of freer trade, but even more by its potential for shaping of a North American mind.2 That would distance country from trap of British imperialism and European militarism.THE RISE OF NORTH AMERICANISMThe first four decades of 20th century, period of Skelton's academic and public service career, witnessed rise of a Americanism that went to core of his thought. Americanism was not an organized impulse, nor was it dominant force driving attitudes and policy Canada or United States. But it was on an upwards trajectory during Skelton's adult life.North Americanism came from many directions-from growth of United States' power and ambition, and dimming of British empire's light and authority; from resolution of Canadian-American disputes that had dogged late 19th and early 20th centuries; from sense that a superior American diplomatic structure was taking shape, with International Joint Commission (IJC) as both symbol and evidence of an ability to resolve knotty problems cooperatively; and from continental publicists such as J. T. Shotwell and J. W. Dafoe. It came, too, from intensifying links of economics and culture, and from merchants, doctors, engineers, lawyers, bankers, unionists, bureaucrats, academics, entertainers, and athletes who moved effortlessly and increasingly across border.When Americans and Canadians turned away from world years between two world wars, Americanism took a tighter hold. Sir Robert Falconer, president of University of Toronto, wrote 1925 that America was hope of world: Fear of force is unknown, vessels of war are not seen on lakes nor fortifications on frontier, and such rivalries which exist spring not from incompatible racial ambitions but from legitimate trade between two peoples of mutual affinity and respect. How sad, by comparison, was the plight of Europe: country set against country, race against race, frontiers watched by suspicious guardians, enclaves and fragments of peoples only tolerated by necessity.' Canadians regularly traveled to League of Nations to read what became known, and not a complimentary way, as speech, prescribing IJC's methodologies of investigation, reason, and discussion as a remedy for world's ills. Canadians, Mackenzie King told League 1928, lived in perfect harmony ... with their neighbour to south.4From 1935 into second World War, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, St. Lawrence University, and Queen's University convened large and buoyant Canadian-American relations conferences, alternating between Canadian and American sites and drawing on a wide range of expertise from both countries. In 1936, J. T. Shotwell launched Carnegie's series of scholarly examinations of relationship, which eventually reached 25 sober blue volumes. At first of Canada-US meetings, held upstate New York, J. W. Dafoe, celebrated editor of Winnipeg Free Press, argued that Canada and United States constituted a cultural, intellectual, and moral unity, North American character and range.5 That summarized a broad intellectual trend.6By later 1930s, according to US Chamber of Commerce, there were 11 non-governmental organizations United States pushing for close Canadian-American relations. …

Performances of three R-AN-D-N wastewater treatment plants in the Czech Republic

The evolution of Czech standards requires higher efficiency of nutrient removal from municipal wastewaters. At the beginning of the last decade of 20th century, a new activated sludge configuration called R-AN-D-N process has been described, successfully tested and now largely used at several wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in the Czech republic. The main feature of the R-AN-D-N process is the introduction of a regeneration zone in sludge recycle, which enables to increase sludge age in the system without any substantial increase in WWTP volume. Performances of three Czech large WWTP with R-AN-D-N configuration have been monitored and compared within a period of one and a half years. The results confirmed excellent nutrient removal efficiency for wastewaters with different proportion between sewage and industrial effluents. Two of three monitored WWTP received wastewaters from breweries (Budweiser and Pilsner Urquell). The settleability of activated sludge from all three WWTP was correct, with SVI values usually ranging from 50 to 150 ml/g. Monitoring of sludge composition indicated proliferation of several filamentous bacteria, particularly types 0581, 0092 and M. parvicella. No severe bulking events were observed. Finally, the operational costs expressed in CZK (Czech crown: 1 CZK = [see symbol in text]0.0322) per cubic metre of treated sewage or per capita amounts respectively from 2.24 to 6.52, and from 285 to 342.

Uma sinopse de Lacunaria Ducke

Lacunaria Ducke é um gênero tropical, com oito espécies, a maioria com centro de distribuição na Amazônia brasileira. Desde o tratamento feito por Ducke, na terceira década do século XX, as espécies não foram revisadas taxonomicamente. Uma sinopse do gênero, incluindo chave de identificação, descrições, sinonímias, comentários taxonômicos e distribuição geográfica das espécies é apresentada.

