Death Toll Research Articles

SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Comparison Between the Epidemiological Situation in Greece and Romania.

Introduction Since the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there seems to be scarce data targeting the comparison of epidemiological data among different countries. In an attempt to reveal and characterize the epidemiological profile in the Balkan peninsula,a cross-sectional study has been conducted, aiming to retrospectively collect all the existing information regarding the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic over a period of three years, starting from March 2020 until March 2023. The comparative analysis of the epidemiological features and the main indicators between Romania and Greece can generate a good overview of the factors that can influence public healthand create an adequate system of measures to limit the COVID-19 pandemic in the area. A retrospective comparative study aiming to detect and associate the main indicators determining the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic data with the control measures adopted in Romania and Greece was performed. Methods Publicly available data were obtained from official sources such as the World Health Organization, the European Centre for Disease Control, the Romanian and Greek Ministries of Health,and the Romanian National Centre for Surveillance and Control of Communicable Diseases. The reported number of cases, in total and in conjunction with the age distribution, total number of deaths, and vaccination coverage, from the onset of the pandemic in March 2020 until March 2023, were collected. All officially reported cases of COVID-19 were included in this analysis. Reports with missing or incomplete values regarding the timeframe, age distribution, and vaccination status were excluded. Results During the timeframe of the study, from March 2020 until March 2023, Greece reported a higher number of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases as compared to Romania (5,910,103 cases and 3,352,356 cases, respectively).Still, in terms of the overall death toll, Romania recorded a higher mortality rate than Greece during the pandemic (67.773 deathsvs.36.372 deaths). Concerning both cumulative incidence rates and the 14-day case notification rate per 100.000 inhabitants, it is evident that Romania exhibited greater numbers throughout the course of the pandemic. Although it is not clearly stated, the compulsory vaccination ofelderly people that was set as a high priority in Greece may have contributed to the above results. In terms of the 14-day death notification rate per 100.000 inhabitants in 2020 and 2021, Romania showed a higher rate than Greece, while Greece reported a greater rate in 2022 and up until March 2023. Between 2020 and 2023, Greece presented both a higher number of vaccinated individualsand a higher vaccination coverage with two doses (7,034,695 individuals, 70% of the general population), as compared to Romania (6,467,804 individuals, 33.68% of the general population, p<0.0001). Conclusions Despite the similar restrictions and preventive actions adopted by Romania and Greece, some of the epidemiological data between the two countries tends to differ. It must not be ignoredthatevery nation should be considered a unique entity with distinct features, including individuals, customs, and policies, rather than being categorized with other countries based on geographic proximity or regionalization.

Developmental Impacts of Epigenetics and Metabolism in COVID-19.

Developmental biology is intricately regulated by epigenetics and metabolism but the mechanisms are not completely understood. The situation becomes even more complicated during diseases where all three phenomena are dysregulated. A salient example is COVID-19, where the death toll exceeded 6.96 million in 4 years, while the virus continues to mutate into different variants and infect people. Early evidence during the pandemic showed that the host's immune and inflammatory responses to COVID-19 (like the cytokine storm) impacted the host's metabolism, causing damage to the host's organs and overall physiology. The involvement of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the pivotal host receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was identified and linked to epigenetic abnormalities along with other contributing factors. Recently, studies have revealed stronger connections between epigenetics and metabolism in COVID-19 that impact development and accelerate aging. Patients manifest systemic toxicity, immune dysfunction and multi-organ failure. Single-cell multiomics and other state-of-the-art high-throughput studies are only just beginning to demonstrate the extent of dysregulation and damage. As epigenetics and metabolism directly impact development, there is a crucial need for research implementing cutting-edge technology, next-generation sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, the identification of biomarkers and clinical trials to help with prevention and therapeutic interventions against similar threats in the future.

