De-oiled Cake Research Articles

Biodiesel from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: fuel property analysis and comparative economics

The depletion of exhaustible underground petroleum resources has put the present civilization at stake, thereby warranting intense research on non-exhaustible fuel. With this energy crisis hitting the block, microorganisms such as yeasts are gaining wider importance as potential biofuel candidates. An indigenous yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from laboratory-scale brewing was investigated for biodiesel production. Biodiesel was produced by in situ transesterification approach using 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine as the catalyst. The fuel properties such as viscosity, density, calorific value and cetane number (CN) were determined to assess the fuel quality of S. cerevisiae biodiesel. Additionally, the investigation also focuses on theoretical studies considering the yeast de-oiled cake (low-value biomass refuse). Fatty acid methyl ester analysis revealed that biodiesel was primarily composed of tricosylic acid (C23:0, 28.71%), palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 28.96%) and oleic acid (C18:1, 18.13%). Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, 2.01%), one of the most commonly known polyunsaturated fatty acid, was present in the yeast strain. The CN of yeast biodiesel was 71.58, which was much higher than petro-diesel. The theoretical findings suggest the competitiveness of yeast biomass conversion technologies with petroleum refining process economics. The overall study warrants the feasibility of co-production of biodiesel from S. cerevisiae and cracked biofuel products (from S. cerevisiae de-oiled cake) under the aegis of biorefining applications.

Identification of the Secondary Structure of Protein Isolated from Deoiled Cake Flour of Mahua (Madhuca Latifolia)

The establishment of structures of protein is of primary importance before deciding its suitability for application in the fields of foodomics and pharmaceuticals. Out of the several techniques Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a recognized analytical tool employed for ascertaining the structure of protein, in particular for the identification of the secondary structure of protein. The present investigation deals with the characterization of the proteins isolated from Madhuca latifolia (Mahua) de-oiled cake flour by FTIR. The proteins were isolated by two different methods: reverse micellar method using bis (2-ethylehexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate reverse micelle (RMP) and alkali treated method from aqueous system (ATP). The spectral bands in the range 4000-400 cm-1 for both the proteins were analyzed and compared. The Fourier second derivatives consisting of eight bands were applied to investigate the amide I region (1700-1600 cm-1) of both the proteins. The percentage of α-helix, β-sheet, unordered conformation and turn in RMP were found to be 12.69 %, 40.28 %, 12.14 % and 34.89 %, respectively, whereas in ATP these structures occurred in 12.50 %, 33.20 %, 12.00 % and 42.48%, respectively. These findings may be helpful to determine the functional properties of the extracted de-oiled cake flour proteins and hence its applications could be explored accordingly

Comparative Study between Indigenous Natural Coagulants and Alum for Microalgae Harvesting

The conventional jar test was used to evaluate the % mixed microalgae harvesting efficiency from domestic wastewater by using different natural coagulants such as de-oiled Jatropha curcas cake, Moringa oleifera, Conocarpus erectus and neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds compared to alum as a chemical coagulant. The highest microalgae removal efficiency (97.91%) was achieved with powdered neem (A. indica) seeds at 100 mg/L dosing, mixing speed 100 rpm, with 10 min agitation time and pH 9. Interestingly, it was observed that % removal of microalgae was found above 94% in all cases with neem (A. indica) seeds as compared to other coagulants. Then, the % removal is followed by C. erectus with 93.44 % and alum 91.62%. However, the consumption of alum was very high (200 mg/L) to achieve higher % removal efficiency making it uneconomical. Statistically, it was found that both coagulants neem (A. indica) and de-oiled cake of J. curcas seeds were having a percentage contribution of coagulant dosing on the harvesting results. The techno-economic analysis showed that the powdered neem (A. indica) and M. oleifera seeds were found the most economical in terms of mixed microalgae harvesting cost per litre of wastewater, i.e. (US$ 0.0068/L) and (US$ 0.0052/L), respectively. De-oiled cake of J. curcas seeds can effectively remove microalgae with % removal 84.98 %, but the cost analysis revealed that de-oiled cake of J. curcas seeds has higher harvesting cost per litre (US$ 0.0103/L) compared to neem (A. indica) and M. oleifera seeds. Thus, it is suggested to use the neem (A. indica) as coagulants for mixed microalgae removal from domestic wastewater with effective % microalgae removal in a cost-effective manner for biodiesel production.

