Deradicalization Programs Research Articles

OPTIMALISASI PERAN SERTA ULAMA DALAM DERADIKALISASI AGAMA

Various acts of radicalism, which brought several disadvantages and anxieties to Indonesia's peace, have captured the attention of various circles. The act of radicalism that follows violence, threats and even murder becomes a separate motive that contributes to the problem of religious affairs, especially Islam. So far a number radical actions has been carried out by certain Muslims and this has been falsely taken to label Islam as a violent religion. Therefore, it is necessary to held deradicalization programs aimed particularly at religious leaders among society. This act counts as the antithesis of violent radicalism.This study aims to illustrate the steps and actions that must be taken by scholars to alleviate the problem of radicalism. This study used description method. The deradicalization programs begin with the socialization of the negative effects of radicalism held by the government agency for countering terrorism (BNPT) to religious leaders, then the leaders preach it through various media.

Deradikalisasi Kaum Remaja dalam Membendung Radikalisme Media Sosial

The emergence of information media has resulted in a massive revolution in the pattern of relations between people as individuals and groups. This changes the information media as a realm of upheaval in the propaganda community that has an interest, including as a propagator of radical ideology. Deradicalization program as a strategic action which is based on conceptual understanding to deal with issues related to the development of ideologies and axis of radicalism is very important to be implemented in adolescents in this millennial era. Through this paper the author wants to discuss efforts to counter radicalism activities among adolescents, especially on social media platforms. By examining issues related to the latest radicalism and analyzing literature literacy. The author hopes this article can be useful for deterring radicalism activities, especially on social media.

Deradicalization of Terrorism Prisoner: Evaluation of The Terrorism Client Guidance Program at the Surakarta Correctional Facility

The radicalism that leads to terrorism is a threat to almost every country in the world, leading many countries to employ a deradicalization program to deradicalize people that have been influenced by terrorist ideology. This research purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of deradicalization effort conducted through “terrorism client guidance program at Surakarta Correctional Facility”. Using the CIPP model of evaluation, data is collected from eighteen terrorism clients and a few structural officials as well as all related documents at Surakarta Correctional Facility. The result of this study found that: (1) Evaluation of context component is worth average, (2) Evaluation of input component is worth poor, (3) Evaluation of process component is worth good, and (4) Evaluation of product component is worth average. Overall, the effectiveness of deradicalization conducted through guidance for terrorism client program at Surakarta Correctional Facility is worth average. Although the total evaluation merit of the terrorist client’s guidance program is still in the level of average, however, the author suggests that the program should be continued by revising some areas of concern.
 
 Keywords: Deradicalization, Evaluation Program, Guidance of Terrorism Client.

COMMUNICATION STRATEGY OF THE NATIONAL COUNTER TERRORISM AGENCY IN THE DERADICALIZATION PROGRAM IN INDONESIA

<p>The National Counter Terrorism Agency (BNPT) said that until the end of 2018 the success rate of the deradicalization program reached one hundred percent. The deradicalization program has already been attended by 800 people; 325 former terrorism inmates and the rest of the families of terrorist prisoners. None of the 325 ex-terrorist inmates who participated in the deradicalization program resumed acts of terror. One aspect that supports the success of the deradicalization program in Indonesia is the communication aspect. The purpose of this study is to elaborate aspects of communication, especially BNPT communication strategies in the deradicalization program. The author uses qualitative research methods in this study. The conclusion of the research shows that BNPT utilizes the communication strategy as one of the successes of the success of the deradicalization program even though the communication strategy used by the BNPT is not written and detailed.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> communication, a former terrorist convict, strategy, deradicalization, terrorism.</p>

The Trend to Counter Terrorism in ASEAN

Abstract The trend of counter-terrorism is shifting in line with the shifting action of terrorism. Each country has a different strategy in tackling terrorism. This is due to the difference of the night, the center of the rest and national interests. Research aims at reviewing the counterterrorism trends in ASEAN, and identifying their strengths, weaknesses and obstacles. The study uses philosophical approaches and qualitative data analysis. The results of this study showed that there was a shift in the trend of counter terrorism in ASEAN along with the map of terrorism movement. The paradigm of terrorism is changing from the beginning through the mechanism of the penal sich towards the non-penal. ASEAN's cooperation in tackling terrorism is based on the international and Regional conventions. ASEAN countries started shifting terrorism countermeasures policy towards soft Power with counter terrorism programs with deradicalisation and disengagement. Deradicalisation is expected to overcome the limitations of criminal law and not clash with human rights. Disengagement by emphasing on improving the social relations of former perpetrators of criminal acts of terrorism to prevent re-entry to the network. The advantages of policies of ASEAN countries in addressing terrorism with counter terorism as a way to transfer and accelerate the exchange of information operandi. Its weakness tends to be just a mere rhetorical device, focusing more on unbinding, nonspecific actions, and without building a progress monitoring mechanism. The resistance of ASEAN countries has not been offset by its availability of support facilities and infrastructure. Not all countries do prioritize their policies on counterterrorism efforts as a national interest. Deradicalisation should be defined completely. Research needs to be done for effective deradicalisation program.