Targeting of essential mycobacterial replication enzyme DnaG primase revealed Mitoxantrone and Vapreotide as novel mycobacterial growth inhibitors.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading cause of mortality after COVID-19, with a global death toll of 1.6 million in 2021. The escalating situation of drug-resistant forms of TB has threatened the current TB management strategies. New therapeutics with novel mechanisms of action are urgently required to address the current global TB crisis. The essential mycobacterial primase DnaG with no structural homology to homo sapiens presents itself as a good candidate for drug targeting. In the present study, Mitoxantrone and Vapreotide, two FDA-approved drugs, were identified as potential anti-mycobacterial agents. Both Mitoxantrone and Vapreotide exhibit a strong Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ≤25μg/ml against both the virulent (M.tb-H37Rv) and avirulent (M.tb-H37Ra) strains of M.tb. Extending the validations further revealed the inhibitory potential drugs in ex vivo conditions. Leveraging the computational high-throughput multi-level docking procedures from the pool of ~2700 FDA-approved compounds, Mitoxantrone and Vapreotide were screened out as potential inhibitors of DnaG. Extensive 200 ns long all-atoms molecular dynamic simulation of DnaGDrugs complexes revealed that both drugs bind strongly and stabilize the DnaG during simulations. Reduced solvent exposure and confined motions of the active centre of DnaG upon complexation with drugs indicated that both drugs led to the closure of the active site of DnaG. From this study's findings, we propose Mitoxantrone and Vapreotide as potential anti-mycobacterial agents, with their novel mechanism of action against mycobacterial DnaG.

Reassessing the Bengal Famine of 1943

AbstractThe Bengal famine of 1943 has received significant attention from academia, politicians and the public. This is the result both of its considerable death toll and the range of factors held responsible, including politicians. However, despite the quantity of discussion and controversy that it has generated, three areas have thus far been insufficiently addressed: the results of the Bengal Food Drive, the geographic link between famine and the ‘denial policy’, and the economic Balkanisation of India. This article addresses these areas to draw a more rounded conclusion on the debate around the famine.

What if… your research is suddenly affiliated with a tobacco manufacturing company?

The tobacco industry is accountable for an annual global death toll of approximately 8 million people and cigarette smoking is the foremost risk factor for several types of cancer. In...

Applications of Pyrrole and Pyridine-based Heterocycles in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.

The escalation of cancer worldwide is one of the major causes of economy burden and loss of human resources. According to the American Cancer Society, there will be 1,958,310 new cancer cases and 609,820 projected cancer deaths in 2023 in the United States. It is projected that by 2040, the burden of global cancer is expected to rise to 29.5 million per year, causing a death toll of 16.4 million. The hemostasis regulation by cellular protein synthesis and their targeted degradation is required for normal cell growth. The imbalance in hemostasis causes unbridled growth in cells and results in cancer. The DNA of cells needs to be targeted by chemotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment, but at the same time, their efficacy and toxicity also need to be considered for successful treatment. The objective of this study is to review the published work on pyrrole and pyridine, which have been prominent in the diagnosis and possess anticancer activity, to obtain some novel lead molecules of improved cancer therapeutic. A literature search was carried out using different search engines, like Sci-finder, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, RSC etc., for small molecules based on pyrrole and pyridine helpful in diagnosis and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. The research findings on the application of these compounds from 2018-2023 were reviewed on a variety of cell lines, such as breast cancer, liver cancer, epithelial cancer, etc. Results: In this review, the published small molecules, pyrrole and pyridine and their derivatives, which have roles in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers, were discussed to provide some insight into the structural features responsible for diagnosis and treatment. The analogues with the chromeno-furo-pyridine skeleton showed the highest anticancer activity against breast cancer. The compound 5-amino-N-(1-(pyridin-4- yl)ethylidene)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbohydrazides was highly potent against HEPG2 cancer cell. Redaporfin is used for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, biliary tract cancer, cisplatin-resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and pigmentation melanoma, and it is in clinical trials for phase II. These structural features present a high potential for designing novel anticancer agents for diagnosis and drug development. Therefore, the N- and C-substituted pyrrole and pyridine-based novel privileged small Nheterocyclic scaffolds are potential molecules used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This review discusses the reports on the synthesis of such molecules during 2018-2023. The review mainly discusses various diagnostic techniques for cancer, which employ pyrrole and pyridine heterocyclic scaffolds. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of N- and C-substituted pyrrole and pyridine-based scaffolds has been described, which works against different cancer cell lines, such as MCF-7, A549, A2780, HepG2, MDA-MB-231, K562, HT- 29, Caco-2 cells, Hela, Huh-7, WSU-DLCL2, HCT-116, HBL-100, H23, HCC827, SKOV3, etc. This review will help the researchers to obtain a critical insight into the structural aspects of pyrrole and pyridine-based scaffolds useful in cancer diagnosis as well as treatment and design pathways to develop novel drugs in the future.

