DC Current Sensor Research Articles

Magnetoelectric effect in a Metglas–langatate ring heterostructure for current sensing

The magnetoelectric (ME) effect was observed and investigated in a planar ring-type heterostructure containing mechanically coupled rings of magnetostrictive amorphous alloy Metglas and a piezoelectric single crystal langatate. The structure was excited by a circumferential ac magnetic field in the presence of a circumferential dc bias magnetic field. Due to the absence of demagnetization and the high acoustic quality factor of the langatate, a high ME field conversion coefficient of α E ≈ 53 V (Oe cm)−1 was obtained at the frequency 221 kHz of the fundamental radial acoustic resonance mode. The structure can be used as a non-contact ac or dc current sensor. The sensitivity of the structure to the ac current was 1.6 V A−1, whereas for the dc current it reached 4.2 V A−1.

A model predictive fault‐tolerant control strategy for non‐redundant T‐inverters with multiphysics‐circuit coupling loss analysis

SummaryThis paper presents a multiobjective optimal power prediction fault‐tolerant control (MO2PPC) approach for mitigating DC link neutral‐point voltage imbalance and current ripple problems in three‐level T‐type inverter (3LT2I). Additionally, an auxiliary thyristor is employed to isolate and reconstruct the faulty phase into an 8ST2I for ensuring uninterrupted operation during phase failure. A method called injected bias current‐MO2PPC (IBC‐MO2PPC) fault‐tolerant strategy is proposed for this structure. This approach eliminates the need for DC or AC current sensors to reconstruct the three‐phase current, thereby reducing neutral‐point oscillation caused by phase deficiency and ensuring full power output after failure. Additionally, nonfaulty phase power loss is compared and analyzed to verify the stability of this method following a phase fault. The internal losses and temperature distribution of an IGBT module in a bridge arm before and after a fault are verified through a multiphysics‐circuit model in COMSOL‐Simulink coupling simulation presented last. The model shows reduced conduction losses and overall lower temperature distribution in the IGBT module after fault reconstruction. Experiments and multiphysics simulations have demonstrated that this approach displays exceptional robustness and sustainability throughout the entire fault cycle.

Development of an Arduino-Based Monitoring System for Pico-Hydro Power Plants

One of the problems faced by people in remote areas is the unavailability of infrastructure for power distribution. The available rivers can be used to generate electrical energy. The developed systems must be inexpensive, easy to operate and reliable. It should be equipped with a monitoring system to display the output. This study aims to develop a pico-hydro power plant and its monitoring system to meet the power needs in remote areas. The power plant consists of a small turbine, a generator, a battery charger, and a battery while the monitoring system consists of a current sensor, voltage sensor, Arduino Nano, and a display. The system was tested in the laboratory and the river. The test of the DC voltage sensor, AC voltage sensor, and DC current sensor produces errors of 1.88%, 5.24%, and 1.25% respectively. The no-load test shows that the system generates a voltage of 12.77 - 16.6 VDC and 224 - 245 VAC when rotated at 696 - 1363 RPM. When loaded, the system generates voltages of 12 - 12.8 VDC and 225 - 247 VAC when rotated at 1332 - 1564 RPM. The developed system can be used by people in remote areas to meet their power needs.

Enhancing Measurement Quality of Voltage Divider Circuit and ACS712 DC Current Sensor in PPNS Baruna 01 Crewboat Solar Power Plant

This research explores the crucial role of precise measurement in enhancing solar power generation efficiency within the maritime context, with a specific focus on the solar power plant aboard the PPNS Baruna 01 Crewboat. It investigates the relationship between light intensity and solar cell voltage output, affirming the direct correlation between sunlight availability and voltage generation. Additionally, the study introduces the application of simple linear regression techniques to improve measurement accuracy, particularly in voltage divider circuits and ACS712 current sensors. Results demonstrate a substantial reduction in measurement errors, from 34.88% to 0.45% for voltage measurement and from 23.71% to 2.69% for current measurement. These advancements hold significant implications for the maritime industry, promoting the adoption of clean and renewable solar energy sources on vessels, potentially reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and contributing to environmental sustainability. Moreover, the research underscores the importance of data analysis in optimizing energy systems and provides a foundation for further developments in renewable energy technology and system optimization.

