Part Deals Research Articles

Effectiveness of An Educational Program on Caregivers’ knowledge about Nutritional Status of Children with Leukemia at Hematology Center in Medical City

Background: One of the disorders for which cancer research and therapy are expected to bring positive results is a childhood acute leukemia1. Childhood cancer is a prominent cause of child mortality in affluent nations and a well-known contributor to malnutrition and death in underdeveloped countries, particularly those with poor socioeconomic level2. Objectives: The study aims to assess caregivers’ knowledge about nutritional status of children with leukemia and construct educational program according to the assessment needs of caregivers about nutritional status Research Methodology: Quantitative research “quasi-Experimental Study one group” carried out from the period of 9th of February 2021 to the 20th April of 2022. The validity of the instruments was achieved through a panel of (10) experts. The questionnaire is composed of two parts, each of which is divided into many sections. The first part deals with demographic information about caregivers, while the second part is separated into two categories, (first section contain 14 multiple choice questions and second section contain 6 true and falls question). The data in this study were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26 Results: The current study's findings indicated that the group of (25) caregivers participants’ age group between (25-34) years represents (50%) and the mothers level of educational in the results of the presents study displayed that the percentage of those with university education accounts (1/4) of the total study sample and their number represents was (7) mothers. The family socio-economic status level in the result of the present study indicate that half of samples come from the middle levels. The present study result reveals the caregiver’s age with their knowledge pass the first section of the question and represent (15.4%) of the sample study, while the second section of the knowledge question represent (23.1) of sample study at age (25-34)years. Recommendation: Education program for caregiver’s with child leukemia to improve their knowledge and attitudes. Working on the establishment of compulsory courses for caregiver’s who have children with leukemia in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and the centers of treating the child with cancer. Encouraging caregiver’s to learn about nutrition statues, if not financially at least let it be morally. Keyword: Leukemia, Nutrition, caregivers, Educational, Knowledge.

An economic approach to marriage

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to outline an economic approach to marriage. The first part contains an introduction to the economics of a family. The second part analyses the marriage market. The third part discusses the division of household chores in a household. The fourth part examines marriage as a cooperative or non-cooperative game. The fifth part deals with the dilemma between monogamy and polygamy on marriage markets. The sixth part confronts the economics of marriage with the findings of sociobiology.

Interpretation and Application of the Basic Structure Doctrine

It is universally known by sociologists that the formation and existence of a civilization is dependent on the adherence to a set of established and accepted norms and guidelines which guide not only human conduct but also human interaction. With the evolution of time a written constitution became necessary with all the laws around which the state is to be guided around penned down in a definite manner by the constituent assembly years back. But with the evolution of time the constitution also needs to be changed according to the new aspiration and goals of the society. Therefore, the power to amend the Constitution of India is vested in Parliament to amend, alter, add or change any part of the Constitution to help it keep pace with the pace of a changing society. Though this power of amending the Constitution is entrusted with the Parliament which consists of the representatives of the people it transgresses it power and alters parts of the constitution which would deface the true identity of the Constitution. In order to prevent this misuse of power the Judiciary is entrusted with the power of Judicial Review whereby it has the power to adjudicate upon the constitutional validity of all laws which are to be enforced on the Union. If in any case the Parliament violates any provision of the Constitution, it can be deemed to be ultra vires and therefore invalid. Though this power was being misused by the Parliament in a great deal in later part of the 20th century, which the Supreme Court tried to put a brake on this legislative and executive overreach by evolving the Basic Structure Doctrine in the case of Keshavananda Bharti in 1973. Which empowered to the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution under article 368, except those features which form a part of this doctrine. This paper seeks to delve deeper into this silent Doctrine and how it was formed by the judiciary by way of its judicial journey to its formation, followed by what it is and what constitutes as a part of this doctrine from interpretating various case laws as there is no exhaustive list codifying the essential features of this Doctrine. Further defining the test which would help in defining the principles of this Doctrine followed by its application in the various cases post its evolution. Lastly analysing how this doctrine is to be interpreted

Participatory Approach in the Work of a Social Worker with Homeless People

The research study is focused on the participatory approach in the work of a social worker with homeless people. The participatory approach emphasizes the involvement of service users in decision-making processes that directly affect them within the service, organization or within society as a whole. This approach is based on the concepts of recovery and empowerment and on the partnership concept of cooperation between the social worker and the service user. The research part deals with the application of this approach in practice, specifically in an organization that works with homeless people.