Planned Delivery or Expectant Management for Late Preterm Pre-eclampsia in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries (CRADLE-4): A Multicentre, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial

(Abstracted from Lancet 2023; 402:386–396) Preeclampsia is a disorder of pregnancy that proposes a disproportionately high risk to women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); it is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide and is estimated to have an annual death toll of greater than 40,000. The only treatment with proven effectiveness for preeclampsia is delivery, but there are risks to both mother and infant associated with preterm delivery that contribute to both of their short- and long-term outcomes.

Is Post-COVID 19 Vaccination Antibody Level Related to Happiness and Stress Hormones?

Aim: The level of antibody production in those vaccinated against coronavirus can be affected by many different situations. There is an important balance between immune response, stress and emotional state. However, it is not known how this situation affects antibody production after vaccination. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the antibody response induced by the COVID-19 vaccine and the hormones cortisol, a marker of the stress axis, and serotonin, a marker of happiness. &#x0D; Material and Method: Serum cortisol and serotonin levels were analyzed in those who tested positive (n=40) and negative (n=40) for Anti-SARS CoV-2 IgG induced by vaccination. Anti-SARS CoV 2 IgG, cortisol, and serotonin levels were determined by using the ELISA method. The data were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. The value of p0.05). &#x0D; Conclusion: Consequently, no effect of the stress parameter cortisol and the happiness parameter serotonin, was found in vaccine-induced immunization. It is considered that the different antibody responses in individuals may vary depending on other factors.

IMPACT OF ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMMES ONBACTERIAL RESISTANCE LEVEL IN THE UAE: A SYSTEMATICREVIEW

Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem that needs to be addressed immediately due to its huge clinical and economic burden ((WHO, 2021a). The death toll associated with antimicrobial resistance approached 5 million cases in 2019 while total cost that can impact the whole society is around £10 billion each year (Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators, 2022: Smith and Coast, 2012). Eventually, this has motivated the World Health Organization (WHO) to set a global action plan to counteract the antimicrobial resistance all-over the world as a priority issue (WHO, 2015). In 2015, the United Nations (UN) released the updated Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) that is aiming to improve the public health and general well-being of the globe through tackling 17 topics. Treatment and prevention for multiple common infections such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), malaria, tuberculosis and others were among the main targets in its agenda (UN, 2019). In UAE, although several initiatives have been adopted such as launching antimicrobial stewardship programmes and surveillance programmes, antimicrobial resistance is still an unresolved issue (National sub-committee for AMR surveillance, 2021 UAE Higher Committee for Antimicrobial Resistance, 2019). The resistance of Acinetobacter species to several cephalosporins and penicillins exceeded 20% (National sub-committee for AMR surveillance, 2021). Current evidence available publicly does not include a systematic review that is evaluating the effect of antimicrobial stewardship programmes on bacterial resistance level in UAE. With the scarcity of data and complexity of the issue, it is important to conduct this systematic review to assess the impact of these programmes on bacterial resistance level and identify gaps and challenges in the implementation.

Management of pediatric emergencies during natural disasters: The 2023 earthquake in Turkey

The earthquake that occurred in the southeastern region of Türkiye on February 6, 2023 resulted in extensive destruction, affecting 11 provinces and causing a death toll of almost 50,000 individuals. This review emphasizes the unique vulnerabilities that children face in the aftermath of earthquakes and stresses the significance of having preparedness plans specifically tailored to their needs. It is crucial to provide immediate emotional support to children and help them restore their normal routines in order to ensure their well-being. Additionally, emergency nutrition care and mental health services play a vital role in maintaining their long-term health. The disruption of healthcare services also increases the risk of infectious diseases, underscoring the urgency of vaccination efforts. It is crucial that healthcare providers should undergo training and collaborate with each other to adopt a comprehensive approach to pediatric disaster care.