Feelings of anxiety among radical Muslim youths in the Netherlands: A psychological exploration

This article focuses on feelings of anxiety among radical young Muslims, not just as a result of radicalism and terrorism but rather as an important cause of both. In contrast to many other publications which mainly deal with the radicalization of Muslim youths without taking into account their personal experience, the feelings of fear and anxiety expressed by radical young Muslims are central to this research. On the basis of an ongoing case study of 23 young Muslims who have participated in a lengthy de-radicalization program in Amsterdam since 2009, an attempt has been made to gain insight into the interaction between radicalization processes and feelings of anxiety among this target group. The case study suggests that the three forms of anxiety expressed by radical Muslim youths, namely, (1) fear of victimization, (2) fear caused by guilt feelings, and (3) fear of being controlled by hatred and revenge, are related to the three phases presented in the “staircase model to terrorism.” This research into the various forms of anxiety experienced by radical young Muslims provides a concrete starting point for the de-radicalization process.

Strategic Management of Treatment for Terrorist Prisoners in Class 1 Correctional Institution of Batu Nusakambangan

Terrorism crimes are an extraordinary crime where treatment and method require special strategic management. Strategic management for treatment the terrorist prisoners is one of the programs of the Directorate General of Correctional Affairs, Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia, namely the management of human resources through the efforts of deradicalization for terrorist prisoners, especially in the Super Maximum Security of Correctional Institution. This research aims to provide strategic management for treatment the terrorist prisoners and the implementation of correctional institution' deradicalization programs for terrorist prisoners. This research was qualitative descriptive research. Data collection techniques using direct observation techniques in Focus Group Discussions, as well as in-depth interviews with the Head of Class 1 Correctional Institution of Batu Nusakambangan and terrorist prisoners as research objects. The results of this research indicate that the strategic management for treatment the terrorist prisoners was not completely relevant to the Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 35 of 2018 and the implementation for treatment the terrorist prisoners in Class 1 Correctional Institution of Batu Nusakambangan are still very limited. There were still constraints to implementing guidelines for special prisoners of terrorist in terms of socializing regulations, human resources, and infrastructure for special treatment for terrorist prisoners.

DERADICALISING RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

This articles discusses deradicalization attempts in religious educational settings. It closely examines the roots of religious radicalism and offers the deradicalisation models in religious educational institutions. The discussion contributes to the current scholarship on the role of religious education in deradicalization programs and how create an Islamic educational institution that corfims and applies principles of multiculturalism. The paper particularly addresses the roles of teacher, the curriculum aspect of learning, and the translation of multiculturalism into Islamic education. Managerial aspect will be also included in the discussion. It further argues that the implementation of principles of multirculturalism reserves as an important element in confronting radical narratives, both from within and without Islamic tradition. It stands as an attempt to create moderate Muslim subjects who persistently uphold principles of inclusivity and transformative learning through opened-deliberation—rather than indoctrination—in education settings.

THE PATH TO SUSTAINABLE DERADICALIZATION PROGRAM

Deradicalization program is a never-ending challenge for any country to pursue the most viable model, which actually can be done by enhancing the different methods from one country to another. Deradicalization is also a challenge for multidisciplinary research to continue to understand the various phenomena of terrorism and how to integrate their response solutions into a definitive program. The author conducts a qualitative study on contemporary literature and various researches on deradicalization program and approaches that can be used and sustain in this country. This article is presenting the comparison as well as advantages and deficiencies of the implementation of global deradicalization programs from (five) regions, namely in the America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. The results shown that a concrete form of deradicalization and disengagement program under public private partnership scheme is possible to be implemented in a comprehensive and sustainable manner.