Development and Control of Concise Semi-Active Ankle Prosthesis

The Concise Semi-Active Ankle Prosthesis is developed and controlled in this paper. Modern ankle prostheses are devices that exchange the absent limbs, making it possible for amputees to run again. Utilizing both parallel and series spring systems, the compact semi-active ankle prosthetic is created. The leaf series springs, parallel springs, and a cam make up the ankle prosthesis's compact, semi-active model. To minimize torque and power consumption as much as possible, the parallel and series springs must work as a nonlinear system. The concise semi-active ankle prosthetic was modeled using the CADCAM software. ANSYS was employed to implement a finite element analysis of the model. Static structure simulation is carried out with a loading force of 1500 N representing the personal weight. The model is imported into MATLAB/Simulink to be controlled after being run via ADAMS for dynamic analysis. The performance of the model with control is extremely close to that of the non-amputee ankle, according to simulation data. To test this model, the concise semi-active ankle prosthetic is manufactured as is modeled using the CAD-CAM program. The control system consists of a DC motor, Arduino uno, Hbridge, encoder, and current sensor. The motion of the compact semi-active ankle prosthetic is extremely comparable to the motion of the non-amputee, according to the simulation and testing results.

Perencanaan dan Pembuatan Real Time Monitoring System Dari Pada Modul Active Solar Photo Voltaic Tracker Berbasis Internet Of Things

There are still monitoring system in Solar Power Plant that do it manually using measuring and recording tools directly. This makesthe data obtained is also limited. From here the idea emerged to develop a monitoring system using the IoT concept so that monitoring onSolar Power Plant that can be monitored just by looking at the website page, so current and voltage data can be easily monitored. In addition,the resulting display is easy to analyze because the display can be digital and can be monitored with a PC or Smart Phone. This monitoringsystem is used to monitor the current and voltage of a solar power plant with solar cell capacities of 50WP, 80WP, and 100WP. The SolarPower Plant that used is an active type of solar tracker. In the application of using Solar Power Plant that, there is a current and voltagestarting from the solar cell output, accumulator output, AC load input, and DC load input. The monitoring results that have been carried out willthen be automatically sent to the Thingspeak application using the SIM800L Module. The thingspeak application will send data in the form ofnumbers and graphics in real time. By comparing the value of the measurement results on the Arduino and the Thingspeak application, thevalue of the percentage of reading errors on the measuring instrument is obtained. 3. In accordance with the tests that have been carried out,the percentage of read errors / errors can occur because of the reading accuracy of the current sensor measurements and AC-DC voltagesensors with different thingspeak applications. Each sensor has a percentage value of 0.16% AC & DC voltage sensor measurement error,1.2% AC & DC current sensor, and 2.8% data transmission observation.

A Highly Effective Modified Direct Torque Control for Five Phase Induction Motor without AC Phase Current Sensors

The Direct Torque Control (DTC) technique requires stator currents and DC bus voltage, as well as inverter switch states, in order to estimate stator flux and electromagnetic torque values. Measurement of phase currents in real time with current sensors is a common method of gathering this data. To control a Five-Phase Induction Motor (FPIM), the DTC needs at least four alternating current (AC) sensors and one voltage sensor. When utilized in a global training system, this number has disadvantages due to cost, size, and non-linearity. The purpose of this article is to show how to remove the alternating current sensors from an FPIM's DTC. This is accomplished by reconstructing the phase currents using a simple DC current sensor placed at the voltage inverter's input and modifying the classical DTC control technique by using a good choice of certain allowable switching vectors of a five-phase voltage inverter, the 18° zone offset strategy of the stator flux, and developing a new commutation table for the stator currents construction. The proposed control approach is supported by simulation results.