Ultrasound-Intensified Biodiesel Production from Mixed Nonedible Oil Feedstock Using Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst Supported on Rubber De-oiled Cake

The present study investigates synthesis of waste-derived heterogeneous acid catalyst from rubber de-oiled cake using sulfuric and chlorosulfonic acids. The synthesized catalyst was characterized using XRD, XPS, FE–SEM, EDX, BET, and acid density titration. Maximum biodiesel yields of 91.2 ± 1.1% and 93.7 ± 1.3% were obtained at molar ratio = 12.8:1, catalyst loading = 8.18% (w/w), and temperature = 63 °C in single-step process (duration 3 h) and two-step process (duration 1 h), respectively. Two-step process resulted in lower activation energy of 55.98 kJ/mol, as compared to 69.62 kJ/mol in single-step process. The predominant role of ultrasound in process intensification was observed in two-step process, where sum of activation energies (27.47 kJ/mol) of three individual reaction steps was lower as compared to mechanically agitated system (49.07 kJ/mol). The catalyst retained activity until three cycles of reuse.

Characterization of pyrolysis bio-oil derived from intermediate pyrolysis of Aegle marmelos de-oiled cake: study on performance and emission characteristics of C.I. engine fueled with Aegle marmelos pyrolysis oil-blends.

The present research focuses on the analyzing the characteristics of bio-oil derived from intermediate pyrolysis of Aegle marmelos (AM) seed cake and its suitability for C.I. engine adaptation. Owing to the high volatile matter content of 73.69%, Aegle marmelos biomass was selected as the feedstock for this research. The intermediate pyrolysis was carried out at 600°C in a 2-kg fixed bed type pyrolysis reactor at a heating rate of 10°C/min and the obtained bio-oil was characterized by different analytical methods. As per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards, physicochemical properties of the bio-oil were tested and it was observed that bio-oil is a highly viscous fluid with low calorific value. Analysis of bio-oil through FT-IR and GC-MS examination confirmed the presence of phenol, esters, alkyl, and oxygenated compounds. The performance and emission testing of direct injection diesel engine were conducted with various bio-oil blends and the results were compared with baseline diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that the addition of bio-oil decreased BTE (%) while increasing the BSEC (MJ/kW-h). At the same time, increasing the bio-oil ratio with diesel decreases dangerous emissions such as carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen emissions in the engine exhaust. According to engine test result, it was suggested that up to 20% of AM bio-oil (F20) can be employed as engine fuel for better engine operating characteristics.

Bio-H2 production using de-oiled cake as cheap nitrogen source and subsequent electricity generation by hybrid system

Bio-H2 was produced by Enterobacter sp., using de-oiled cake (DOC) as nitrogen source and was subsequently converted to electricity by a hybrid platform of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) and photo voltaic (PV) cells. Taguchi design was used to maximize H2 production on using different DOC concentrations, pH, pre-treatment time and agitation speeds. Highest H2 production of 3.42 ± 0.26 L L−1 was observed at pH 6.0, 50 g L−1 DOC concentration, 20 min pre-treatment time and 200 rpm agitation speed, respectively. In continuous process maximum rate of H2 production of 854 ± 20 mL L−1 h−1 (molasses), 580 ± 22 mL L−1 h−1 (glucose) and 640 ± 22 mL L−1 h−1 (starchy wastewater), respectively was observed at 0.2 h−1 dilution rate. The hybrid system showed maximum current (I), voltage (V) and power (P) of 0.035 mA, 11 V and 385 mW, respectively.

Investigative Study on the Use of De-Oiled Palm Kernel Cake for Biogas Production

Availability of Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) has increased due to the increase in the number of cottage oil palm processing industries in developing countries. A quest for clean energy from bio-waste is also on the increase. This study aims at investigating the biogas generating capacity of de-oiled PKC and its corresponding methane content. De-oiled PKC and a mixture of de-oiled PKC and fresh sugar cane chips were used as the two bio-feed samples in a laboratory anaerobic digestion set up. A theoretical approach was also used to determine the expected methane content in the biogas. Laboratory results for de-oiled PKC gave the volume by weight of bio-feed for biogas and methane to be 12.7 ml/g and 4.2 ml/g respectively and that of the combination of de-oiled PKC and fresh sugar cane chips to be 3.15 ml/g and 1.25 ml/g respectively. The measured methane composition for de-oiled PKC and that of the combination of de-oiled PKC and fresh sugar cane chips to be 33% and 40% respectively while the theoretical estimates were 33.5% and 41.1% respectively. The study shows that de-oiled palm kernel cake has biogas/methane generation potential whose quality can be improved by the addition of other biogas producing wastes.KEYWORDS: Biogas, Agro-Industrial Waste, Palm Kernel Cake, Anaerobic Digestion, Wastewater.

