De-oiled Cake Research Articles

Improvement in biohythane production using organic solid waste and distillery effluent

Biohythane is a two-stage anaerobic fermentation process consisting of biohydrogen production followed by biomethanation. This serves as an environment friendly and economically sustainable approach for the improved valorization of organic wastes. The characteristics of organic wastes depend on their respective sources. The choice of an appropriate combination of complementary organic wastes can vastly improve the bioenergy generation besides achieving the significant cost reduction. The present study assess the suitability and economic viability of using the groundnut deoiled cake (GDOC), mustard deoiled cake (MDOC), distillers’ dried grain with solubles (DDGS) and algal biomass (AB) as a co-substrate for the biohythane process. Results showed that maximum gaseous energy of 23.93, 16.63, 23.44 and 16.21kcal/L were produced using GDOC, MDOC, DDGS and AB in the two stage biohythane production, respectively. Both GDOC and DDGS were found to be better co-substrates as compared to MDOC and AB. The maximum cumulative hydrogen and methane production of 150 and 64mmol/L were achieved using GDOC. 98% reduction in substrate input cost (SIC) was achieved using the co-supplementation procedure.

A simple spectrophotometric method for estimating total glucosinolates in mustard de-oiled cake

ABSTRACTGlucosinolates are anti-nutritional factors present abundantly in the seed meal fraction of oilseed Brassica species. They are found in varying levels among different genotypes. Those genotypes containing less than 30 µmol/g are considered low/zero glucosinolate type and are preferred for edible purposes due to low pungency. Twenty two different genotypes were taken for the analysis of glucosinolates by spectrophotometry. A regression model was obtained using Ordinary Least Square technique which predicted a formula. Total glucosinolates (µmol/g) = 1.40 + 118.86 × A425, where A425 is the absorbance at 425 nm. The total glucosinolate content obtained by the prediction formula when compared with HPLC data showed a correlation coefficient of 0.942. This high correlation between the two data sets validated the developed methodology. This method also simplifies the estimation of total glucosinolates by excluding the use of HPLC or other sophisticated instruments.

Valorization of de-oiled cakes for xylanase production and optimization using central composite design by Trichoderma koeningi isolate

Abstract Aim Evaluation of the medium components and conditions for the optimization of xylanase production in submerged fermentation by Trichoderma koeningi isolate (KT006533). Methods Trichoderma koeningi was identified by the 18s rRNA. NaOH pre-treated corn cobs were used in order to reduce the crystallinity of corn cobs. De-oiled cakes proximate composition was analyzed according to AOAC. Plackett-Burman design (PBD) was used to screen the 19 media variables that affect xylanase production and optimized the media by central composite design (CCD). Results The isolate was identified as Trichoderma koeningi. Among the 19 variables more effective variables on xylanase production was mustard cake, xylose, FeSO4·7H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O and pH. The optimization of xylanase and protein were quantified as 74.84 U/mL and 2.94 mg/mL, respectively, owing to the influence of the above components at g/L 3.5, 6.0, 0.06, 0.04 at levels respectively and pH 6.5, by using a CCD. The coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.92%. The correlations between the actual and coded results are found to be good. Conclusion NaOH pre-treated corn cobs were used with mustard cake powder as fermentation medium constituent to induce the xylanase production. From the results we conclude that mustard cake induced the xylanase production.

Power generation enhancement with hybrid thermoelectric generator using biomass waste heat energy

The performance of (Bi2Te3-PbTe) hybrid thermoelectric generator (TEG) at diverse operating conditions using the “syngas” (biomass waste heat) obtained from the gasification of Pongamia de-oiled cake is experimentally investigated. On combustion of the “syngas”, a real time temperature of about 250–350°C is obtained. For this purpose, an experimental rig is fabricated and tested under various operating temperature and load conditions. The heat energy obtained from biomass gasified and burnt “syngas” is mimicked by an electrical heater. The hot side of hybrid TEG was varied from 150°C to 250°C and load resistance up to 2Ω respectively, while the coolant temperature was kept constant at 30°C. The effect of flow rate of coolant, temperature difference and number of modules in series on the performance of hybrid TEG has been studied. The experimental results showed that the use of single hybrid TEG gave a maximum power output of 8.94W with an efficiency of 2.5% and a dimensionless figure of merit, ZT‾ of 0.86 for a temperature difference of 200°C. Further, three hybrid TEG modules connected in series gave a maximum power output of 27.38W at the same temperature difference. The use of hybrid TEG gave about 53.4%, 21.7% and 39.6% average enhancements in power, voltage and current respectively, when compared with that of an ordinary Bismuth-Telluride (Bi2Te3) module.