Realtime Monitoring Design of Solar Cell Power Plant Based on IoT

Solar panels are electricity generators by utilize sunlight. Monitoring of electrical energy produced by solar cells is needed by consumers to find out how much power is produced. Previously, monitoring was done by looking at the voltmeter and ampere meter indications. This study was designed a prototype to monitor current, voltage, and light intensity through the Arduino Uno-based internet network. For the solar system panels, AC and DC current and voltage sensors are used, as well as calibrated light sensors, then a data transmission system integrated into the Blynk application, designing an Arduino Uno microcontroller-based system with the Blynk application on a Smartphone via a wi-fi communication module (esp8266). Parameters DC current and connection, AC current and connection. The highest light intensity is obtained at PLTS when exposed to sunlight and load at 02:30 and the lowest is at 09:30 due to weather. The results obtained are measurements from each sensor, used directly and displayed on the Blynk Application, monitored remotely from the internet network.

Novel Synchronous Rectification and Receiving Power Compensation Method for WPT Only by DC Current Sensor

Dynamic wireless power transfer can solve the shorter cruising rangeproblem of electric vehicles. The synchronous rectification can improve the efficiency of wireless power transfer, but it costs more because it requires an expensive ac current sensor. A novel synchronous rectification method is proposed which only uses an inexpensive dc current sensor and does not measure ac current or voltage. This method continuously searches the synchronous state by the gradient descent method and the feedforward phase jump control. This method also compensates for the decreased received power caused by the deviation of the parameters. In the first part, it is explained by the equivalent circuit model that the proposed method can achieve synchronous rectification by maximizing the dc received current. Then, the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of the efficiency and the received power is verified in the experiment by comparing it with the conventional diode rectification. The proposed method reduced the loss by 31.77% and achieved synchronous rectification four times faster.

Analysis of Peak Power Capacity on Rooftop Solar PV 1.25 kWp at Sun Conditions 90 Degrees

This paper describes the optimization of energy conversion when solar radiation occurs at peak power conditions, namely at 11.00 am to 2.00 pm where the position of the sun is parallel to the layout of the PV Rooftop installation. The panels used are 5 units with the type of polycrystalline with a capacity of 1 panel unit consisting of 250 Wp. The position of the panels installed on the roof of the Andalas University building is based on an angle of 90o degrees with a position of ±255m above sea level. The advantages obtained when placed on the roof of the building are due to the minimal impact of shadow effects and environmental disturbances. Data retrieval using DC current and voltage sensors is then connected to the Arduino Uno microcontroller which is then interfaced in graphic form. Considerations in the installation of PV by reviewing the weather conditions at that time where the conditions were sunny and the air was clean with the aim that the performance when solar radiation entered the solar cells could be produced more optimally. Based on the data obtained at peak power, PV can convert DC power to 972.56 Wp. In the final stage of collecting data recorded on this PC, it can later be used as a reference for installing solar panels for household electricity scales in the West Sumatra region.

Single Phase Inverter with Power Monitoring using Arduino

The inverter is an electronic device which able to convert DC electricity into AC electricity. In the development of renewable energy resources, for example, solar power plants, inverters are needed. In this research, an inverter is made by real-time power monitoring. The inverter is made using unipolar PWM modulation and a full H bridge topology. PWM signals are generated from Arduino microcontrollers that will control MOSFET switching. Power monitoring is done by installing a DC voltage sensor and INA219 DC current sensor while on the output side using the PZEM 004t (v3) sensor and results will be displayed on the OLED. The experiment was successfully carried out by producing an approaching sine wave signal with a frequency of 50 Hz and 220 V AC voltage. The efficiency of the inverter is low because of loss from the transformer which has a no-load efficiency of 68.7%. When the 15W load has installed the efficiency of the inverter is 31.83% and when the 20W load has installed the efficiency of the inverter is 34.72%. Finally, when the smartphone’s charger is installed the total efficiency was 49.96%.

Reconstructed Current Model Predictive Control of NPC Three-Level Grid-Tied Converter With Current Sensor Fault

Neutral-point clamped (NPC) three-level grid-tied converter is the key power electronic equipment connecting renewable energy and power grid. High temperature and other factors can lead to current sensor failure, control strategy failure, output current distortion, and even lead to the disconnection of renewable energy. To maintain the normal operation of NPC three-level grid-tied converter with current sensor fault, a model predictive fault-tolerant control strategy based on space voltage vector set and fault phase current reconstruction is proposed. Firstly, the relationship between fault phase current and voltage vector is studied. After the current sensor fault, only 12 out of 27 voltage vectors were found to be able to reconstruct faulty phase currents with a DC current sensor and an AC current sensor. Model predictive current control using the set of these 12 voltage vectors, and fault phase current is directly calculated by DC current and normal phase current, which improves the fault tolerance and stability of the converter system. Finally, simulation and experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Nonintrusive Installation of the TMR Busbar DC Current Sensor