Recent drastic changes in the gammarid fauna (Crustacea, Amphipoda) of the Vistula River deltaic system in Poland caused by alien invaders

ABSTRACTDuring the last decade of 20th century, the nonindigenous gammarid species Gammarus tigrinus, Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, Pontogammarus robustoides and Obesogammarus crassus invaded the lower Vistula River and its deltaic, partly brackish regions. G. tigrinus, an oligohaline North‐American species, was introduced to western Europe in the 1950s; the remaining three species are oligohaline/freshwater Ponto‐Caspian species. All these species are now invading central and western Europe using the network of man‐made canals connecting different European river systems. In the Vistula River, the native European freshwater gammarid species Gammarus pulex and G. varsoviensis were replaced in the 1920s by the Ponto‐Caspian Chaetogammarus ischnus (syn. Echinogammarus ischnus), which in turn has been outnumbered by the more recent invasions of D. haemobaphes and P. robustoides. In brackish waters, the native Atlantic‐boreal species Gammarus zaddachi and Gammarus duebeni are replaced or at least outnumbered by G. tigrinus, P. robustoides and O. crassus. Possible invasion routes are discussed.

Mehanizam uticaja promene deviznog kursa na inflaciju

The implementation of an adequate exchange rate policy inevitably leads us to the pass-through of exchange rate changes on export prices and inflation. During the last decade of 20th century, there was a lot of research done on the pass-through of exchange rate changes from the microeconomic aspect. This approach, known as New Open Economy Macroeconomics, is theoretically grounded mainly on producers' ability to price discriminate in markets for export goods. Consistent with the established theoretical framework, the focus of this research has been directed towards studying the pass-through of exchange rate changes to export prices. Relatively few research papers, also based on theoretical grounds of basically macroeconomic character, have dealt with the pass-through of exchange rate changes to inflation. This paper observes the pass-through of exchange rate changes to inflation from the macroeconomic aspect. The starting point of our theoretical consideration of the pass-through of exchange rate changes to inflation is the well-known Dornbusch's overshooting model. The observation of the pass-through of exchange rate changes to inflation within the overshooting model allows us to observe two dimensions through which changes in the exchange rate pass through to inflation. The first dimension observes the pass-through of nominal exchange rate changes to inflation, whereas the second one observes the deviations of the nominal exchange rate from the equilibrium nominal exchange rate, having simultaneous internal and external equilibrium. The final pass-through of exchange rate changes to inflation will depend on the joint influence of both dimensions. Also, the pass-through of exchange rate changes to inflation will be observed in the countries with a fixed exchange rate system, which so far has not been a common situation in practice. We believe that exchange rate changes pass through to inflation even in a fixed exchange rate system, when a change in the exchange rate is equal to zero, which is manifested in deviations of the nominal exchange rate from the equilibrium exchange rate.

1013 Poster Development of treatment strategy of children with malignant intracranial tumors during the last decade of 20th century. A single center experience

1013 Poster Development of treatment strategy of children with malignant intracranial tumors during the last decade of 20th century. A single center experience

マイクロマシンプロジェクトの成果

The National R&D Project “Micromachine Technology” was launched in 1990 by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. The target was to establish a technological paradigm of micromachine, which was supposed to be applied for a variety of domains, i.e. maintenance in complex industrial facilities, less invasive medical treatment and diagnosis, less energy consumption manufacturing system. The R&D approach originated from miniaturization of machine system and was different from those in the overseas. The Project run over the last decade of 20th century in the depressed economy and ended in March 2001 with many technological results and substantial impact on the public as well as research society. This paper summarizes background of Project initiation, implementation approach and major technological results. And also it takes a look at a foreseeable course in future.