Chemical composition of essential oil and oleoresins of Zingiber officinale and toxicity of extracts/essential oil against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)

Essential oil (EO) of ginger and oleoresins isolated from extraction solvents by GC–MS. Zingiberene was the major constituent in all the samples, and ethanol could extract the maximum quantity (21.2%) from the dried de-oiled cake (EDD) followed by EO (20.3%) as compared to oleoresins. Hydro-distilled EO contains higher oxygenated monoterpenes (22.4%) than oleoresins. EDD showed more toxicity to larvae of Plutella xylostella (LC50 = 4957.9 mg L−1) after 96 h and was followed by EDW (LC50 = 5067.6 mg L−1) and EF (LC50 = 6631.2 mg L−1). EO also showed promising efficacy (LC50 = 5875.9 mg L−1) and repellency (97.1%) against P. xylostella.

Detoxification of Jatropha curcas seed cake by a new soil-borne Enterobacter cloacae strain.

The strain of Enterobacter cloacae Z11 was originally isolated from the soil. To the best of our knowledge, E. cloacae has never been used to remove toxins and antinutritional factors in Jatropha curcas seed cake (JSC). Under the optimized condition, fermentation with the Enterobacter strain decreased the phorbol esters content in JSC by 51·6%, and phytates, tannins, lectins and trypsin inhibitors contents by 83, 38, 89 and 90%, respectively. This study provided a new method with potential to render the seed cake suitable for use in feed. Further study is needed to focus on remaining toxicity and nutritional value post-treatment.

Adding value to the oil cake as a waste from oil processing industry: Production of lipase in solid state fermentation

Abstract Riccinus communis (castor) seed cake is a by-product generated after oil extraction from the seed. This deoiled seed cake contains a toxic protein ricin that restricts its application in livestock feed. In the present study, solid-state fermentation (SSF) was used to value addition in castor de-oiled cake (CDOC). It was used as a substrate for the production of lipase under SSF using different fungal species. Initially, seven fungal strains were grown on CDOC and out of seven, only four are able to grow on it. From these four strains, only two Aspergillus oryzae (NCIM 1212) and Aspergillus japonicas (MTCC no. 1975) were observed to produce lipase. The effect of different physical parameter viz., moisture content, pH and incubation time on lipase production were also determined. The maximum lipase yield was determined to be 25 U/gm. Maximum enzyme production was observed at 6th day of incubation. The optimum condition for the lipase production was pH 7.0, moisture content 100%. From these results, it can be concluded that CDOC could be a good and cheap substrate for lipase production through SSF.

Use of de-oiled groundnut cake flour as an alternate source of nutrition

Use of de-oiled groundnut cake flour as an alternate source of nutrition

Multi reaction apparent kinetic scheme for the pyrolysis of large size biomass particles using macro-TGA

In the present study, the pyrolysis of biomass is proposed by one step multi reaction apparent model. It is expressed as parallel production of bio-oil, gases and charcoal. Macro TGA of Jatropha de-oiled cake is performed at temperatures ranging from 350 °C to 700 °C. The volatiles released during pyrolysis exits from the top of the reactor and are cooled in a two-stage condenser followed by an ice trap. The weight reduction variation of the biomass with time, product yield and composition of non condensable gases are measured and used to develop the apparent kinetic model. The corresponding apparent kinetic parameters are estimated by minimizing the square of the error between simulated values of residual weight fraction and experimental values using non-traditional optimization technique logarithmic differential evolution (LDE). The weight reduction with time suggests that the pyrolysis of de-oiled cake is carried out in three stages. The maximum liquid yield obtained is 31.2% at 500 °C, which further decreases with an increase in temperature. The model predicted values of residual weight fractions and yield of products are matching very well with the experimental data for all reactor temperature.

Pyrolysis of Waste Castor Seed Cake: A Thermo-Kinetics Study

Biomass pyrolysis is a thermo-chemical conversion process that is of both industrial and ecological importance. The efficient chemical transformation of waste biomass to numerous products via pyrolysis reactions depends on process kinetic rates; hence the need for kinetic models to best design and operate the pyrolysis. Also, for an efficient design of an environmentally sustainable pyrolysis process of a specific lignocellulosic waste, a proper understanding of its thermo-kinetic behavior is imperative. Thus, pyrolysis kinetics of castor seed de-oiled cake (Ricinus communis) using thermogravimetric technique was studied. The decomposition of the cake was carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere with a flow rate of 100mL min-1 from ambient temperature to 900 °C. The results of the thermal profile showed moisture removal and devolatilization stages, and maximum decomposition of the cake occurred at a temperature of 200-400 °C. The kinetic parameters such as apparent activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and order of reaction were determined using Friedman (FD), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) kinetic models. The average apparent activation energy values of 124.61, 126.95 and 129.80 kJmol-1 were calculated from the slopes of the respective models. The apparent activation energy values obtained depends on conversion, which is an evidence of multi-step kinetic process during the pyrolytic decomposition of the cake. The kinetic data would be of immense benefit to model, design and develop a suitable thermo-chemical system for the conversion of waste de-oil cake to energy carrier.