Role of Jatropha curcas Deoiled Cake as Substrate for the Production of Cellulases and Xylanase and Additive in Vermicomposting of Kitchen Waste

Role of Jatropha curcas Deoiled Cake as Substrate for the Production of Cellulases and Xylanase and Additive in Vermicomposting of Kitchen Waste

Non-isothermal kinetic study of de-oiled seeds cake of African star apple (Chrosophyllum albidum) using thermogravimetry.

Thermal decomposition and kinetics behaviour of the de-oiled seed cake of African star apple (Chrosophyllum albidum) has been investigated using thermogravimetry under the nitrogen atmosphere from ambient temperature to 900 °C. The thermogravimetric data for the cake decomposition at six different heating rates (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 °C/min) were used to evaluate the kinetic decomposition of the cake using Friedman (FD), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) models. Thermal decomposition of the cake showed thermograms indicating dehydration and devolitilization stages (200–400 °C). The maximum temperature for the decomposition of the cake (Tmax) increases from 289.42–335.96 °C with increase in heating rates. The average apparent activation energy (Ea) values of 153.15, 145.14 and 147.15 kJ/mol were calculated using Friedman, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa models respectively. The extent of mass conversion (α) shows dependence on apparent activation Ea values which is an evidence of multi-step decomposition kinetic. The thermal profile and kinetic data obtained could be helpful in evaluating the thermal stability of the cake as well as modeling, designing and developing a thermo-chemical system for the conversion of the cake to fuel.

2-Pyrrolidone synthesis from γ-aminobutyric acid produced by Lactobacillus brevis under solid-state fermentation utilizing toxic deoiled cottonseed cake

There is an increasing demand of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as drug and food additive, as well as feedstock to produce 2-pyrrolidone, a precursor for the synthesis of nylon 4. 2-Pyrrolidone is a petrochemical and depleting reserve which raises concern for its bio-based production. The study herein describes bio-based economical GABA production from Lactobacillus brevis by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using toxic deoiled cottonseed cake (CSC) as substrate. In general, the use of cottonseed cake remains restricted due to the presence of toxic gossypols. Thus, simultaneous detoxification observed during fermentation also widens the scope of utilization of this residual seedcake for feed use vis-a-vis production of other value added chemicals. The SSF conditions were optimized for maximum GABA production, viz., 19.7mg/g, CSC of GABA was obtained at 6th day of fermentation with 70% degradation of gossypols simultaneously. The potential of this bio-based GABA as a platform chemical is demonstrated in the synthesis of 2-pyrrolidone. Thus, a simple and cost-effective strategy for utilizing toxic biomass has been developed as an alternate to chemical synthetic route.

Evaluation of productive performance of broiler in response to Koroch (Pongamia pinnata) cake feeding

The study was conducted for a period of 28 days to investigate the response of broiler to the inclusion of de-oiled koroch (Pongamia Pinnata) seed cake in the diet of broiler. A total of 192 day-old broiler chicks were individually weighed and randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatment groups having 4 replications of 12 chicks each, in a completely randomized design. Broilers under treatment 1 received a basal diet containing no koroch seed cake, considered as control; in treatment 2, 3 and 4, broilers were fed on basal diet containing 2%, 4% and 6% koroch seed cake, respectively. All productive performances (live weight, live weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency) of broiler fed on koroch seed cake were significantly (P<0.01) depressed compared to the control. The degree of depression was increased with the increasing level of koroch seed cake in the diet at all ages of broiler. The meat yield parameters showed a non-significant (P>0.05) effect except for the percentage of dressing yield, breast, liver and gizzard weight for the broilers in all treatment groups. Broilers fed on diet containing 6% koroch seed cake yielded the lowest dressed weight in the treatment groups. Inclusion of 2% koroch seed cake resulted in higher breast meat yield compared to any other level of koroch cake inclusion in the diet (P<0.01). However, liver and gizzard weight were increased significantly (P<0.05) for incorporation of de-oiled koroch seed cake in the diet at all levels (2%, 4% or 6%). On the basis of these results it is concluded that feeding de-oiled koroch cake had no positive effect on growth response and meat yield characteristics of broiler. Therefore, it is suggested that the koroch seed cake may contain anti-nutritional factor(s), which seemed to be associated with growth depression in broilers. Further research is warranted to alleviate the potential toxic effect of koroch seed cake on broiler performances.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(2): 315-321, August 2016