DERADICALIZATION IN INDONESIA : IMPLEMENTATION AND CHALLENGE

Deradicalization is a very long and ongoing process. Deradicalization in Indonesia depends on the role of prisons and post-prison reintegration management. Deradicalization in Indonesia has to deal with several obstacles, for example, limited human resources in prisons, lack of coordination between government agencies, the legal frameworks regarding to terrorism crimes have not been comprehensive yet, and others. This can trigger the failure of the process of deradicalization which can lead to recidivist events, community resistance and increasing numbers of radicalism in Indonesia. This study used qualitative research methods with interview data collection techniques and literature study techniques. This research found that the process of deradicalization in Indonesia should be carried out by all levels of society. The process of deradicalization in Indonesia must continue to develop following current patterns of terrorism and it is not limited to deradicalization which is only carried out by terrorist groups based on right-wing ideology. Apart from these problems, the current deradicalization program has also provided many benefits for combating terrorism in Indonesia.

DE-RADICALIZATION AND GUIDANCE FOR CRIMINAL ACTS OF TERRORISM IN INDONESIA


 
 
 Deradicalization is an effort to reduce radical activities and neutralize radical understanding for someone who is involved with terrorists and their sympathizers and community members who are exposed to radical terrorist understandings. These efforts to transform from radical beliefs or ideologies to non-radical ones with multi and interdisciplinary approaches for people who are affected by radical beliefs. However, in this case the de-radicalization program against terrorism has not been effective due to several things such as the non-optimal implementation of existing development standards, community culture that is sometimes still relatively difficult to accept ex- terrorists after they leave prison, as well as non-cooperative prisoners. In this case, the handling of Terrorism Crimes committed by the government can be divided into two fields, inside the Penitentiary and outside the Penitentiary. The legal approach method based on Law Number 15 of 2003 concerning Eradication of Terrorism Crimes has not optimally reduced the potential for violence against acts of terrorism because it tends to display the use of weapons. This research was conducted using an empirical legal research method that combines descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods. The nature of this research is descriptive research (describing) analysis. With the efforts to deradicalize and foster terrorism, it is hoped that there will be cooperation between terrorist prisoners and the government to provide information on the existence of the terrorism network.
 
 

Intoleransi dan Radikalisme Agama: Konstruk LSM tentang Program Deradikalisasi

Reformation-era opened the opportunities for political freedom and the development of religious life among the Islamic community in Indonesia. It can be seen in the strengthening of the identity and the movements of religious groups outside the mainstream religious groups, namely radicalism. Acceptance of different narratives based on religious sentiments is shown in the public space by building a distinction between "us" and "them". There is a need for an antidote toward radical understanding that resulted in acts of terror naming the deradicalization. By qualitative methods, this study indicated that during the nine years of the establishment of the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) the programs are still static because the program has not been able to minimize or even eliminate radical understanding that led to acts of terror. All elements of civil society must strengthen the deradicalization program of BNPT. Both NGOs (Wahid Institute and SETARA Institute) stated that the process of deradicalization was not only on individual problems, but the social environment also played an active role. It is the state that has the ability in the process of deradicalization, but the state must involve civil society.

Fuzzy rule-based method for determining the educational curriculum for terrorism convicts in the penitentiary

The deradicalization program is run by the government against terrorism convict while in the penitentiary. The education program should be carried out by convicted individuals. To be able to achieve the results optimally, the substance of the educational curriculum applied to terrorism. The basis for its consideration based on particular criteria that give attention to the background of the convicted person. These specific criteria include the Courts Verdict, Education Level, Age, and Gender. The intended education curriculum covers life skills education, nationalism education and multiculturalism, and religious education. The purpose of the study is to determine the right curriculum for convict based on the existing criteria. We determine the curriculum using the fuzzy logic approach. The use of fuzzy rule-based methods facilitates the resolution of the right curriculum. The aim of this research insistence improves performance in the best decision making for terrorism convicts’ educational curriculum.

Terrorist Deradicalization Programs in Saudi, Yemen and Malaysia

Terrorist Deradicalization is advancing subject of scientific study that lacks universally accepted definition. It is presently understood as efforts that attempt transform attitudes and behaviors of former terrorists so they reject violence as a tool to achieve ideological, religious or political goals that threaten national security and life or cause political and economic instability. Saudi Arabia Yemen and Malaysiahave deradicalization programs called Al-Ha’ir, Al-Hitar and Pemulihan, respectively, that are based on re-education and rehabilitation. Re-education components focus on correcting political and religious misconceptions, and rehabilitation provides a thoroughgoing monitoring system after inmate release. Government sponsored de-radicalization modules are designed to rehabilitate detained militants by addressing personality flaws and providing carefully structured reconstructive efforts. The authors describe methods used, which include modular themes such as holistic personality, self-reflection, social skills, criminal behavior, spirituality, Islamic consideration, security and psychology.

