De Baja California Research Articles

The Professional Ethic Values Promoted by Governing Documents of a Public University in Mexico

This study analyses the professional-ethic values promoted by education policy in public university education in Mexico, the semantic correspondence of said policy with programs, and the strategies for its implementation. Following the methodology of textual analysis, we reviewed the National Programs of Education, documents that embed the academic plan at the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, and the curricula of licenciaturas in the areas of natural science and engineering and technology. It was identified that the core elements of university education are social compromise, professional competence, and education in values. Our findings indicate that there is textual correspondence among the most relevant categories of the documents; however, it is worth pointing out the absence of strategies that explicitly promote student development of professional-ethic values.

Características de ser un Buen Profesional de Ingeniería en la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México

The objective of this study was to determine the most significant characteristics of being a good professional” in the opinion of teachers and students of Engineering at the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California in Mexico. Qualitative and quantitative techniques for analysis were used, which allow to determine that competences determined by the characteristics of honesty, responsibility and ethics, were the most important ones. However, some discrepancies between the opinion of students and professors in the evaluated characteristics. It is concluded that it is convenient and necessary to evaluate the agreement between the objectives of important careers such as engineering and the actual formative programs of the university.

CURRENT RECORDS OF THE MEXICAN LONG-TONGUED BAT, CHOERONYCTERIS MEXICANA, IN BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

The long-tongued bat ( Choeronycteris mexicana) is a nectar-eating species that inhabits southern California, southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, northern and central Mexico including Baja California and the Tres Marias Islands, El Salvador, and Honduras (Hall 1981, Cryan and Bogan 2003). The usual altitudinal range is from about 300 m to 2400 m (Arroyo-Cabrales et al. 1987). This species is found in a wide variety of habitats ranging from arid thorn scrub (Axtell 1962, Baker and Greer 1962, Baker and Womochel 1966, Matson et al. 1978) to tropical deciduous forest (Davis and Russell 1954) and mixed oak-conifer forest (Matson and Patten 1975, Arroyo-Cabrales et al. 1987). In 1947 Huey collected 4 specimens (2 females and 2 males) from Rancho la Ramona, 8 mi N of Santa Catarina (San Diego Natural History Museum [SDNMH]), and 4 specimens (2 females and 2 males) in the Aguajito, Turquesa Mine (SDNHM). All these records were reported by Huey (1963). In 1961 Parrish and Banks collected 2 specimens (1 female and 1 male) in Turquesa Mine, E of El Rosario (SDNHM). In 1947 Villa-R reported 2 bats 5.5 mi E of Aguajito (California Academy of Science [CAS]) and 3 specimens in Desengano mine, 14 mi N NE of Punta Prieta (CAS). And in 1969 Bostic collected 3 specimens (2 females and 1 male) 1.7 mi SW of Santa Catarina (SDNHM). California records have largely been from urban habitats in San Diego (Olson 1947). We provide new information on recent records of C. mexicana at 3 localities in Baja California (Table 1); these specimens will be deposited in the Collection of Vertebrates (Mammals), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California (UABC), Ensenada, Mexico. Recent records of C. mexicana in Baja California are (1) an adult female (UABC -2 19) captured 3 October 2003 in an olive acreage at the Canon de Dona Petra, 2.3 mi NE of Ensenada city (31°53'00N, 116°20'00W), by E. Hernandez-del Angel, E Casillas-Figueroa, N. Briones-Escobedo, and R. Couoh-de la Garza; (2) an adult female (UABC211) and skull (UABC-220) collected 17 December 2003 in the Sauzalito mine near El Rosario, 0.3 mi NE of Arenoso (30°05'00N, 115°22'00W), by E. Flores-Rojas, N. BrionesEscobedo, R. Couoh-de la Garza, and R. Martinez-Gallardo; (3) 7 specimens captured 17 December 2003 in the abandoned Cajoncito gold mine, 1.4 mi NNW of El Arenoso (30°07'00N, 115°2r00W), by E. Flores-Rojas, N. Briones-Escobedo, R. Couoh-de la Garza, and R. MartinezGallardo. These recent records of C. mexicana indicate the northernmost presence of this species in Baja California, Mexico (Fig. 1). This survey established a body of information that will be u eful to future population monitoring efforts. Considering their ecological importance and susceptibility to population decline, bat populations should be effectively monitored (O'Shea and Bogan 2000). Because of the limited number of roost sites involved in this study, we r commend that these areas be surveyed every 2-3 years and protected from disturbance. Further research into the habitat needs, food habits, pollination role, survivorship, and distribution of C. mexicana would enhance our

