Data Rate Of System Research Articles

Performance of mMIMO FD Relay Networks With Limited Relay State Knowledge

Massive MIMO (mMIMO) is a key technology for improving propagation conditions and extending geographical coverage of wireless communications. We here address a mMIMO full-duplex relay network for machine-type-communications where channel state information availability at the transmitter is impractical. In this scenario, we argue that high end-to-end data rates can be achieved even if no precoding is performed at the transmitting nodes. We first formulate an optimization problem aiming at maximizing the achievable rate, considering the source transmit power to depend on the transmit power distribution at the relay node. We then solve this problem by letting the number of antennas grow large, and derive closed-form expressions for the transmit power at the source and relay, as well as for the system data rate. Our results, show that the rate obtained when no precoding is implemented at the relay, or at any of the transmitters, closely matches that of SVD precoding under the optimum receiver, and still achieves very high values in the case of the ZF and the MMSE receiver.

Hybrid Transmitter Hardware Models for Reliable Implementations of Space Modulation Techniques

Space modulation techniques (SMTs) are multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmitter system implementations that have shown to achieve favorable properties compared to existing MIMO technologies. This includes properties such as lower power consumption, cost, and enhanced error performance. As modern wireless standards have come to demand also more reliability and less latency, in recent work analyzing the reliability of SMTs, it was shown that existing SMT implementations do not effectively perform under degraded system conditions. Essentially, under certain failure conditions, parts of SMT systems become unusable although still effectively operational. As a result, affecting the best achievable spectral efficiency, and thus system data rate of the system. In this work, novel SMT implementations are presented and referred to as hybrid SMTs (HSMTs). HSMTs are designed to degrade in a manner that keeps use of operational hardware and maintains a higher spectral efficiency for longer duration. Four different HSMTs are presented namely; hybrid space shift keying (HSSK), hybrid spatial modulation (HSM), hybrid quadrature space shift keying (HQSSK), and hybrid quadrature spatial modulation (HQSM). Additionally, a reliability analysis framework for HSMTs is presented using two different analytical tools and all introduced models are comparatively studied.

5 Gbps optical wireless communication using commercial SPAD array receivers.

Photon counting detectors such as single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays can be used to improve the sensitivity of optical wireless communication (OWC) systems. However, the achievable data rate of SPAD-based OWC systems is strongly limited by the nonlinearity induced by the SPAD dead time. In this work, the performance of a SPAD-based OWC system with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is investigated and compared with that of on-off keying (OOK). We employ nonlinear equalization, peak-to-average power ratio optimization by adjusting the OFDM clipping level, and adaptive bit and energy loading to achieve a record experimental data rate of 5 Gbps. The contrasting optimal regimes of operation of the two modulation schemes are also demonstrated.

Two‐way decode and forward quadrature media‐based modulation for single‐input multiple‐output scheme

SummaryThe recently proposed quadrature spatial modulation aided single‐input multiple‐output media‐based modulation (QSM aided SIMO‐MBM) improves the spectral efficiency and achieves a high data rate and overall system error performance when compared with conventional SIMO‐MBM and SIMO schemes. Cooperative network (CN) involves collaboration among nodes to improve wireless network reliability, link quality, and spectral efficiency. This paper investigates the performance of QSM aided SIMO‐MBM in CN by employing the decode and forward relaying technique, which utilizes two source nodes that simultaneously transmit a unique message block on the same time slot to the relay node; the relay node decodes the received message block from both transmitting nodes, before re‐encoding and re‐transmitting the decoded message block in the next time slot to the destinations in order to enhance the error performance of the QSM aided SIMO‐MBM further. Each node can decode the data of the other node using network coding (NC) techniques. Algebraic algorithms are applied to the detected message to accumulate the various transmissions. The theoretical average error probability of the proposed scheme was formulated using a lower bound technique, and the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) results obtained validated the result. The MCS results achieved exhibit a significant improvement of 8 dB at 6 b/s/Hz for a BER of and 12 dB at 8 b/s/Hz for a BER of over the conventional QSM aided SIMO‐MBM scheme. Consequently, the obtained results show that the system configuration with outperforms the system configuration with for the proposed scheme.

The Optimal Power Allocation for Sum Rate and Energy Efficiency of Full-Duplex Two-Way Communication Network.

Full-duplex (FD) transmission holds a great potential of improving the sum data rate of wireless communication systems. However, the self-interference introduced by the full-duplex transmitter brings a big challenge to enhance the energy efficiency. This paper investigates the power allocation problem in a full-duplex two-way (FDTW) communication network over an OFDM channel, aiming at improving the sum data rate and energy efficiency. We first characterize the sum rate and energy efficiency achieved in a single-carrier FDTW system. The optimal transmit power that achieves the maximal sum data rate is presented. The energy efficiency maximization problem is solved by using fractional programming. Then we further formulate sum rate and energy efficiency maximization problem in a multi-subcarrier FDTW system. In particular, the sub-optimal transmit power allocation which achieves a decent sum rate improvement is found by using a proposed iterative algorithm. By combining the iterative algorithm and fractional programming, we further maximize the energy efficiency of the multi-subcarrier system. With our proposed algorithm, we can easily obtain an optimal transmit power that approximates the global optimal solution. Simulation results show that using the obtained optimal transmit power allocation algorithm can significantly improve the sum rate and energy efficiency in both single-carrier and multi-subcarrier systems.