An Experimental Investigation on Gasification Characteristic of Pongamia Residue (Shell and De-Oiled Cake) as a Source of Energy for Rural Areas

This paper has been aimed for thermochemical gasification of Pongamia residue (mixture of shells and de-oiled cake) generated from the oil expellers and biodiesel production plants. Pongamia mixture pellets (with 11.5 mm diameter and average length in the range of 10–62 mm) were prepared and gasify in an open top downdraft wood gasifier. The temperature in various zones of the gasifier was measured by using S-type thermocouples. The calorific value of producer gas generated from pellets was in the range of 4.56–5.39 MJ/Nm3. The gasifier conversion efficiency was 94 % for pellets which is higher to that of wood gasification (74 %). Producer gas generated with these pellets was used in the spark ignition engine. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine were evaluated by varying load and spark timings. The engine brake thermal efficiency was 26 % at spark ignition timing 30° before top dead centre (bTDC) at full load condition. However, the de-rating of 4.5 % was observed when working with 100 % producer gas at compression ratio of 10. Emission parameters were on lower side at spark timing 30obTDC. The producer gas generated from the Pongamia mixture pellets could be used for heat and or power generation for rural areas.

Jatropha waste meal as an alternative energy source via pressurized pyrolysis: A study on temperature effects

As an alternative energy source, Jatropha is a promising biomass resource due to its high content of oil contained in the seed. However, after the oil extraction process, more than 50% of initial weight remained as residue. This Jatropha de-oiled cake was considered a valuable feedstock for thermochemical conversion process due to its high volatile matter (73%) and energy content (20.5 MJ/kg). Pyrolysis turned biomass into solid product of biochar, liquid product (bio-oil and aqueous phase), and pyrolysis gas. The effects of pyrolysis temperature under the pressure of 0.69 MPa on the product yields and characteristics were investigated using a bench-scale batch reactor. The gross calorific value of pyrolytic oil was measured to be 35 MJ/kg with high carbon content (71%) and low oxygen content (10%). Phenols and hydrocarbons were the main compounds present in the pyrolytic oil. The heating value of the biochar was also high (28 MJ/kg), which was comparable to the fuel coke. More combustible gases were released at high pyrolysis temperature with methane as a main constituent. Pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C, was determined to be an optimum condition for the mass and energy conversions with 89% of the mass and 77% of the energy recovered.

Utilization of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology for the production of deoiled palm kernel cake

The main focus of the present study is to produce deoiled palm kernel cake from palm kernel using the supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the process parameters of SCCO2 extraction of oil from palm kernels. The influences of pressure, temperature and extraction time on the yield were investigated. Results showed that the experimental data were fitted into the second order polynomial model. The linear terms of SCCO2 pressure, temperature and extraction time had the significant effect on the yield of the oil extraction from the palm kernel. The optimum SCCO2 extraction process parameters were pressure 44.6MPa, temperature 60°C and extraction time 50min. Under these experimental conditions, the oil yield was about 49.2%. The presence of nutrient and anti-nutrient compositions in deoiled PKC subjected to SCCO2 (PKCsc) was also investigated and compared with the nutrient and anti-nutrient compositions of PKC collected from palm oil mill (PKCM). Determination of the nutrient compositions in deoiled PKCsc and PKCM revealed that SCCO2 maintained the nutrient compositions in deoiled PKCsc during extraction of palm kernel oil. Determination of the anti-nutrients compositions in deoiled PKCsc and PKCM showed that SCCO2 effectively influenced the anti-nutrients in deoiled PKCsc. The findings of the present study suggest that SCCO2 extraction is an effective technique to produce deoiled PKCsc, which can be used as a cheap source of protein and fiber for human and animal food consumption.