Advances and future prospects of pyrethroids: Toxicity and microbial degradation

Pyrethroids are a class of insecticides structurally similar to that of natural pyrethrins. The application of pyrethrins in agriculture and pest control lead to many kinds of environmental pollution affecting human health and loss of soil microbial population that affect soil fertility and health. Natural pyrethrins have been used since ancient times as insect repellers, and their synthetic versions especially type 2 pyrethroids could be highly toxic to humans. PBO (Piperonyl butoxide) is known to enhance the toxicity of prallethrin in humans due to the resistance in its metabolic degradation. Pyrethroids are also known to cause plasma biochemical profile changes in humans and they also lead to the production of high levels of reactive oxygen species. Further they are also known to increase SGPT activity in humans. Due to the toxicity of pyrethrins in water bodies, soils, and food products, there is an urgent need to develop sustainable approaches to reduce their levels in the respective fields, which are eco-friendly, economically viable, and socially acceptable for on-site remediation. Keeping this in view, an attempt has been made to analyse the advances and prospects in using pyrethrins and possible technologies to control their harmful effects. The pyrethroid types, composition and biochemistry of necessary pyrethroid insecticides have been discussed in detail, in the research paper, along with their effect on insects and humans. It also covers the impact of pyrethroids on different plants and soil microbial flora. The second part deals with the microbial degradation of the pyrethroids through different modes, i.e., bioaugmentation and biostimulation. Many microbes such as Acremonium, Aspergillus, Microsphaeropsis, Westerdykella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus have been used in the individual form for the degradation of pyrethroids, while some of them such as Bacillus are even used in the form of consortia.

Linear Modeling-Based Assessment Of Water Quality Of River Yamuna, India (2011-2020)

Since time immemorial, rivers have been the lifelines of billions worldwide. They provide fresh water for drinking, agriculture, bathing, and fulfill our various requirements. There is no life without water; hence, making sure that perennial flows remain unpolluted is one of man’s prime duties. On the contrary, many industrial chemicals that pollute our water resources are common in the present times. The entire stretch of Yamuna River, from Yamunotri glacier to its confluence with the river Ganges at Allahabad, is used for various human activities. The various pollution sources, such as residential, industrial, and agricultural areas, induce many substances in the river. Domestic sources cause about 85% of the total pollution. Large clusters of industries established at Kota, Gwalior, Indore, Nagda, Khetri, Yamuna Nagar, Panipat, Sonepat, Delhi, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, Gautam Budha Nagar, Faridabad, Mathura release vast amounts of pollutants in River Yamuna. The nutrients and pesticides from agricultural fields are adsorbed by the sediment particles and reach the river, particularly during early floods. These chemicals geo-accumulate in riverbeds. The dumping of worshiping material and ashes in the water further degrades the water quality. High organic content, increased nutrients, pathogens, pollutants, and deforestation in the catchment and river usage as transport media adversely affect the river water quality. Many activities such as bathing, washing clothes, religious activities, offering of flowers, garlands, and other worship materials are also responsible for river pollution in India. This paper studies the effect of pollution on the River Yamuna and concentrates on studying water quality parameters of the entire stretch of River Yamuna flowing through five geopolitical states of India. The second part deals with the study of pollution-induced by various drains emptying their flow into River Yamuna. It also includes a study during the extraordinary condition induced by COVID-19 lockdown.