GOSPODARSKI RAZVOJ ZAŠTIĆENIH PODRUČJA

Throughout the last decade of 20th century, many international organizations (UNESCO; OECD; EU and others) emphasized the importance of ecology-orientated development. UNESCO has declared the year 2002 as the Year of Ecology that will be manifested during April 2002. In accord with this concept, the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management i.e. its Research and Development Center has initiated three projects in the field of sustainable development. These are: • The possibilities o f economical activities in Nature Park Učka and its Contact regions • The visual identity of the National Park Risnjak • The development of Eco-tourism in Gorski kotar All three projects have been initiated through the financial support of the County of Primorje and Gorski kotar, i.e. the County's Institute for Sustainable Development and Spatial Planning. The first project on the Possibilities of economical activities in Nature Park Učka and its Contact Regions has been complete, whereas the other two projects are still in preparation. In this paper, a SWOT analysis has been applied in an attempt to compare the strengths and weaknesses against the opportunities and threats that we find in the protected region. We have shown the structure of the project related to Nature Park Učka.

Intriguing topics in physiological anthropology: introduction to the theme.

It is well known that we are able rightfully to claim how anthropology, with the subject of its concern, comprises many fields which within the 'classical division' of the discipline were not adequately represented That was the case - until the last few decades of 20th century - with 'physiological anthropology' as well, which offers today much more than was provided for In the moment of creating its differentia specifica. It should be stressed that in the span of the last decade the subject of this narrow anthropological domain should be regarded as much more expanded ranging from: new areas of research, historical analysis of human adaptations (especially in the lights of the possibilities for application of various ergonomic solutions in different parts of the world), studies of different cultural patterns in human physiological reactions and adjustments, judgements of the so called 'peculiar situations', etc. to different 'research! Application spectrum' which could be regarded as the cultural construction of what we call 'applied physiological anthropology'. Consequently, the scientific Interest in physiology within anthropology has expanded inevitably in the last decade towards all scientific narrow fields of discipline and related areas already described and presented through strategic targets by Paul Baker's 'eternal triangle' of interdependencies resulting on the global scene in an elaboration of different (new) research problems, different (new) methods applied and the specific (new) implicational activities depending, many times, on our own perceptions. It Is dear that the way in which current attitude toward physiological anthropology has been elaborated and developed depends directly on the evolution of human knowledge although even today one could still find those who relate physiological anthropology to standard classical methodological patterns of anthropological work (based mainly on metric - morphological properties and analyses of morpho/physiological adjustments) as opposed to those that accept (realistically) the almost immeasurable growth of specialized research interests and techniques in this anthropological discipline (e.g. analyzing different problems of human evolution, human ecology, medical anthropology, genetical epidemiology, growth and development and aging processes studies, etc.), This is especially visible in the most economically and technologically developed countries of the world. In fact, the number of research interests and techniques applied, as well as the interpretations obtained progressively grow together with the acceptance of new. Not only inter- and trans-, and (respectively) multidisciplinary approaches to scientific research and its application, but also with the possible insight of today, and within it the necessity of its, inevable holistic analytic approach. And here the question of our interests to ask and to try to resolve many eonfrontated problems in physiological anthropology arises. The intellectual maturation of the ideas to accept physiology within the framework of classical anthropology and its differentia speciflea became reality a few decades ago. Accepting the integrity of our discipline it was my privilege to invite a few colleagues from different countries, oriented to the problems of research in different fields of anthropology with a very important goal - to present, to analyze and to give us some ideas about possible applications of new approaches and different scopes to which some problems could be related, presented and reexamined in different intellectual constructions, in order to avoid the 'classical' anthropological uncritical acceptance of certain 'morpho/physiological' assumptions. So, the papers published in this volume of the journal present not only the variety of encountered problems but also the different techniques and levels of investigations. All of them show a part of the variety of richness in which different problems of physiological anthropology could be presented today, representing a significant contribution to our efforts toward the development of strategy of our scientific discipline, contributing to the perceptional syntheses and showing that the subject of physiological anthropology should not be limited by any intellectual boundaries.