Effect of leaf powder of giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) in fish feed on survival and growth of post larvae of Catla catla

The study was designed to evaluate the effect of leaf powder of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) in fish feed on survival and growth of post larvae of Catla catla. The experiment consisted of five treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) in triplicate. The artificial feed was prepared from de-oiled groundnut cake (49.5%), de-oiled rice bran (49.5%) and vitamin – mineral mixture (1%). The leaf powder of giloy was incorporated into larval feed at various rates. In treatment T1 (control), no leaf powder was incorporated in the feed. In T2, T3, T4 and T5 leaf powder was mixed at the rate of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%, respectively. One hundred post larvae of C. catla of uniform size (7.3 mm length, 1.5 mg weight) were stocked in each of 5×3=15 tanks. The larvae were fed twice in a day. The water quality parameters were regularly monitored. The survival rate of post larvae in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were recorded as 95.3, 94.3, 97.0, 98.6 and 100%, respectively. Post larvae fed with diet incorporated with 1% leaf powder achieved significantly enhanced (P< 0.05) specific growth rate (6.97%), feed conversion ratio (2.41) and gross conversion efficiency (0.415). The study revealed that giloy leaf powder has very good growth promoting potential in raising post larvae of carp. Thus, it is recommended that the leaf powder of giloy may be incorporated in fish feed upto 1% for enhancing growth and survival of post larvae of carp fishes up to fry stage.

RETRACTED: Effect of temperature on yield and properties of the sub-fractions derived from pyrolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum deoiled cake

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. It has come to the attention of the Editor-in-Chief that the article is a duplicate of a paper that has already been published in the Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. “Influence of temperature on yield, composition and properties of the sub-fractions derived from slow pyrolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum de-oiled cake” http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237017304308 One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter.

Development of inexpensive biosorbents from de-oiled mustard cake for effective removal of As(V) and Pb(II) ions from their aqueous solutions

This study aimed to develop inexpensive biosorbents from an agriculture waste material (mustard cake) for the effective removal of As(V) and Pb(II) ions from their aqueous solutions. The derived biosorbents were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, pXRD, zeta potential, surface area, pore size distribution and florescence emission spectroscopy (FES).The impact of the dose, adsorbate concentration, pH, time and temperature variation onto the biosorption were performed in batch type study. Various models were modeled; however, Langmuir model was found best representative in both the cases. Adsorption process of both As(V) and Pb(II) follows pseudo-second order kinetics with (R2=0.99). Intra-particle diffusion study implies that the thickness of the boundary layer effect is more in the case of Si-PAMC than C-PAMC. The biosorption mechanism is governed by complex interplay of inter ionic forces and complex formation ability of the metal ions in aqueous solution at a particular pH value. The FES study reveals the hydrophobic interactions. The desorption study revealed that the peak desorption from Si-PAMC was found as 53.73% for As(V) in 0.1M HCl and 62.52% for Pb(II) in 0.05M HCl solution whereas for C-PAMC it is found as 75.37% for As(V) and 80.35% for Pb(II) in 0.1M HCl solution of each metal ions, respectively. The comparative biosorption reveals that Si-PAMC has better biosorption than C-PAMC which is primarily attributed to the presence of mesoporous silica. The present study concludes that the mustard cake seems to have potential for effective removal of metal ions from industrial waste streams.