Minimum welfare levels of farm workers in the San Quintín and Mexicali valleys, Baja California

Farm workers represent one of the poorest sectors of the population in Mexico, including Baja California. This study compares the welfare levels of a mostly immigrant population of indigenous workers from San Quintín Valley with those of mestizo farm workers from Mexicali Valley. Surveys were conducted between 1997 and 2000 by the Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales of the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California and the Instituto Nacional Indigenista, based on the parameters proposed by the Unsatisfied Basic Needs method to measure poverty level. In general, the comparison did not reveal significant differences in welfare levels between both agricultural valleys, even though the populations compared were not homogeneous (one indigenous and the other mestizo). Both groups of families were found to live in poverty, and approximately one in four in extreme poverty. Nutrition proved to be the most unsatisfied need for both groups, followed by education. Most of the farm workers in both valleys earned minimum wage, or twice the amount, despite the region's high cost of living.

Política missionária e secular em escritos jesuíticos sobre a Baixa Califórnia no século XVIII<a name=top1></a>

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a conjugação de preocupações espirituais e temporais nos escritos jesuíticos mexicanos referentes às missões da Baixa Califórnia em meados do século XVIII, período em que a Companhia de Jesus vinha se enfrentando com as reformas bourbônicas. Toma como exemplos os escritos de dois jesuítas: um missionário (Miguel Venegas) e um educador (F. X. Clavijero). Venegas foi missionário na Baixa Califórnia e autor de Notícia de la California y de su conquista temporal y espiritual hasta el tiempo presente (1739). Clavijero foi principalmente um educador, mas envolvido com o desempenho das missões, conforme pode ser visto na sua Historia de la Antigua o Baja California (1790). Ambos são aqui considerados como representantes da geração de jesuítas mexicanos que, poucas décadas antes da expulsão da Cia de Jesus da Nova Espanha, que combinaram trabalho espiritual com o temporal, dos quais resultou uma bem sucedida experiência missionária e uma rica produção intelectual.

GROWTH OF CULTURED ABALONE, HALIOTIS FULGENS, USING NATURAL ALGAL DIETS

Pérez‐Estrada, C. J.1,2, Serviere‐Zaragoza, E.1, Mazariegos‐Villareal, A.1, Reynoso‐Granados, T.1 & Monsalvo‐Spencer, P.1 1Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR). P.O. Box 128, La Paz, Baja California Sur. 23000. México; 2Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur. Carretera al Sur km. 5.5 o 23080 o La Paz, B. C. S.Algal diets have been evaluated and used extensively for the aquaculture of abalone, especially in Japan. In other areas little is known about the nutritional value of the algae that the local abalone consume. In Mexico, regional hatcheries use Macrocystis pyrifera as a main source of natural food. Kelp availability, year round, has not generally been a problem for abalone aquaculturists. Most difficulties occur during severe storms, which may prevent access to kelp beds. El Niño also caused widespread destruction of M. pyrifera. In this study, growth rates of juvenile green abalone Haliotis fulgens, 31.7 " 1.5 mm shell length and 2.5 " 0.2 g body weight were evaluated during 136 days. Juveniles were fed with some of the algae used in regional hatcheries, Macrocystis pyrifera, Egregia menziesii, Eisenia arborea, Porphyra sp. and Ulva sp. Shell length growth rates varied between 2 mm day‐1 for Ulva sp. and 18 mm day‐1 for M. pyrifera. Body weight rates ranged from no growth for Ulva sp. to 14 mg day‐1for E. menziesii. The percent of survival was between 46 and 75 %. Ulva sp. showed the lowest protein content followed by E. menziesii, E. arborea, M. pyrifera and Porphyra sp.