Erratum to: De-oiled neem cake as potential bio-additive for low-salt raw skin preservation: a process for salinity reduction in tanneries

Erratum to: De-oiled neem cake as potential bio-additive for low-salt raw skin preservation: a process for salinity reduction in tanneries

Adsorptive uptake of basic dyes from aqueous solution by novel brown linseed deoiled cake activated carbon: Equilibrium isotherms and dynamics

In present work, various process parameters for the adsorptive removal of acridine orange and azure B onto a novel activated carbon prepared from brown linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) deoiled cake with phosphoric acid activation were optimized. The activated carbon was characterized using FTIR, surface area (adsorption desorption isotherm), field emission-scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction studies. Isotherm data were modeled using non-linear Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and D-R equations. Freundlich isotherm model best fitted the data with good correlation coefficient, suggesting heterogenous distribution of adsorption sites. The adsorbent demonstrated high Langmuir monolayer saturation capacity (Qm) of 213.57 for acridine orange and 136.58mg/g for azure B. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model followed the kinetic data, with liquid-film diffusion controlling the overall adsorption rate. The negative ΔG° values (5.92–13.15kJ/mol for AO and 10.21–20.98kJ/mol for AzB) confirmed the feasibility and spontaneity of the process. The positive values of ΔH° (17.16–75.48kJ/mol) indicated endothermic adsorption.

Preparation and surface active properties of coconut and sunflower protein-based diethanolamides

Protein isolates were extracted from sunflower and coconut deoiled cakes employing alkaline extraction method. Diethanolamides were synthesized by transamidification reaction of sunflower and coconut protein isolates and diethanolamine and evaluated for their surface active properties such as wetting ability, foaming properties, surface tension, emulsion stability, and critical micelle concentration (CMC). Diethanolamides exhibited better emulsion stability (276–570 s) compared to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS, 224–480 s). Surface-active properties like wetting ability, foaming properties, surface tension lowering ability, and CMC values of these diethanolamides were inferior compared to SLS. These surfactants can be commercially exploited since they are prepared from less expensive oilseed proteins compared to oils and fats.

De-oiled neem cake as potential bio-additive for low-salt raw skin preservation: a process for salinity reduction in tanneries

Animal skin, a proteinaceous material containing about 60–65 % moisture, is an ideal substrate for the growth of microorganisms, if not preserved properly. Conventionally, large quantities of sodium chloride are used for skin preservation. De-salting and soaking carried out during processing of the skin generates serious environmental constraints. In view of this, low-salt skin preservation with de-oiled neem cake is attempted. To ensure the antimicrobial properties of de-oiled neem cake, aqueous and solvent extracts of the cake were studied against bacteria and fungi which were isolated from raw skin. The antimicrobial assay was performed using the well diffusion method for aqueous, methanol and hexane extract of de-oiled neem cake, which showed maximum zone of clearance for aqueous and methanolic extract against the isolated bacteria and fungi, respectively, present in raw skin. The percentage of inhibition study reveals that the methanolic extract showed 100 % inhibition against many organisms and the water extract against some organisms. The raw skin was cured using de-oiled neem cake with reduced amount of salt and left for a period of 21 days. The skins were checked periodically for microbial growth as per the conventional methods. Finally, the low-salt preserved skins were processed into chrome-tanned leathers and their strength properties were compared with leathers which were preserved by the conventional method. The results suggest that de-oiled neem cake along with minimal salt has adequate curing efficiency on raw skin and if this system is implemented, pollution caused due to sodium chloride would be significantly minimized.

Evidence for the involvement of nematocidal toxins of Purpureocillium lilacinum 6029 cultured on Karanja deoiled cake liquid medium.

In present study, in vitro nematocidal bioassays, FT-IR and HPLC analysis were employed to demonstrate the involvement of toxins of Purpureocillium lilacinum in killing root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita). During growth study, maximum mycelial biomass (10.52 g/l) in de-oiled Karanja cake medium was achieved on 8th day while complete mortality of nematodes was obtained by 6th day filtrate (FKSM). Maximum production of crude nematocidal toxin was recorded on 7th day suggesting that the toxin production was paralleled with growth of the fungus. The median lethal concentration (LC50) determined for the crude toxin from 6th day to 10th day ranged from 89.41 to 43.21 ppm. The median lethal time (LT50) for the crude toxin of FKSM was found to be 1.46 h. This is the first report of implementing a comparative infra-red spectroscopy coupled with HPLC analysis to predict the presence of nematocidal toxin in the fungal filtrate cultured on Karanja deoiled cake liquid medium.