Przemiany potrzeb tożsamościowych w kontekście wyzwań współczesności. Na przykładzie mniejszości ukraińskiej w województwie podlaskim

The article in the theoretical part deals with minority identity, its revitalization and understanding what identity needs are. Attention was paid to the borderland as a special place for forming identity, especially ethnic and national identity. The second part of the article presents the transformation of identity needs of “Ukrainians from Podlasie”. This is an interesting and unique group, which has made an effort to revitalize its identity and in recent years has undergone a specific evolution of its identity needs: from a complete lack of the need for national identification and the emergence of strong needs for assimilation to Polish and Belarusian identity, through the needs related to revitalization, institutionalization and autonomy to the visible needs for equal, subjective treatment, education and integration. Although the article deals with the Ukrainian minority in the Podlaskie Voivodship in Poland, its findings apply universally to the transformation of ethnic and national minority identities in contemporary societies. The path of transformation of identity needs described in the article refers to many minorities and ethnic groups functioning in modern democracies in Europe and in the world.

Soft Security Strategies to Enhance Nepal’s National Security

Due to the existing geo-location, geo-political advancement, and geo-strategic cum geo-political interests of powerful nations, the national security milieu of Nepal is constantly under a ‘state of flux’. The changing dynamics of the regional politics have also induced specific geo-political challenges to Nepal’s national security. Nepal has adopted an essence of “Amity with all and enmity with none” on its foreign policy, which is based on the spirit of its long standing ‘Non-Aligned Foreign Policy’. Since Nepal does not acquire any substantial intelligence, counter intelligence or strategic intelligence mechanisms, and has not been fortified with any defense technology yet; Nepal must foster ‘Soft Security Strategies’ that not only enhances its national security, but also help promote its national power capability. Based on various literature reviews, it suggest that the idea of reckoning the impact of soft security approach is an indicative defensive measure of addressing the contemporary security issues in national security. Nevertheless, the main objectives of this research article are to identify the emerging security threat, and assess the ‘Soft Security Strategies’ to enhance Nepal’s national security. This article discourses the geo-strategic prospects in conceiving national security, and explores the potential instruments of Nepal’s national power. The first part deals with apparent challenges to Nepal’s national security, and the second part deals with whether the existing ‘National Security Policy’ is aligned with its corresponding ‘National Security Strategy’. Finally, this paper aims to identify how the small power like Nepal can strengthen the instruments of national power and enhance national security.

A Semiotic Study of “Contemplation of Estrangement Features”: “Leave Me Alone” as a Model

Contemplation of Estrangement Features is the title of one of the story series by the Jordanian story writer, Teriz Haddad.[1] This study aims to critically and analytically survey this series according to the semiotic principles, in an attempt to uncover the main narrative elements, aesthetic features, and the ideological, social, artistic and aesthetic contents of the series. This story series is important because it is one of the relatively early models of feminist literature in general and of short stories in Jordan in particular. In addition, this series is written by a Jordanian story writer whose works have not been criticized and studied sufficiently. This is probably because I made an attempt to search for a critical report or study of this story series, but I found nothing. The study consists of an introduction and three parts. The first part deals with the series’ title as a “paratext” helping to convey the meaning of the series and sketch it out. The second part, however, gives a general look at the series’ stories, where their summaries and paramount occurrences and ideas as well as their paramount techniques are presented. Finally, the last part came to deal, in some detail, with the story Leave Me Alone. This story has been analyzed and its most important artistic elements have been studied. Such elements include: The narrator, language, place, time and impression integrity. In the conclusion of the study, the most important results of the research have been incorporated.
 