The Heiltsuks: Dialogues of Culture and History on the Northwest Coast

This is welcome addition to literature on Heiltsuks (formerly referred to as Bella Bella). As author notes (p. 1), less is known (and published) about this group than about neighbouring Northwest Coast peoples despite fact that they are located at geographical and cultural center of region.While Harkin's statement that Heiltsuks probably experienced most rapid cultural transformation of any tribal group in history of Western colonialism (p. 2) could be contested, his discussion of Heiltsuk-Euro-Canadian interaction in Chapters 6, 7 and 8 is interesting. It is in these chapters that Harkin's ethnohistoric dialogue approach is employed. While noting that oral traditions of neighbors on all sides point to Heiltsuks as originators of many important ideas, beliefs, titles, and practices (p. 2), Harkin does not provide as much information on dialogues between indigenous groups. Questions concerning how Heiltsuks influenced or were affected by neighbouring North-west Coast peoples receive less attention than interactions with Euro-Canadians.The book includes eight chapters and conclusion. material is not entirely new. Earlier versions of Chapters 4 and 7 appeared in Ethnohistory in 1988 and 1993, and Chapter 6 was published in American Ethnologist in 1994. Chapter 2, Heiltsuks pertains to 1980s and early 90s and does not appear to have been updated for 2000 paper edition.Although Harkin states that his study focuses on the half century after 1880 (p. x), first five chapters concern primarily earlier and later periods as well as theoretical issues. reader must weave back and forth through shifting time frames. Source materials included Heiltsuk narratives about their own history, archival, ethnographic and linguistic data, field notes and publications of Boas, Drucker, Hunt, Olson and others, as well as 12 months of fieldwork between 1985 and 1987 involving formal and informal interviews and participant observation. Harkin's fieldwork was based in village of Waglisla (Bella Bella) on Eastern Shore of Campbell Island (p. 23).In Chapter 1, The Nineteenth Century Heiltsuks, culturally intermediate position of Heiltsuks with respect to matrilineal groups to north and cognatic groups to south is noted. However, intriguing question of when, why or how Heiltsuk developed their particular blend of bilateral and matrilineal emphases is not addressed nor is it clear to what extent descent, inheritance and residence patterns varied during 19th century. This may be consequence of sketchiness of available data on certain aspects of Heiltsuk to which Harkin refers (p. 3). chapter title is somewhat misleading, as Harkin's reconstruction of Heiltsuk culture applies principally to first few decades of 19th century (p. 3). In Chapter 6 he notes that drastic depopulation occurred in mid-19th century. However, in his discussion of Heiltsuk ranking system in Chapter 1, he refers to but does not elaborate on changes associated with depopulation and involvement in trade (p. 4), nor is there mention of decline of slavery during 19th century.In Chapter 2, Contemporary Heiltsuk Contexts, cultural continuity is addressed. With respect to subsistence sphere, Harkin notes that local resources continue to contribute significantly to household food supplies and that sharing with other villagers including non-Heiltsuks is a point of pride and traditional value. Continuities in subsistence practices serve also as markers of ethnic identity (p. 27). In political arena as well there are continuities: There is some correlation between elected office and high rank in traditional name system ... rivalry tends to follow tribal group divisions as well as family lines (pp. 27-28). Holding of feasts and potlatches continues to be an important component of leadership (pp. …

What do we Know about Beneficial Consequences of Moderate Alcohol Consumption on Social and Physical Well-Being? A Critical Review of the Recent Literature