Complete utilization of non-edible oil seeds of Cascabela thevetia through a cascade of approaches for biofuel and by-products

Lipid-rich biomass, generally opted for biodiesel production, produces a substantial amount of by-product (de-oiled cake and seed cover) during the process. Complete utilization of Cascabela thevetia seeds for biofuel production through both chemical and thermochemical conversion route is investigated in the present study. Various properties of biodiesel produced was characterized and compared with those obtained from similar oil seeds. The by-products of the chemical process were used as a feedstock for pyrolysis at different temperatures in a fixed bed reactor. Maximum bio-oil yields of 29.11% and 26.18% were observed at 500°C. The bio-oil obtained at optimum yield was characterized by CHN analyzer, NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The biochar produced was further characterized by SEM–EDX, XRD and FTIR along with elemental analysis to explore its utilization for various purposes. The present investigation depicts a new approach towards complete utilization of lipid-rich bio-resources to different types of biofuels and biochar.

Effective adsorption of pyridine (Py)—onto mesoporous silica derived from de-oiled mustard cake (DOMC): Experimental and theoretical study

Effective adsorption of pyridine (Py)- a major pollutant present in various industrial wastewaters onto silica derived from de-oiled mustard cake (DOMC) was evaluated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and SEM were used to characterized the adsorbent. The paper describes data on the chemical composition of the DOMC, kinetics and equilibrium adsorption of Py as well as the effect of different operational parameters (temperature, pH, ionic strength and effect of urea) on the effective removal of Py from its aqueous solution. Adsorption data were modeled with the Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich–Peterson (R–P) and Temkin isotherm. The adsorption data are found suitable for the studied models quite reasonably. However, the results describe the best representation of the Langmuir isotherm model (non-linear R2=0.99). The adsorption process followed Lagergren first order kinetics. The experimental findings were complemented using density functional theory (DFT) to have more understanding at atomistic level. The possible adsorption interactions were discussed. The effects of process parameters such as pH, urea and ionic strength on the adsorption suggested that the adsorption of Py was attributed to hydrogen bonding; however, hydrophobic interactions and charge transfer interactions are also believed to be responsible for the observed adsorption in the present case. The experimental data were subsentiated by employing a silica model based on DFT. Experimental and theoretical modeling of the adsorption phenomenon suggest hydrogen bonding to be a dominant force for Py adsorption onto silica.

Analysis of Karanja Seed Cake (Pongamia Pinnata) with the focus on Application of Pyrolysis oil as Fuel

Fluidized bed pyrolysis experiments have been conducted on a sample of Karanja seed (de-oiled) cake to determine the effects of particle size, pyrolysis temperature and nitrogen gas flow rate on the products yield. The particle size, pyrolysis temperature and nitrogen gas flow rate were varied from 0.175 to 1.6 mm, 400°C to 500°C and 6 LPM to 10 LPM. The maximum oil yield of 65.56 wt % was obtained at a nitrogen gas flow rate of 8 LPM, particle size of 0.5–0.99 mm and pyrolysis temperature of 450°C. The maximum gas yield of 38.20 wt % was obtained at particle size of 0.175–0.5 mm, nitrogen flow rate of 8 LPM and at 500°C. The maximum char yield of 24 wt % was obtained at 400°C. The gas fractions were obtained using gas analyzer. The pyrolysis gas fractions were found to contain hydrocarbon, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Water content of crude bio-oil and upgraded bio-oil was found 56% wt and 40 wt % respectively. The calorific value of up-graded Karanja bio-oil was found to be 16.5 MJ/Kg. Density, Viscosity and pH of upgraded bio-oil were found 1023Kg/m3, 3.25cst and 4.6 respectively. So, bio-oil can be used as a source of fuel if the water content of bio-oil could be reduced. Here an attempt has made to study the feasibility of production of valuable fuels from natural but non edible seed cake (Karanja) by the method of pyrolysis. Here the production of the fuel can serve purpose of alternative fuels as biomass pyrolysis oil has potential to be used as fuel oil or its substitute

Conversion of De-oiled Castor Seed Cake into Bio-oil and Carbon Adsorbents

Castor seed cake is the byproduct of castor seeds with cold pressing. This bio-waste was used as a raw material for the production of bio-oil and activated carbons through pyrolysis. De-oiled castor seed cake was pyrolyzed at various temperatures for various durations to find out the optimal temperature and duration for the pyrolysis. The highest bio-oil yield (63% w/w) was obtained at 400°C for 60 min. The ultimate analysis and the fuel properties for the produced bio-oil were determined. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and fractionation using column adsorption chromatography for bio-oil were also conducted. The results showed that the properties of bio-oil were similar to those reported in the literature. The pyrolysis char was converted into activated carbons of micro-porous structure.