 
 Received: 30 November 2021 / Accepted: 3 February 2022 / Published: 5 March 2022

The Man Who Lived with a Giant: Stories from Johnny Neyelle, Dene Elder ed. by Alana Fletcher and Morris Neyelle

Reviewed by: The Man Who Lived with a Giant: Stories from Johnny Neyelle, Dene Elder ed. by Alana Fletcher and Morris Neyelle Glen Sean Coulthard (bio) The Man Who Lived with a Giant: Stories from Johnny Neyelle, Dene Elder edited by Alana Fletcher and Morris Neyelle University of Alberta Press, 2019 THE MAN WHO LIVED WITH A GIANT is a classic example of master storytelling in the tradition of late Dene Elders George Blondin (When the World Was New, Yamoria the Lawmaker, and Trail of the Spirit) and John Tetso (Trapping Is My Life). Skillfully edited by researcher Alana Fletcher in collaboration with Johnny Neyelle's son, Morris Neyelle, the book represents a lifetime of stories shared with his family by an Elder who lived through the transition from a self-reliant "way of life" on the land to one that became increasingly influenced by colonial dependency, missionary belligerence, and white encroachment in the latter half of the twentieth century. Recognizing the historical, cultural, and philosophical significance of his father's teachings, Morris began to first record and then painstakingly transcribe and translate his dad's stories in the 1980s. While completing her fieldwork in the Sahtu Dene community of Deline in 2014, Dr. Fletcher was recruited by Morris to help compile the stories into publishable form. The Man Who Lived with a Giant is the result of the web of working relationships that ensued. "[Like] any oral history collection," the editors write, "[this book] is the product of many important relationships: the relationship of the stories to all Sahtu Dene people, past and present; that of the storyteller and his son; the relationship of the two editors; and those among the editors and the support network that help make this book a reality" (vii). The book itself is structured into two parts, "Sacred and Traditional Stories" followed by "Oral Histories from the Life of Johnny Neyelle," bookended by a preface and introduction on the front end and an epilogue, afterword, genealogy, and glossary of North Slavey words on the back end. The first section draws from oral histories that depict "distant time" stories—what some have called "floating time"—representing a period in Dene history and cosmology when spiritually powerful humans and other-than human animals lived and communicated with one another on the land, sometimes in conflict and sometimes in harmony, learning and laboring together to better enable the mutual well-being of all over time. A classic figure in these [End Page 172] stories is that of Yamoria, known in many Dene regions as the "lawmaker," who traveled the world dedicated to establishing the laws that would best facilitate the Dene and animals sustainably living together in peace and reciprocity. Yamoria, like many other characters in these stories, existed at a time when the "world was new," prior to the rapid transformations that would be brought on by colonial development and eventual settlement. The second part deals with stories of life on the land. These stories follow Johnny Neyelle himself—an incredibly knowledgeable and skilled hunter, fisherman, craftsman, and musician—through his important experiences living a fulfilled but challenging life of unalienated labor harvesting the renewable resources that Creation provided. To my mind, the significance of this collection of stories registers on two interrelated levels. First, as someone who regularly works with Dene Elders in educational programming that is substantively shaped by them (and based in large part on the knowledge they have of the land and all that it culturally signifies), storytelling is a critical medium for knowledge production and dissemination. The problem, however, is that Elders who carry these stories are getting older, are passing away, or are sometimes taught by the colonizing society that their knowledge is not legitimate compared to approaches that saturate the classrooms and learning spaces of the dominant society. In such a context, any community-based project that seeks to document and hold up these stories for future generations is a critical project of epistemic decolonization. Second, and relatedly, these histories are meant to teach us things—teach us about politics, law, political economy, and community; they are supposed to inform us how to conduct ourselves safely and ethically in...

The Bhagavad Gita in the making of conscious capitalism

The article is a critique of arguments outlined by Mackey and Sisodia (2013). This article is divided into two parts. The first part proceeds from a critical analysis of Mackey and Sisodia (2013) and their narratives of conscious capitalism as manifested in its theological foundations in response to capitalist contradictions, conflicts and challenges. The second part deals with the relationship between Hindu religious consciousness in the making of conscious capitalism. This article argues that Hindu religious consciousness provides philosophical solutions to internal contradictions and challenges of capitalism by outsourcing its systemic problems to individual work ethics, which is Karma (duty) in Hindu religion as outlined in the Bhagavad Gita (the songs of god). However, these religious solutions are temporary as everyday life experiences generate human consciousness that questions the power of capitalist systems. It also argues that Hindu religious consciousness is concomitant with requirements of capitalism and its compliant consciousness.