Targeted Nanoparticles: the Smart Way for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a widespread cancer that starts in the digestive tract. It is the third most common cause of cancer deaths around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates an expected death toll of over 1 million cases annually. The limited therapeutic options as well as the drawbacks of the existing therapies necessitate the development of non-classic treatment approaches. Nanotechnology has led the evolution of valuable drug delivery systems thanks to their ability to control drug release and precisely target a wide variety of cancers. This has also been extended to the treatment of CRC. Herein, we shed light on the pertinent research that has been performed on the potential applications of nanoparticles in the treatment of CRC. The various types of nanoparticles in addition to their properties, applications, targeting approaches, merits, and demerits are discussed. Furthermore, innovative therapies for CRC, including gene therapies and immunotherapies, are also highlighted. Eventually, the research gaps, the clinical potential of such delivery systems, and a future outlook on their development are inspired.

Corruption in Turkey and earthquakes: Policies for tackling corruption in the construction sector

AbstractThe earthquake in Turkey has resulted in thousands of fatalities and injuries and is considered one of the worst natural disasters in recent history. The disaster has also brought to light another major issue in Turkey, namely, corruption. Failure to comply with building regulations and successive government amnesties for unlicensed construction contributed to the high death toll. This paper aims to draw attention to the ongoing issue of corruption and the potential life‐saving benefits of ethical practices in business and government. Finally, relevant useful policies targeting corruption in real estate have been proposed.

Mediatisation Dynamics and Broadcast News Selection Approaches in Nigeria During the Covid-19 Era

This study examines how the dynamics surrounding mediatisation of COVID-19 narratives significantly impacted broadcast news selection among broadcast media professionals in Nigeria. It conceptually expounds on certain influences that mediatisation dynamics exert on broadcast news stories especially on how they were chosen, framed, and presented to the public. The theoretical foundation of this paper is provided by the Media System Dependency and Mediatisation theories. The study employs Hjarvard, Mortensen, and Eskjaer’s (2015) typologies of media dynamics: amplification, framing, performance avenues, and co-structuring to relate how mediatisation influences broadcast news selection. The study revealed that amplification entails the media’s power to magnify event, focusing predominantly on the negative aspects of the pandemic, such as death tolls and infection rates, which aligns with the typical newsworthiness criteria favouring the extraordinary and negative. Conversely, framing and performance avenues align with the broadcast media’s ability to shape how the pandemic was perceived by selecting terminology and emphasising specific issues. This includes sensitising the public on preventive measures and providing a platform for various stakeholders to communicate their actions. Co-structuring explores how the broadcast media, often controlled by the elite, influence the public agenda and prompt actions from authorities. The paper concludes that broadcast media not only influence society but are also influenced by the concept of mеdiatisation, acknowledging the vital role they play in providing information for societal well-being.

Pandemic preparedness—political perspectives

Abstract Pandemic preparedness is explored for the antibiotic resistance crisis and the threat of a next viral pandemic. Bacterial pathogens escaping from control by antibiotics are well defined, and resistance develops over decades while a next viral pandemic occurs suddenly with a novel virus. The death toll for resistant bacterial infections is reviewed, and the scientific and economic hurdles to the development of new antibiotics are discussed. Regulatory adaptations and financial push and pull programs to restimulate new antibiotic development are explored. The COVID-19 pandemic caused not only millions of deaths, but also economic losses in excess of 10 trillion US dollars. Coronaviruses and influenza viruses remain usual suspects for new viral pandemics, followed by paramyxoviruses. Viral infections at the animal–human interface in wet markets and in disturbed environments need active virus surveillance programs. Learning lessons from the COVID-19 for non-pharmaceutical interventions is difficult to draw since measures were frequently applied in combination against different variant viruses and against changing population immunity levels. The Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy (RECOVERY) clinical trials demonstrated that even under emergency situations clinical trials can rapidly provide solid treatment data. Various novel vaccine approaches were the most efficient control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic. Pandemic preparedness also requires a fact-based discussion both in the public and in parliaments to settle the conflict between individual freedom and necessary restrictions during a pandemic. Mature and educated citizens are needed not only for coping with pandemics but also for creating stress-resistant democratic societies. Learned scientific societies should contribute to this discussion.