Influence of temperature on yield, composition and properties of the sub-fractions derived from slow pyrolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum de-oiled cake

This study aims to investigate the effects of temperature on the yield and properties of the subfractions derived from the pyrolysis of seed cakes of Calophyllum inophyllum. The seed cake of Calophyllum inophyllum, a large evergreen tree found in southern coastal belts of India, was Pyrolysed in three different temperatures of 450°C, 500°C and 550°C in a fixed bed batch type reactor at a constant heating rate of 30°C/minute and average particle size of 1.44mm. The sub fractions were characterized by analytical techniques like FTIR, GC–MS and GC along with physicochemical characterization using ASTM D7544 standard. The highest yield of bio-oil was observed in the pyrolysis temperature of 500°C above which the gas yield increases due to secondary cracking of volatiles. Major changes in FTIR spectra and peak area of GC–MS were observed for the products derived in three different temperature conditions. Proximate and ultimate analysis showed the significant changes in the composition of char obtained at various temperatures. It was observed that H/C and O/C ratio of biochar decreased with increase in operating temperature. Among the physicochemical of bio-oil, kinematic viscosity decreased by 21.32% as the pyrolysis temperature was increased from 450°C to 550°C whereas water content increased by 19.73% in the same temperature range. Meanwhile, other properties like calorific value, density and cetane number showed minor variations for the bio-oil obtained at dissimilar temperatures. The results proved that the pyrolysis temperature affects the properties of the products in a wide range.

Comparative performance studies on DI diesel engine with neem de-oiled cake and Jatropha methyl ester diesel blends

PurposeAlternative sources for petroleum fuels have been the prime concern of most of the environmentalists. It is also a concern for economists due to the depletable nature of the fossil fuel. Vegetable oils are considered as good alternatives to diesel as their properties are close to diesel. This work aimed to produce a fuel by adding different proportions of de-oiled neem cake with diesel and to conduct experiments to find out its performance, emission and combustion characteristics.Design/methodology/approachAt present, biodiesel is commercially produced from the vegetable oils by esterification processes. Because most of these oils are edible, its cost restricts the usage. The de-oiled cakes after crushing the seeds containing around 2 per cent of oil with less fatty materials are aimed in this study.FindingsThe fuel is prepared by adding dry neem de-oiled cake powder at different proportions ranging from 3 to 25 per cent by weight with diesel. Experimental results reveal that the fuel has the potential to reduce smoke, CO emissions simultaneously along with marginal increase in brake thermal efficiency.Originality/valueIn this published research work, the neem oil is used as biodiesel blends with diesel. Here, the authors have used neem de-oiled cake as a replacement for diesel.

Characterization of castor plant-derived biochars and their effects as soil amendments on seedlings

Castor bean (Ricinus communis) is an important non-edible oilseed crop and source of castor oil which has multiple applications ranging from cosmetics to biofuels industry. However, the extraction of castor oil generates large amounts of de-oiled castor cake containing ricin, a highly toxic glycoprotein that requires treatment prior to its valorization. In this study, biochar was produced by slow pyrolysis at 550 °C from castor stalks and de-oiled castor cake, both by-products of castor oil production, in view of sustainable valorisation of a potential large scale cultivation of castor beans in Greece. The produced biochars were highly alkaline and had significant differences in terms of surface area, morphology, nutrients content and ratios of atomic C:N and H:C. The biochars were added to potting mix at different rates (0, 1 and 5% mass fraction of the dry mix) for the cultivation of tomato and castor seedlings, and their growth was monitored over a period of two months without fertilization. Based on the results, castor biochars improved castor seed germination, achieving 90% success rate earlier when compared to control. On the contrary, biochar did not affect significantly the germination of tomato seedlings. However, in both species, the biochar treatments promoted lateral root initiation but increased the developmental rate only in castor. In addition, biochars affected soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), PO4, total N and P, K, Na, Ca, and Al levels.

Anaerobic digestion of the inedible oil biodiesel residues for value addition

Biodiesel from inedible oil seeds is a sought after renewable energy resource, however, per kg of biodiesel production from Pongamia pinnata (PP) and Jatropha curcas (JC) generates 7.88 and 5.83kg residues, respectively in the form of pods, deoiled cakes (DC) and impure glycerol (IG). The pods and DC are lignocellulosic whereas IG contained 18–30% glycerol along with methanol, water, oil, soap, etc. The presence of inhibitory compounds in the residues such as lipids in DC; acid insoluble lignin in pods; methanol, lipids and soap in IG reduces the overall volume and rates of biogas production. The removal of methanol from IG enhanced the biogas volume by 10–20% and simultaneously reduced the lag phase by 50% at (S/I) ratio of 0.25. The co-digestion of IG with lignocellulosic residues at 1:1 ratio also increased the biogas yield and reduced the lag phase by over 50% without any need for supplementary nutrients. The total biogas yields from PP residues was 2–3 times higher than JC residues, offering relatively faster returns on investments. The biogas generation from the residues and its reuse as an energy source was estimated to reduce the biodiesel manufacturing costs by 40–80% and 19–40% in PP and JC, respectively.