In recent years, new energy vehicles, photovoltaic power stations, communication base stations, energy storage systems, and other power electronic systems have developed rapidly. The development of these systems has the trend of continuously increasing the power density per unit area, reducing the system volume, and continuously increasing using the busbars. More and more new current sensors will be used in these systems and play a key role. Traditional current sensor cannot meet the development trend of power electronic systems due to their large size and high cost. In this paper, a new small coreless tunnel junction magnetoresistance (TMR) busbar dc current sensor adopted differential scheme which improves the sensor’s anti‐interference ability that is designed. The current sensor adopts an open‐closed structure for easy nonintrusive installation. Four TMRs which adopted differential structure are placed on the edges of the busbar. The peak current measurement range is ±600 A, the rated current measurement range is ±300 A, and the supply voltage is 5 V.

Pengukuran Parameter Sistem PV Power Plant Tersambung Pada Jaringan Tenaga Listrik Berdasarkan Real Time Clock

The research describes the performance and accuracy of various interconnected sensors from the measurement results of photovoltaic energ y conversion from power plants connected to the electricity grid from PLN. In data retrieval, PLX-DAQ software is used as a software for data loggers. The hardware used is a Pollycristallin type solar panel with a capacity of 2.08 kW, Arduino, and several sensor components that are used as hardware. In this developed tool, the component used to measure the temperature and surface of the panel is the DHT11 sensor, the component for measuring DC current is the ACS1712 sensor, the component for measuring DC voltage is the ZMPT101B sensor, and the component for measuring currents and voltages sourced from PLN electricity is sensor PZEM-004. Arduino will record data from these components, which is then interfaced to Excel Spreadsheet processing in the form of presenting data tables and graphics in real time. The DC voltage sensor calibration test has an average error of 0.63% and an AC voltage of 0.42%, while the DC current sensor has an average error of 2.21%, and the AC sensor current has an average error of 2.07% with all sensors in the normal reading limit category. The measurement results with the maximum electrical energ y consumption capacity in the DC power measurement reached 1777.8 W, while for the maximum AC power capacity measurement it reached a value of 1834 W and occurred during peak loads at 12.00 PM .

A Non-Contact Micro-Ampere DC Current Digital Sensor Based on the Open-Loop Structure

The non-contact accurate measurement of weak direct current (dc) is very important for various fields, such as the online insulation monitoring of power cables. Compared with other dc current sensors, the magnetic modulator is more suitable for dc measurement with its high sensitivity, low noise, and stable working. Most magnetic modulators adopt the closed-loop structure to achieve accurate measurement of large current. And the magnetic modulator only realized the accurate measurement of mA current in the filed of weak dc current, which is difficult to meet the $\mu \text{A}$ current measurement requirements of the online insulation monitoring. Therefore, this article proposes a new structure of open-loop digital magnetic modulator for precision measurement of $\mu \text{A}$ dc current. It adopts an annular shielding layer to weaken the zero offset and stray magnetic field. And a low-frequency excitation source, which can be adjusted with the ambient temperature, is used to improve the temperature stability. Instead of the traditional analog demodulation method, a digital demodulation algorithm is designed to reduce the measurement error caused by the zero offset and excitation source fluctuation. Measurement results show that the new sensor with the absolute error of 0.5 $\mu \text{A}$ can measure 5-1000 $\mu \text{A}$ dc current with a relative error of 0.05% in the full scale. And the sensor can effectively suppress the measurement error caused by the fluctuation of the excitation source and the ambient temperature to less than 0.5%.