Extraction Ecologies and the Literature of the Long Exhaustion by Elizabeth Carolyn Miller

Reviewed by: Extraction Ecologies and the Literature of the Long Exhaustion by Elizabeth Carolyn Miller Sebastian Egholm Lund (bio) Extraction Ecologies and the Literature of the Long Exhaustion by Elizabeth Carolyn Miller; pp. 304. Princeton UP, 2021. $95.00 cloth In a time not long ago, I, a rosy-cheeked graduate student, contemplated applying for a position as a PhD fellow as I, a child of climate change, was intrigued by the enormous diffusion of fossil fuels and sites in the literature of the Victorian era. I soon realized that one of the authoritative figures in the field of Victorian studies, Elizabeth Carolyn Miller, was amid such a project—naturally, one designed in a much, much more erudite manner than mine. I am glad, however, because Miller has written a book far beyond [End Page 128] the scope of my capabilities. It is brilliantly thought out, wonderfully well written, and extremely well executed. In short, the book is not so much about a genre or a topos (e.g., "coal literature" or "the mine") as it is a piece of eco-historicism that deals with the matrix of what Miller terms "extractivism": a "complex of cultural, economic, environmental, and ideological factors related to the extraction of underground resources on a large, industrial scale" (6). Indeed, Miller's digging into the past is founded upon the wish to examine the multivalent traffic between matter and ideas (13). She seeks to show how changes in narrative conditioned by changes in energy systems function as feedback loops conditioning infrastructural paths and environmental change (14). More specifically, these endeavours are channelled through Miller's global project of describing how the industrialization of underground resource extraction shaped literary form (1830–1930) just as different genres "contributed to new ways of imagining an extractible Earth" (2). As such, Extraction Ecologies deals with literary-environmental exchange. It rests on the idea "that discourse makes environment as environment makes discourse" (3). It is a piece of naturecultural literary history. Miller's archaeological study of the "extractivist" discourse and its feedback flows, therefore, implies an ecological view of genre as an archive of sediment that testifies to environmental changes over time. Extraction Ecologies seeks to think historically about extraction, ecology, and literature through the lens of our troubled present, thus providing a humanist genealogy of our current fossil fuel calamities. Overall, Miller's work contributes to the onrushing field of ecocritical Victorian studies, which has been developed in recent landmark studies such as Jesse Oak Taylor's The Sky of Our Manufacture (2016) and Tobias Menely's Climate and the Making of Worlds (2021). Like Menely's and Taylor's, Miller's ecocritical method is solidly based on a materialist reading of the interchange between language and environment. Extraction Ecologies's singular perspective on extraction, nevertheless, places it firmly in the interdisciplinary field of energy humanities, with clear references to previous work by Allen MacDuffie in Victorian Literature, Energy, and the Ecological Imagination (2014) and Cara New Daggett in The Birth of Energy: Fossil Fuels, Thermodynamics, and the Politics of Work (2019). Extraction Ecologies is organized conceptually into three distinctive parts devoted to the three central categories of time, space, and energy. These categories, Miller argues, undergo fundamental changes in the three corresponding genres of provincial realism, adventure literature, and speculative fiction. Each chapter of the book is devoted to one category and one genre. All parts deal with tracing how extractivism formats each conceptual domain. This study of literary form has evolved out of Miller's hypothesis that orders of time, space, and energy alter profoundly with the rise of extraction-based life (18). [End Page 129] In the first part of the book, through enlightening readings of prominent works, such as Charles Dickens's Bleak House (1852) and D.H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers (1913), as well as more obscure books, such as Fanny Mayne's Jane Rutherford: or, The Miner's Strike (1853), Miller shows how the rise of extractivism alters the experience of time and futurity in a way that defies typical novelistic temporalities of provincial realism (30). According to Miller, these novels all share a chronotopic linkage of place and time that...