NITROGEN ENRICHMENT OF PORPHYRA PERFORATA THROUGH HIGH DOSE PULSE FERTILIZATION

Zertuche‐González, J. A1., Chanes‐Miranda L2., Carmona, R3., Kraemer G4., Chopin T.5 & Yarish, C3 1Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanologicas, PO Box #453, C.P. 22830, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. 2CBTIS‐41, Km 115 Carretera Transpeninsular, Ensenada, BC Mexico. 3University of Connecticut, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 1 University Place, Stamford, CT, 06901‐2315, USA. 4State University of New York, Purchase College, Div. of Nat. Sciences, Purchase, NY, 10577, USA. 5University of New Brunswick, Centre for Coastal Studies and Aquaculture and Centre for Environmental and Molecular Algal Research, P.O. Box 5050, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, CanadaPorphyra perforata is a highly preferred seaweed used as fodder in abalone culturing due to its relatively high nutritional value. High growth rates of abalone, particularly in the early stages, are suspected to be due the high protein‐aminoacid and low water content of the Porphyra. Also, high NO3 content may be important to improve the bacterial flora in the animals, which in turn may favor more efficient digestion. Changes in the composition of Porphyra, however, can occur rapidly due to environmental conditions decreasing the nutritional value of the plant. Short term N pulse fertilization were performed on P. perforata in order to evaluate the feasibility to increase its nutritional value. Enrichment was performed under low light conditions (<5 μE m‐2 s‐1) to inhibit growth and promote higher N enrichment per unit of biomass. Tissue N in the form of NO3, NH4 and total organic N were measured, after 3,6,12 and 24 hrs, in tissue exposed to 500 μM of N. Results indicated a rapid N tissue enrichment particularly in the form of NO3. Nitrate accumulation occurs continuously, up to 24 hrs. Total organic N is maximum after 12 hrs and tends to decrease after that. Fertilization with NH4 promotes NO3 accumulation. These results suggest the feasibility to improve the nutritional value of P. perforata by short‐term pulse fertilization. The capacity of this species to uptake NH4 under low light conditions (similar to those use in abalone culturing) makes it also ideal for integrated aquaculture.

EXPLORING PORPHYRA SPECIES FOR USE AS NITROGEN SCRUBBERS IN INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE

Carmona, R.1, Kraemer G. P.2, Zertuche, J. A.3, Chanes, L.4, Chopin, T.5, Neefus C.4,6 & Yarish, C.1 1Dept. of Ecol. and Evol. Biol., University of Connecticut, One University Place, Stamford, CT 06901, USA; 2Department of Environmental Sciences, State University of New York, Purchase, NY 10577 USA; 3IIO, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California. Ensenada,B.C., Mexico; 4DGETI‐CBTis41, Mexico; 5CCSA, Dept. of Biol., University of New Brunswick, Saint John, N.B., E2L 4L5, Canada; 6Department of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USAFinfish mariculture along the Northeast US coast continues to develop into a strong industry. At a regional level, mariculture can be a significant contributor to nutrient loading in coastal waters. Since macroalgae are able to concentrate nutrients and grow at high rates, they can be an useful tool for alleviating this problem. In addition, seaweed mariculture is by itself a multi‐billion dollar industry, with the red alga Porphyra (nori) valued at over $US 1.8 billion. Local species and strains of Porphyra from the Northeast U.S.A. are being studied to determine their capacity as nutrient scrubbers under different nutrient and temperature conditions. P. purpurea was grown under two N sources (NO3‐ vs. NH4+). The fastest growth (up to 13% d‐1) and greatest N content (ca. 7% DW) were measured in plants grown at 300 µM NH4+. Short‐term NH4+ uptake by P. purpurea (strains from Maine and Long Island Sound) and by P. amplissima was not saturated at 150 µM, the highest concentration tested. The P. purpurea isolate from Maine took up NH4+ faster than did the Long Island Sound isolate. NH4+ uptake by P. amplissima was faster than uptake by either P. purpurea strain. The high growth rates obtained and the ability for N uptake and tissue accumulation make these species suitable for using as a biological nutrient removal system.

Fine Structures of the Inner Corona Observed at the 1991 Total Solar Eclipse

Extended AbstractThe Kwasan and Hida Observatories team (three of the authors but A. T.) observed the total solar eclipse of 11 July, 1991 with the multi-channel telescope at UABCS (Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur) campus in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. The primary purpose of our obsevation is to get high-resolution images of the inner corona at the wavelength of coronal emission lines and continuum shown in Table 1. Thanks to the clear sky and good seeing condition, we successfully got many images of high spatial resolution with photographic cameras and video recorders. Details of the observation have already been published by Kurokawaet al. (1992). In this paper, we present the results obtained from the photographic data reduction on fine structures of the inner corona. The procedure of photometrical measurement and image processing are fully described in another paper (Takeda, 1993).There have been published several observational works on the temperature structure of the coronal loops. Some authors proposed that hot coronal loops have cool cores (Foukal, 1975; Hanaokaet al., 1988), but others denied such coaxial models (Chenget al., 1980; Dere, 1982). Our high-resolution images obtained at the eclipse enables us to compare the positions of the loops seen in different emission lines of different ionization temperatures more precisely than any other previous observations. Main results are summarized as follows.