Improved DC-Link Voltage Regulation Strategy for Grid-Connected Converters

In this article, an improved dc-link voltage regulation strategy is proposed for grid-connected converters applied in dc microgrids. For the inner loop of the grid-connected converter, a voltage modulated direct power control is employed to obtain two second-order linear time-invariant systems, which guarantees that the closed-loop system is globally exponentially stable. For the outer loop, a sliding mode control strategy with a load current sensor is employed to maintain a constant dc-link voltage even in the presence of constant power loads at the dc-side, which adversely affect the system stability. Furthermore, an observer for the dc-link current is designed to remove the dc current sensor at the same time improving the reliability and decreasing the cost. From both simulation and experimental results obtained from a 15-kVA prototype setup, the proposed method is demonstrated to improve the transient performance of the system and has robustness properties to handle parameter mismatches compared with the input-output linearization method.

Model predictive power control for a fault‐tolerant grid‐connected converter using reconstructed currents

The reliability and stability of a grid-connected converter is vital to the power conversion system. The faults of switching device and current sensor lead to operation failure for a grid-connected converter. An improved model predictive power control (MPPC) based on reconstructed currents is proposed for fault-tolerant operation of a grid-connected converter. Firstly, the three-phase currents are reconstructed using the sampled dc current and normal sensor information according to the relationship between the voltage vector and output currents. Secondly, the predictive power model is built based on fault-tolerant three-phase four-switch topology. Then the reconstructed current is used for the MPPC method. To keep the balance of dc capacitor voltages, the cost function is optimised and the switching vector, which minimises the cost function, is applied to the fault-tolerant converter. Finally, the experiment platform and simulation models are built to verify the proposed method. The results show that the proposed MPPC using reconstructed currents can keep the fault-tolerant operation of the grid-connected converter with sinusoidal currents and stable output power. The proposed method achieves the fault-tolerant operation under switching device and ac current sensor fault, which improve the reliability of the system.

DC-Current Sensor-Less MPPT Based Grid-Fed Single-Phase Photovoltaic (PV) Micro-Inverter

This paper presents grid-feeding type micro-inverter for a single-phase grid-interactive photovoltaic (PV) system. The system comprises of two stages, a step-up DC-DC converter with series resonant type voltage multiplier-a doubler and an inverter operating on single-switch modulation technique in order to improve efficiency of system. Use of single switch-modulating inverter helps in preventing shoot-through problem. The PV current from array is estimated without employing a DC current sensor to make system operate at maximum power point (MPP). A simulation for low power 300 W PV system without DC-current sensor maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control has been carried out to analyze cost effectiveness solution for small power rooftop applications. The simulation has been carried out on MATLAB®/Simulink platform under varying irradiation conditions to verify effectiveness of control technique and ripple present into injected grid current. The total harmonic distortion in grid current has been observed to be less than 5% even at as low as 0.25G irradiation to comply IEEE standards.

New Small-Volume High-Precision TMR Busbar DC Current Sensor

Large dc current is typically measured by an open-loop sensor without a magnetic core. The widely used configuration uses a differential magnetic sensor inserted into the busbar hole or a differential magnetic sensor placed on the upper and lower surfaces of the busbar. The use of a differential sensor has the advantage of being resistant to external magnetic fields. In this article, a new differential ultra-small magnetic sensor with the size of 23.2 mm × 16.5 mm × 7.2 mm is designed. The sensor is based on tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) and is placed on the upper surface edge of the busbar. The supply voltage is 5 V, the rated current measurement range is ±150 A, and the peak current measurement range is ±250 A, corresponding to 2.5 ± 2 V output at ±250 A dc peak current. The relative accuracy is less than ±1% at 25 °C and is less than ±2% over the full temperature range from -40 °C to 105 °C.

Design load controller and load shedding mechanism at DC house prototype

The DC house project is a pure DC electricity system to enable optimal use of renewable and alternative energy, DC House promotes a more sustainable solution by not using fossil-based fuels. DC sources are mainly from renewable generation, such as PV and wind turbines, the output from PV and Wind turbine produced is not stable, so there is a need for a regulatory system, arrangements can be made on the generation side and on the load side. Because the output of the generator is not constant, a setting on the load side is needed to adjust the generation capacity. If one of the offsets is to be released, a load shedding must be carried out to meet the load requirements. The release of the load is carried out when the supply is reduced because one of the generators is off, then the lower priority load will be released automatically. In this study simulated DC loads using PID control on the buck converter and load release using switching four loads with priority scale. The DC current sensor is used to determine the amount of current when determining the load released due to limited supply from the source.