Non-military approach against terrorism in Nigeria: deradicalization strategies and challenges in countering Boko Haram

For a successful counter-terrorism campaign, scholars and conflict practitioners emphasize a combination of military and non-military strategies. While a military strategy is useful to weaken the military capacity of terrorists, non-military strategies including negotiations, deradicalization, disarmament, rehabilitation, reintegration, and other soft measures are advanced to tackle the underlying problems fuelling terrorism to achieve a long-term peaceful outcome. Within the non-military approach, deradicalization program is very significant, especially in combating religion- or ideology-motivated terrorism, given that the strategy not only aims to deconstruct extremist ideologies but also facilitates the rehabilitation and reintegration of ex-combatants and victims of violent extremism. This study analyzes the deradicalization program of the Nigerian government towards countering Boko Haram. It is argued that the design and implementation of the program have structural weaknesses that may further contribute to the problem of violent extremism. Therefore, the paper recommends measures that can strengthen the deradicalization program for a successful counter-terrorism operation.

Playful Religion: An Innovative Approach to Prevent Radicalisation of Muslim Youth in Europe

Radicalisation of Muslim youth is a hot item in the Netherlands. Deradicalisation is therefore high on the agenda. In our view, however, the deradicalisation processes begin at a moment ‘when it is too late to lock the stable door, because the horse has already bolted’. That is why our focus is on the prevention of radicalisation. In our contribution, we explore the concept of ‘radicalisation’ and inform the reader about deradicalisation programmes developed in the Netherlands and in Europe. The lack of success of these programmes challenges us to focus on ‘prevention’. In our view, a playful dialogical encounter in a safe space is a must in the approach of young people who are on the verge of radicalisation. The above-mentioned concepts of radicalisation, deradicalisation and prevention are presented in the first paragraph, followed by a discussion of de- and counter-radicalisation programmes in paragraph two. The third paragraph focuses on the prevention of radicalisation in education. Crucial here is a dialogical relationship between teachers and students, between the students themselves and within the students’ inner selves. This latter aspect is inspired by the theoretical framework of the dialogical self-theory, with its core concept of ‘multi-voicedness’ and ‘positioning of voices’. Special attention in the positioning process is given to resilience. The heart of this publication is dedicated to the re-invention of an age-old Islamic game: shaṭranj al-ʿārifīn’. In the fourth paragraph, we describe its origins and our adapted version of this game. Playing the game in pilot studies—a ‘serious play session’—increases young people’s awareness of religion and its positioning, resulting in strengthening resilience in their life orientation. In the concluding fifth paragraph, we state that our innovative, playful and theoretically well-framed approach is a promising module to be implemented in formal and informal education.

Countering violent extremism through state-society partnerships: a case study of de-radicalisation programmes in Indonesia

ABSTRACTDe-radicalisation programmes in Indonesia often feature ideological conversion and general inadequacies in human and material resources to carry out the technical aspects of the de-radicalisation programme. Worldwide, civil society organisations (CSOs) are increasingly considered as a key partner in de-radicalisation of violent extremist offenders (VEOs). In Indonesia, however, de-radicalisation programmes are often criticised for their centralised nature in which spaces for non-state actors are limited. This paper critically examines the role of CSOs in mitigating the shortcomings of government-sponsored de-radicalisation programmes in Indonesia. Although CSOs have strong ties with the people they work with, can reach to unreachable groups and function as a ‘resilience group’ in violence prevention, the paper contends that there continues to be a perpetual lack of coordination between the government and CSOs in countering violent extremism. Drawing on a desk-based review of literature on de-radicalisation combined with interviews, this paper presents a thematic analysis of Indonesia's CVE programmes and CSOs’ engagement in de-radicalisation. The paper concludes by offering a possible roadmap that might help enhancing partnerships between government and CSOs in de-radicalisation of violent extremist offenders.