The global terrorist threat forecast in 2024

The article focuses on the recent Israel-Hamas conflict and its implications for global stability and security. The article highlights how the threat is likely to evolve from a regional conflict in Middle East into a global conflict. The US, British and European support for Israel and increasing civilian death toll have sparked off endless debate. The world leaders should develop a far-reaching approach to countering the terrorist threats and protecting civilian rights. In addition, the article highlights the paramount importance of cybersecurity in responding to threats.

The problem of identifying and classifying post-cemetery soils in urban areas

Death is inseparable from the functioning of the biosphere, including the presence of humans on the World. In 2023, the World population is 8.05 billion, with a global death toll of 150,000 per day. A number of burial sites are associated with the operation of cities, which today have a total population of 4.4 billion people. As settlement forms with a history of thousands of years, cities also have a history of burials implementing. So, the cities are the places for the living and the dead. Nowadays, the burial land includes areas of continuous burial use, such as those converted into parks, green spaces and even built-up areas. In all of these areas, soils have developed as a result of specific cemetery use and subsequent changes in soils caused by a change in a land use form. All of the soils of burial areas could be referred to necrosols, with characteristic features such as: soil profile turbation, burial remains, enrichment of deeper soil horizons with phosphorus and carbon, soil deep mixing, and the presence of various artifacts.In this paper we describe the current state of recognition of the cemeteries of the city of Zielona Góra (Poland) and their soils. In doing so, we draw attention to their spatial variation both concerning the location, relating to the structure of the soil profiles, and the main characteristics of soils. We have described examples of soils of former cemeteries, which, in the course of urban development, found themselves within built-up areas. Using modern classifications, they can unfortunately only be described as “technogenic” or “other soils” without indicating the presence of former burials. The soils remain in relation to the form of organization of burials, the different approaches to the use of these specific areas in the past and the modern location within the urban area and its form of use. We found the presence of diverse soil profiles in post-cemetery areas within the city, which cannot be well described using the WRB and local soil classification systems. The only choices for such a soils are: Terric Anthrosols and Urbic, Spolic, Ekranic Technosols or Regosols, with some supplementary qualifiers. According to the newest Soil Classification of Poland they represent: Anthrosols, Rigosols, Turbisols, Ekranosols, and Urbisols. Soil characteristics correlate strongly with present land use in urban areas. Historical cemeteries often do not show characteristics similar to recent burial sites apart from human remains at various depths. It is useful to indicate the presence of ancient burial sites for planning urban development. However, there is still not enough data to propose a new reference soil group. It is therefore recommended to propose a necric qualifier reflecting this.

TXM peptides inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, syncytia formation, and lower inflammatory consequences

After three years of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the search and availability of relatively low-cost benchtop therapeutics for people not at high risk for a severe disease are still ongoing. Although vaccines and new SARS-CoV-2 variants reduce the death toll, the long COVID-19 along with neurologic symptoms can develop and persist even after a mild initial infection. Reinfections, which further increase the risk of sequelae in multiple organ systems as well as the risk of death, continue to require caution. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is an important target for both vaccines and therapeutics. The presence of disulfide bonds in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein is essential for its binding to the human ACE2 receptor and cell entry. Here, we demonstrate that thiol-reducing peptides based on the active site of oxidoreductase thioredoxin 1, called thioredoxin mimetic (TXM) peptides, can prevent syncytia formation, SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells, and infection in a mouse model. We also show that TXM peptides inhibit the redox-sensitive HIV pseudotyped viral cell entry. These results support disulfide targeting as a common therapeutic strategy for treating infections caused by viruses using redox-sensitive fusion. Furthermore, TXM peptides exert anti-inflammatory properties by lowering the activation of NF-κB and IRF signaling pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokines in mice. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the TXM peptides, which also cross the blood-brain barrier, in combination with prevention of viral infections, may provide a beneficial clinical strategy to lower viral infections and mitigate severe consequences of COVID-19.