Obrazy Sókrata v Diónových Řečech

The paper deals with three topics that could help us in attempting to understand the way Dio Chrysostom approaches the figure of Socrates and transforms it. The first part demonstrates that, with regard to Socrates, Dio prefers non-Platonic sources over Platonic ones, as he relies mainly on the Antisthenian line of Socratic literature. The second part deals with Dio’s concept of the relationship between the philosopher and the ruler, which is closely linked to his personal attitude to the Roman emperor. The third part focuses on how Dio reinterprets Socratesʼs demand for philosophical education and endows it with a Cynical character.

A new benefit-based transmission cost allocation scheme based on capacity usage differentiation

This paper proposes a new transmission cost allocation (TCA) scheme, which includes two parts. The first part deals with identifying the transmission capacity that should be allocated. In this section, a novel scheme is introduced, which determines the beneficial capacity based on various operation conditions over the period, during which the transmission capacity is expected to be fully used. Then, only the cost of the beneficial capacity rather than total transmission capacity is allocated to users. This approach towards TCA brings about important advantages: it promotes transmission sustainability and incentivizes more transmission investments while encouraging users to utilize transmission systems optimally and preventing transmission owners from overinvesting. The second part proposes a new benefit-based algorithm for TCA. This algorithm enjoys significant benefits over existing benefit-based methods: none of the current benefit-based TCA procedures can always generate allocation factors, making them impractical, but the proposed method allocates transmission costs in any transmission network, so it can be applied to real systems. Additionally, unlike the existing benefit-based approaches, the proposed method allocates transmission costs by considering users' benefits of the entire beneficial capacity rather than a minor fraction of it. Numerical examples demonstrate the applicability and validity of the proposed TCA scheme.

Port logistic issues and challenges in the Industry 4.0 era for emerging economies: an India perspective

Purpose In Industry 4.0 era, many existing port logistics systems are inconsistent, old and ineffective and it restricts the effective operations of port logistics. The study aims to understand the issues faced by the players/actors of port logistics in the Industry 4.0 era for emerging economies and to develop a conceptual framework for managing the port logistics issues associated with it and by providing their possible solutions.Design/methodology/approach The study is divided into two parts, first part deals with identifying the major port logistics issues in Industry 4.0 era for emerging economies. It is achieved by conducting a semi-structured interview during the field visit to one of the major container handling ports in India. Second, the study adopts Soft System Methodology (SSM) to understand the issues and challenges faced by various actors of port logistics in the Industry 4.0 era and uses CATWOE analysis to identify the root causes.Findings Issues related to loading/unloading, transit, storage (warehouse), customs clearance, regulatory authorities, port management unit and inland transport connection providers are considered in the study and using SSM a final implementable model has been developed. This study focuses on analyzing and understanding the complete communication and organization structure of the port logistics system. The study identifies the major issues, various inefficiencies and root causes faced by various actors of port logistics during information sharing, cargo movement, the arrangement of the cargo shipments, etc. Further, the study develops a final implementable model by combining the delivery system, criteria system and Industry 4.0-enabled system.Research limitations/implications The study enables concerned authorities like state government, central government and policymakers to have a profound understanding of the issues faced by the actors of the port logistics system. The study brings out valuable insights that help managers and stakeholders to make informed decisions for managing the port logistics issues and develop necessary policies aimed to deliver the cargoes in right place at right time. The current study also has some limitations because of sensitivity associated with concerned areas, due to its confidentiality, lack of availability of complete data and the nonsharing attitude of respondents. Further, the study was conducted only for private container shipping terminals and public container terminals were not included.Originality/value This research analyzes the port logistics sector as a whole system through SSM to identify issues and challenges faced by various actors of port logistics for emerging economies in the Industry 4.0 era. The study develops a comprehensive and integrated framework for reducing the unpredictability of costs and time for key processes. Further, the framework creates a transparent platform and helps in bringing standardization to ports.