Борьба с исламским терроризмом в Юго-Восточной Азии

The problem of terrorism is far from new for the countries of Southeast Asia. In the early 2000s, the legal and institutional framework was created for its solution. The use of predominantly hard methods allowed countries to succeed in defeating the terrorist underground. However, the situation sharply worsened with the advent of ISIS and the spread of its influence in the region, which leads to activation of its supporters. The methods of combating terrorism, tested for decades, were not enough to counter the growing threat. The ongoing changes in the social composition and structure of terrorism have required the adjustment of counter-terrorism policies – reinforcing its legal base and strengthening its humanitarian component. An analysis of successes and failures of this policy in relation to the four Southeast Asian countries facing the threat of Islamic terrorism (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines) is the subject of this study. The article notes that the need for preventive measures is dictated by the process of radicalization of part of the Muslim population falling under the ideological influence of ISIS. Radicalization, as the author notes, occurs in different ways: through the Internet; acquaintance with Islamic propaganda literature and materials of ISIS; attending sermons of radical imams; studying in religious and secular educational institutions; in prisons; within a family or a clan. The fight against the spread of extremist ideology is the most difficult task facing the countries of the region today and requiring an integrated approach to its solution in cooperation with the Muslim community, civil society and business. The modern strategy of the fight against terrorism, aimed at narrowing its social base, includes the implementation of a set of measures – promoting deradicalization programs, counter-propaganda of the radical Islamism ideology, work with youth, etc. In the sum, the author concludes that, although the Southeast Asian countries have managed to avoid large-scale terrorist attacks, the situation may worsen at any time, which was confirmed by the events in the southern Philippines in 2017. The main thing for the Philippines in counter-terrorism remains the implementation of measures to improve the political and socio-economic position of the local population. Indonesia, in turn, faces great difficulties in the fight against terrorism, which cannot be overcome only by strengthening the powers of counter-terrorist agencies. Even deradicalization programs will not give the expected effect in a situation when the process of Islamization of the country accelerates. This problem also threatens Malaysia whose success in counter-terrorist activities can be minimized amid the politicization of Islam, which creates a breeding ground for the radicalization of part of the Muslim population, especially young people. The most important thing in the fight against terrorism, as the experience of Singapore shows, is mobilization of the whole society, close interaction of the state and population.

Радикализация в местах заключения: подход социальной идентичности

The article analyzes research on the spread of extremist ideology in prisons and uses the theory of social identity to understand the mechanism of radicalization in conditions of isolation. The urgency of addressing this problem is explained by the fact that since the events of September 11, 2001, it is the radicalization in prisons that has turned into a serious threat to the security of different countries. In addition measures to counter terrorism necessarily rely on knowledge of the psychological laws by which radicalization occurs; equally, like the development of preventive measures aimed at convicts as well as the creation of deradicalization programs, are based on an understanding of the mechanisms of social behavior. The focus of the work is on the concept of modern terrorism proposed by J. Baudrillard, the problem of radicalization and the spread of the ideology of extremism in prisons is studied, the importance of social identity in connection with the process of radicalization in a situation of isolation is demonstrated. A special role is given to the ideas of M. Hogg’s theory of uncertainty-identity (the motivational direction of the approach of social identity). According to her, experiencing uncertainty, people become inclined to the division of radical ideas and membership in the corresponding groups, because in this way they receive direct and unambiguous answers to their questions. The way to reduce uncertainty is belonging to a group, since the latter is the basis for self-determination, that is, individuals in it acquire the desired social identity, receive norms and rules of behavior, direction of thoughts and feelings. In conclusion the possibilities of the social identity approach for diagnosing persons vulnerable to involvement in terrorist activities are explained.

De-Constructing Violent Extremism: Lessons From Selected Muslim Countries

This paper emphasized methods used in deradicalization programs such as holistic personality, self-reflection, social skills, crime behaviour, spirituality, consideration, security and psychology.Deradicalization has increasingly been subjected to scientific studies, but a universally accepted definition of the concept is yet to be developed and defined officially. Nevertheless, there are some definitions developed by the researchers to describe deradicalization. De-radicalization can be understood as the process of changing the attitudes and behaviours of former terrorists to reject violence as an ideological, religious or political goal that may cause harm to national security, affect political and economic instability or pose threats to human life. Many countries have taken significant steps to overcome terrrorism through deradicalization programs such as in Saudi (Al-Ha’ir), Yemen (Al-Hitar) and Malaysia(Pemulihan). Most of the program is based on re-education and rehabilitation. Re-education focuses on correcting political and religious misconceptions of the militants, while the strategy of rehabilitation is adopted to provide a thorough monitoring of the militants after their release. The module of De-radicalization was intended to help government rehabilitate detained militants and help to rebuild their personality.