Как создавалась мировая пожарная статистика

Purpose. The article presents a brief history of the world fire statistics creation since the formation of the Center for World Fire Statistics in 1995. The article presents the results of the main indicators statistical study of the fire situation in the world for 30 years and the distribution of integral fire risks using the example of several countries (Russia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Austria, Great Britain, Poland, USA). The main objectives of the study are to review the periods of global fire statistics development, to analyze indicators characterizing the number of fires and their consequences in the world for the period from 2012 to 2021. Methods. Methods of mathematical statistics have been used. Findings. The article presents the main historical milestones in the creation of a system for recording global indicators of the situation with fires and their consequences. The results of a statistical analysis of the fire situation in the world for the period from 1993 to 2021 are summarized. The dynamics of relative indicators of the fires and death toll in fires in the above countries is presented. Research application field. The results of the study can be used by fire service specialists from around the world for a comparative analysis of the fire risk level in countries and cities. Conclusions. Over 28 years the Center for Fire Statistics (hereinafter referred to as CFS) has analyzed 104 million fires, in which 1.1 million people died. At the same time the Center annually collects statistical data from 35–40 countries and the largest cities in the world (with a delay of 2 years). In total, CFS reports have been translated into 8 languages. Since 1993 the CFS has published 28 statistical reports in the public domain. Thus, it becomes possible to analyze the fire situation in countries and cities around the world.

Unraveling the Multifaceted Nature of Breast Cancer: Harnessing the Power of Machine Learning and Statistical Models for In-depth Investigation, Prognosis, and Treatment Optimization

The most prevalent form of cancer in all of human history. Women typically have a shorter lifespan than men. The death toll from breast cancer is higher than that of any other type of cancer. After reaching puberty, women all around the world are at risk for developing breast cancer, however, the disease is more prevalent in elderly individuals. The death rate from breast cancer did not significantly change from the 1930s through the 1970s. In the 1980s, countries that were healthcare conscious and had early detection systems, as well as a variety of treatment modalities to eliminate invasive diseases, began to see an increase in their overall survival rates. This article employed decision tree models and time series models to anticipate breast cancer using time series data from 1930 to 2019. The breast cancer cases that occurred in the United States of America served as the basis for this study. The most precise prediction models will be produced as a result of this data analysis. In order to evaluate how well the predictions were made, we determined how accurate they were by calculating the symmetric mean absolute percentage errors (sMAPE), measured mean absolute percentage errors (MASE), and mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE).

Does Economic Growth Increase or Decrease Economic Losses and Deaths from Storm Surge Disasters in China? An Empirical Analysis from The Aspect of Hazard Exposure

Storm surge disaster is the major threat to coastal residents’ lives and property in China, which could steal away development gains in a short time. Therefore, the storm surge disaster loss reduction is an indispensable part of socio-economic development. However, the relationship between economic growth and the loss of storm surge disasters remains unclear. Herein, we explored the relationship between economic growth and the losses caused by storm surge disasters in China’s coastal zones from 1978 to 2020. We established an empirical model through the indicators of direct economic loss and death toll using negative binomial estimate and tobit estimate models. To ensure the accuracy of the model, multiple socioeconomic factors were also included in the models. The results revealed that there is an “inverted U-shaped” relationship between GDP per capita and the losses from storm surges. Furthermore, we used the entropy method to establish the storm surge hazard exposure index of China’s coastal zone from 2000 to 2020, considering disaster intensity, population density and other factors. When considering hazard exposure level, the role of economic growth may be diminished. In other words, at the same economic level, higher hazard exposure leads to greater disaster losses. We argue that economic growth and disaster resilience are not identical goals. Thus, the government needs sufficient information support when formulating disaster prevention and reduction plans.