ISLAM IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA: CONFRONTATION VS. COOPERATION

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the key stages in the development of relations between Russia and Islam and to give a concise analysis of their political and cultural consequences. The article is divided into two parts. The first part outlines the history of Islam in Russia. The second part deals with the Soviet Union’s stance on the Islamic faith. We can state that Islam in Russia has deep historical and cultural roots. The very fact that this religion has survived through the centuries of confrontation and cooperation proves how unique the relations between Russia and the Muslim world are. The history of Islam in Russia offers lessons to be learned as the religion as such poses great challenges to this multi-religious and multi-ethnic country.

Latam Shipbuilding Competitiveness

After an introduction on the region’s shipbuilding industry, it moves into an analysis of some aspects of this industry’s competitiveness, comparing Latin American (LatAm) shipyards with those of other regions with more developed industries. Among the m se aspects are: productivity, learning curve, specialization, labor cost, delivery times and government policies. Second part deals with specific opportunities for domestic shipyards and ideas for developing their competitive advantages to generate value and social impact in the region, while safeguarding the environment. Six niches or opportunities are presented here, which are in all cases related to casting a new regard on Nature in our region. Nature being understood as the sum of natural resources, with the riches in fishery and offshore hydrocarbons standing out among them, but also those of the broad navigable rivers and lastly that of a privileged geographical position in terms of the extreme closeness to the Antarctic.

Los estereotipos étnicos en Ab urbe condita: un estado de la cuestión

This paper proposes a state of the matter on the scholarship about ethnic stereotypes in Ab urbe condita from the classic work by Walsh written in 1961 to nowadays. With this goal in mind, the paper is divided in five parts. The first part shows how the analyses of the subject matter became more complex as the ethnographic tradition with which Livy dealt, as well as the Roman identity and the notion itself of stereotype became an issue. In the second part, this article criticizes binary conceptions of otherness and suggests a wider gradation of it. The third part deals with some interesting observations made by Moore in 1989 that were later disregarded. In the fourth, it reviews Levene’s suggestion based on ethnic identity studies that we should look for a non-Romancentric view within Livy’s work. Finally, it studies the relevance of considering three kinds of contexts —the genre of the work, episodic and temporal frameworks— while analyzing the ethnic stereotypes in Ab urbe condita.

Polynomials of Least Deviation from Zero in Sobolev p-Norm

The first part of this paper complements previous results on characterization of polynomials of least deviation from zero in Sobolev p-norm (1<p<infty ) for the case p=1. Some relevant examples are indicated. The second part deals with the location of zeros of polynomials of least deviation in discrete Sobolev p-norm. The asymptotic distribution of zeros is established on general conditions. Under some order restriction in the discrete part, we prove that the n-th polynomial of least deviation has at least n-mathbf {d}^* zeros on the convex hull of the support of the measure, where mathbf {d}^* denotes the number of terms in the discrete part.

Bioactivity of Inhaled Methane and Interactions With Other Biological Gases.

A number of studies have demonstrated explicit bioactivity for exogenous methane (CH4), even though it is conventionally considered as physiologically inert. Other reports cited in this review have demonstrated that inhaled, normoxic air-CH4 mixtures can modulate the in vivo pathways involved in oxidative and nitrosative stress responses and key events of mitochondrial respiration and apoptosis. The overview is divided into two parts, the first being devoted to a brief review of the effects of biologically important gases in the context of hypoxia, while the second part deals with CH4 bioactivity. Finally, the consequence of exogenous, normoxic CH4 administration is discussed under experimental hypoxia- or ischaemia-linked conditions and in interactions between CH4 and other biological gases, with a special emphasis on its versatile effects demonstrated in pulmonary pathologies.