Although preponderance of research studies on alcohol consumption has been concerned with deleterious aspects of its ingestion by humans, last decade has been marked by an increasing number of empirical studies that conclude that moderate drinking may be beneficial to one's health. Most notable have been studies that deal with incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). Increased attention to alleged health benefits of moderate alcohol consumption is in one sense rediscovery of folk wisdom paradigm, which existed in first decades of 20th century, of medicinal value of alcoholic beverages. During American prohibition (1920-1933) one could obtain alcoholic beverages with a physician's prescription, and alcohol's use as a medicine has been documented by many scholars in various Western societies, such as Ireland, Czech Republic, Poland, etc., both before and concurrent with emergence of modern systems of health care. Therefore increased research attention on possible benefits of moderate alcohol consumption should come as no surprise to students of history of alcohol use. Beneficial alcohol health use claims have come to attention of American government. The 103rd (1994) United States Congress, in reports from appropriations committees for Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services and Related Agencies, and for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration and Related Agencies Programs, called for National Institutes of Health to research the impact of alcohol on cardiovascular health and longevity and on dietary role of antioxidants and moderate alcohol consumption, and to develop a working strategy to assure future research on this important issue. In accordance with these instructions, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) is currently soliciting research proposals under title Moderate Alcohol Consumption: Benefits and Risks for areas of alcohol and coronary artery disease, alcohol and hypertension, alcohol and stroke, alcohol, osteoporosis, and breast cancer, interactions between moderate alcohol consumption and various medications, risk/benefit analysis, and psychosocial issues. This paper critically evaluates recent research studies that suggest that moderate drinkers, as opposed to abstainers and heavy drinkers, have certain health advantages. It concludes with an evaluation of classifications of abstainers and moderate drinkers for research purposes. Review of selected health studies In this section we critically evaluate some recent research studies that suggest that moderate drinkers, in contrast to abstainers and heavy drinkers, have certain health advantages. A word of caution is in order before we begin this review. Research on benefits of moderate drinking for such conditions as osteoporosis, hepatitis, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and colds is in its infancy; more research is needed on role that various drinking patterns play in these conditions. The largest number of studies are in area of coronary heart disease; numerous epidemiological studies indicate that CHD and moderate alcohol consumption are negatively related (Klatsky et al., 1990). It is beyond scope of this paper to review all studies in this area, for they number in hundreds. Before one can conclusively state that moderate alcohol consumption has a positive impact on CHD, it is necessary to note certain limitations to these studies. First, studies are correlation based; therefore causal mechanism by which alcohol exerts its alleged protective benefits is unknown, although numerous hypotheses have been advanced (Haffner et al., 1985). Most of these concern effect of alcohol on HDL cholesterol and platelet aggregation. Lifestyle factors have been shown to affect CHD rates (Barrett et al., 1995). If moderate alcohol consumption does have a protective effect, can same benefits be obtained by abstainers who are characterized by habits that include nonsmoking, a low-fat diet, regular physical activity, weight control, an ability to manage stress levels, and membership in primary groups that support abstinence? …

UN'INFANZIA DIFFICILE: LA TEORIA DELLA DISSOCIAZIONE ELETTROLITICA NEL XIX SECOLO

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The theory of electrolytic dissociation represented the main chapter of modern chemistry-physics born in the last decades of 19th century. It was vigorously supported, in particular by Ostwald, Arrhenius and Nerst, but it was also harshly criticised. This paper reconstructs the theorical and empirical arguments, which were proposed for and against this theory. Namely, it shows on the one hand the great difficulties, that the supporters of the theory were faced with, and on the other hand the strategies that they adopted in order to overcome these problems. The final part discusses how certain models for a philosophical reconstruction of science shed light on this historical case.

Chronic microbial infections: Manipulation of host immunity as interventional approach

Chronic viral infections represent major challenges in contemporary medicine, virology and pharmacology. The virus-bearing hosts are commonly found in every parts of the world and it is extremely difficult to manage these patients. In addition, considerable numbers of these patients develop progressive diseases and severe complications. Finally, most of these patients act as permanent reservoirs of virus. Understandings of viral life cycle during the last decade of 20th century and the first decade of 21st century have allowed development of hundreds of antiviral agents for different diseases. But, the clinical efficacy of these drugs is not yet satisfactory. In addition, virologists have provided conclusive evidences suggesting that eradication of most chronic virus from infected hosts may an unachievable goal. In this context, it is essential to develop alternative, novel, and evidence-based therapeutic maneuver for these patients. Manipulation of host immune system may be one of these approaches. We would discuss about scopes, limitations, and strategies for manipulation for controlling of chronic viral infections. The primary function of the host's immune system is to mount responses that protect the individual from various microbial infections including viruses. Host's immune responses also control the spread and virulence of the viruses [1]. This is applicable to viruses that cause acute infection. After entering the hosts, these viruses are localized in host's tissues, proliferate and induce antiviral immunity. These cellular events may cause damage and destruction of tissues and the host exhibit features of acute inflammatory diseases. However, the viruses are either almost completely eliminated from the hosts or adequately controlled in situ by host's immune systems. However, chronic infection is established by many viruses because the hosts induce improper and uncoordinated immune responses against these viruses. Most viruses cause persistent infection by evading the host immune surveillance mechanism. Both virus-related factors and host-dependent factors are primarily responsible for viral persistency in subjects with chronic viral infections. doi: 10.3329/blj.v1i1.2620 Bangladesh Liver Journal Vol.1(1) 2009 p.13-19