Baja California Sur map underway

Through a cooperative effort by geophysicists interested in the geology of Baja California, a map of the southern state of the peninsula will be compiled and published in three sheets at a scale of 1:250,000.At the April 1991 First International Meeting on the Geology of the Baja California Peninsula, held at the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Mexico, the more than seventy‐five participants recognized the need for a geologic map of the southern state of the peninsula, whose northern half was mapped and published in 1975 by Gordon Gastil. On January 29, 1991, a planning committee met at Stanford University to learn about tried and true procedures of map compilation and publication from U.S. Geological Survey Circum‐Pacific Council cartographer Fran Mills.

Gap Dynamics of a Tropical Cloud Forest in Northeastern Mexico

Gap dynamics in a tropical cloud forest in Tamaulipas, Mexico were studied by describing the treefall regime and by measuring the temporal and spatial occurrence of gaps (1-yr-old lightgaps produced by treefalls) and patches (older lightgaps). The study plots comprised protected (4 ha) and exposed (2 ha) zones, where the frequency of gap and patch size per unit area was determined. The number of trunks on the forest floor was counted and their length and diameter were recorded. The causes of treefalls were determined. Fallen tree species were identified and a comparison of the specific composition between fallen and standing trees was made for the community. The results suggest that gaps play an important role in determining an environmental mosaic within the tropical cloud forest. Species-producing gaps are those dominating the canopy layer in approximately 80 percent of the treefalls. An average of 19 patches ha-' was registered, comprising 2 5 percent of the study site. The mean patch size as fitted to a lognormal distribution was estimated as 4.71 ? 0.6. Turnover rates were estimated as 158 yr for areas disturbed by natural causes and 90 yr for areas disturbed by joint causes (i.e., natural plus man-induced). The natural and the actual (natural plus man-induced) gap production rates were 0.5 and 0.63 gap ha-' yr-1. This means that an average of 1.27 percent of the forest area is disturbed every year by natural causes and that 2.22 percent of the area is disturbed by joint causes. FOREST REGENERATION PROCESSES frequently depend upon natural disturbance regimes. Wind, fire, and hurricanes kill trees and open gaps in the forest canopy (Hartshorn 1978, Bormann & Likens 1979, Lorimer 1980). The structural changes produced by treefalls create an environmental mosaic in the community determined by a gapage-dependent process (Watt 1947; Whitmore 1975, 1978; Halle et al. 1978; Oldeman 1978; Hartshorn 1980; Runkle 1981; Nakashizuka 1984a; Brokaw 1985; and Martinez-Ramos 1985). The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of forest structure depends on the rate of gap production as well as on gap sizes, shapes, and locations. According to the way a treefall occurs, gap formation provides a range of resources for the differential establishment of species within the community (Denslow 1980, Brokaw 1982, Putz et al. 1983, Nakashizuka 1984b, Moore & Vankat 1986, Veblen 1986). This paper describes the gap dynamics of a tropical cloud forest in northeastern Mexico. The work includes the study of the treefall regime which considers the factors influencing the way trees die and its effect on the species composition of the forest canopy. This paper also presents the temporal and spatial occurrence of gaps and patches based on the estimation of gap production and turnover rates, as well as on a description of patch sizes. STUDY AREA The study was conducted in the Biosphere Reserve El Cielo, a tropical cloud forest community which covers 10,000 ha (between parallels 23?12'N and 23?03'N; 99?18'W) at an altitude of 1250 m. The reserve is in the Sierra de Cucharas at the eastern slope of the Sierra Madre Oriental in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. The mean monthly rainfall in the region is 252.2 mm. A dry season occurs from late November to March, although there is considerable atmospheric humidity because of the frequent occurrence of mists. The mean monthly temperature is 13.03?C, with a minimum of 5.84?C and a maximum of 22.6?C. The climate is tropical-humid with a short, dry season (Puig 1976). The forest is greatly influenced by the easterly winds and polar air masses producing the cold winter winds locally called nortes. It is also affected by frequent, damaging hurricanes 1:34% of the total hurricanes that reach Mexican eastern coasts affect the state of Tamaulipas (Jauregui 1967)1. The cloud forest is in a mountainous region of volcanic origin. Soils are lithosols 10 cm deep with a sandy loam texture; rendzinas can sometimes be found 10 to 40 cm deep with a clay texture, both with a high organici-matter content (Puig et al. 1983). The vegetation has been described as a mixture of tropical and temperate species (Sharp et al. 1950, Hernandez X. et al. 1951, Sharp 1953, Rzedowski 1978, Lonard & Ross 1979) and more recently it was quantitatively described as a forest with abundant tropical tree species but with temperate canopy trees structurally dominating the community (Puig et al. 1983). This forest was I Received 10 October 1986, revision accepted 30 March 1987. 2 Present address: Centro de Investigaciones Biol6gicas de Baja California Sur, Apdo. Postal 128, La Paz 23060, Baja California Sur, Mexico. 178 BIOTROPICA 20(3): 178-184 1988 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.48 on Wed, 12 Oct 2016 05:31:54 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Linear features of the region of the northern Gulf of California as mapped from erts-1 satellite imagery

Under a NASA contract, (Principal Investigator, J. R. Hendrickson) the University of Arizona is engaged in Oceanographic studies in the Northern. Golfo de California in cooperation with the. Secretaría .de Marina of México, the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. During our oceanographic analyses of the imagery from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite, we discovered recurring plumes in the water near 114° 1ongitude, 31 o 30' latitude. These p1umes were sometimes as much as ten nautical miles in diameter and appeared to be bodies of clear water, contrasting to the sediment laden turbid water, and thus becoming visible as black spots during the late summer and fall when the waters of the Gulf in that region appeared to be quite heavily sedimented. These plumes were seen on imagery acquired by the Satellite on three different dates: 7 August and 29 and 30 September 1972 (see Figure 1, la). Although these features might be an indication of deep water upwelling from Wagner Basin, they also might arise from large submarine springs. In either case, they are important because they occur offshore of the Gran Deserto where 1) geothermal or fresh water resources are important for the energy or water resources of the, area and 2) knowledge of an area of upwelling is important to the fisheries of the region.

A Fog-Induced Lichen Community in Northwestern Baja California, with Two New Species of Desmazieria

A coastal zone of luxuriant fog-induced lichen growth is present in northwestern Baja California. The combined effects of frequent conditions of high atmospheric humidity and strong sea breezes restricting vascular plant vegetation allow a remarkable lichen community to develop. The vegetation on volcanic cinder cones in the vicinity of Bahia de San Quintin is dominated by species of Desmazieria. Two new species of this genus, D. josecuervoi and D. pulchribarbara are described. A gradual transition from coastal sage scrub to Sonoran Desert vegetation occurs in northwestern Baja California between Bahia de San Quintin and El Rosario, 300 and 360 km by road south of Tijuana, respectively (Shreve, 1936). The coastal zone in this region remains dominated by coastal sage scrub elements, but many desert species are present. Conditions for lichen growth appear to be almost ideal along the immediate coast here. Although precipitation records for small villages in this area indicate a mean annual rainfall of only 93-138 mm (Table 1), frequent overcast and fogs with associated high humidity are a characteristic aspect of the environment. Strong sea breezes restrict vascular plant growth markedly, reducing spatial competition for saxicolous lichen species. The luxuriant occurrence of species of Desmazieria, not only on rock surfaces but on loose volcanic cinders, soil, and sand as well, indicates the optimal growth conditions. Dense clumps of lichens are important parts of the vegetation on wind-swept coastal beach terraces. Shrubs are often literally smothered by accumulations of lichens on their branches. Field studies on the ecological relationships of the luxuriant lichen vegetation were carried out on the slopes of Colina del Sudoeste, Bahia de San Quintin, Estado de Baja California (Fig. 1). Colina del Sudoeste, one of a dozen small cinder cones which form the San Quintin volcanic field (Woodford, 1928), is a small basaltic cone rising from the base of a narrow peninsula which forms the western margin of Bahia de San Quintin. The cone rises to an elevation of 116 m from the sand dunes at the base of the surrounding lava flows. The crater rim is rounded for about 8 m before dropping steeply 50-60 m to the floor of the crater. Both inner and smooth outer cinder walls of the crater slope at 30-350. Fragments are vesicular, and range in size from 2-10 cm in diameter at the crater rim to 1 cm or less at the base of the cone. This study 1 Field expenses were partially supported by a NIH Training Grant. 2 Department of Population and Environmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92664. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.235 on Fri, 07 Oct 2016 06:21:41 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 502 THE BRYOLOGIST [Volume 75 TABLE 1. Climatic data for stations in the coastal sage scrub to desert transition zone in northwestern Baja California. Data from Hastings and Humphrey (1969). (W, winter; Sp, spring, S, summer; F, fall). Elevation Precipitation (mm) Mean Temperature ( C) Elevation) W Sp S F W Sp S F (m) Sp S W Sp S F Santa Maria del Mar 30?25'30N, 115?53'30W 30 95.2 24.8 1.0 16.9 14.9 16.6 20.1 20.1 El Socorro 30030'00N, 115049'00W 10 70.9 22.2 0.9 22.6 14.4 15.8 19.2 18.1 El Rosario 30?03'30N, 115?43'30W 15 63.1 16.3 0.9 13.1 14.7 16.6 21.0 19.0