Recurrent Neural Network Equalization for Wireline Communication Systems

Satisfying the demand for ever increasing data rates in wireline communication systems is challenging due to high frequency-dependent channel insertion loss causing significant inter-symbol interference (ISI). This motivates the use of ADC-based receiver architectures that allow for digital equalizer implementations. However, the large tap count feed-forward equalizers (FFEs) required at high data rates causes noise enhancement that can degrade signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high complexity is required to implement multi-tap decision feedback equalizers (DFEs). Moreover, analog front-end (AFE) nonlinearity can limit the performance of these traditional FFE-DFE architectures. This brief investigates an alternative approach with recurrent neural network (RNN) equalization based on long short-term memory (LSTM) and gate recurrent unit (GRU) cells. 64 Gb/s PAM4 modeling results show that the RNN topologies offer significant BER improvement over a wide SNR range for a channel with 30 dB loss at 16 GHz and enable operation over a channel with a large notch at 10 GHz that the traditional FFE-DFE topology cannot support. Synthesis results utilizing a 22 nm FinFET process yield only a 34% and 29% increase in receiver power consumption for the LSTM and GRU implementations, respectively, to enable this improved performance.

Time Domain Multiplexed LoRa Modulation Waveform Design for IoT Communication

Long-Range (LoRa) is one of the emerging technologies in low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs). In this letter, we proposed a Time Domain Multiplexed LoRa (TDM-LoRa) modulation to improve the throughput of conventional LoRa by using up-chirp and down-chirp simultaneously. A low complexity non-coherent algorithm for the TDM-LoRa modulation is also presented. We then derive an analytical expression for the bit error rate (BER) of non-coherent demodulation in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. In addition, a scheme that encodes information bits on both in-phase and quadrature components of the TDM-LoRa symbol is presented to further improve the system data rate. Performance analysis and simulation show that our proposed schemes can achieve better spectral efficiency (SE) and throughput without obvious bit error rate (BER) degradation compared to the LoRa Physical Layer (PHY) scheme.

A Systematic Perspective for 4Ghz Frequency Synthesizer Integration on to Single Systems

Abstract: In wireless medium, necessity of higher frequency is expanding day by day. For higher frequency deploy system data rates should be higher. In unguided medium, as signal passes a longer distance and due to intervention of noise, there is fallacy. In phases and frequencies and we get a drifted output. In view of this, we are prompted to make a low power frequency synthesizer which would provide a lower locking time, low settling time, average value of damping factor to give a regulated frequency response at the output. The suggested design aspect is for higher frequency which is executed in IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard and OFDM technology, Bluetooth technology, high frequency processor. We have used Microwind 3.1 55nm technology and ADS as outline tool to execute design. Keywords: Frequency synthesizer, phase frequency detector, voltage-controlled oscillators, Microwind 3.1, ADS, wireless communication

Prepreg and Core Dielectric Permittivity (ϵr ) Extraction for Fabricated Striplines’ Far-End Crosstalk Modeling

As the data rate and density of digital high-speed systems are getting higher, far-end crosstalk (FEXT) noise becomes one of the major issues that limit signal integrity performance. It was commonly believed that FEXT would be eliminated for striplines routed in a homogeneous dielectric, but in reality, FEXT can always be measured in striplines on the fabricated printed circuit boards. A slightly different dielectric permittivity (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon }}_{\boldsymbol{r}}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) of prepreg and core may be one of the major contributors to the FEXT. This article is focusing on providing a practical FEXT modeling methodology for striplines by introducing an approach to extract <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon }}_{\boldsymbol{r}}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of prepreg and core. Using the known cross-sectional geometry and measured <i>S</i>-parameters of the coupled stripline, the capacitance components in prepreg and core are separated using a two-dimensional solver, and the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon }}_{\boldsymbol{r}}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of prepreg and core is determined. A more comprehensive FEXT modeling approach is proposed by applying extracted inhomogeneous dielectric material information.

Hybrid Direction of Arrival Precoding for Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Aided Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in 6G Networks

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have attracted increasing attention in acting as a relay for effectively improving the coverage and data rate of wireless systems, and according to this vision, they will be integrated in the future sixth generation (6G) cellular network. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and mmWave band are planned to support ubiquitous connectivity towards a massive number of users in the 6G and Internet of Things (IOT) contexts. Unfortunately, the wireless terrestrial link between the end-users and the base station (BS) can suffer severe blockage conditions. Instead, UAV relaying can establish a line-of-sight (LoS) connection with high probability due to its flying height. The present paper focuses on a multi-UAV network which supports an uplink (UL) NOMA cellular system. In particular, by operating in the mmWave band, hybrid beamforming architecture is adopted. The MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) spectral estimation method is considered at the hybrid beamforming to detect the different direction of arrival (DoA) of each UAV. We newly design the sum-rate maximization problem of the UAV-aided NOMA 6G network specifically for the uplink mmWave transmission. Numerical results point out the better behavior obtained by the use of UAV relays and the MUSIC DoA estimation in the Hybrid mmWave beamforming in terms of achievable sum-rate in comparison to UL NOMA connections without the help of a UAV network.

Low-Complexity Detection Algorithms Applied to FTN-GFDM Systems

New applications for mobile networks are pushing the data rates to higher numbers, requiring new solutions to support the demand for throughput. In urban and dense areas, the use of massive multiple-input multiple-output, high bands in millimeter waves, and ultra-dense networks based on small cells are being used to provide high data rates. However, these solutions are not applicable to the enhanced remote areas communications scenario, where large cells must be deployed using vacant VHF or UHF bands using an opportunistic spectrum allocation approach. In this case, one reasonable solution to increase the overall system data rate is to enhance the waveform spectrum efficiency. This paper proposes a scheme to improve the generalized frequency division multiplexing spectral efficiency by exploiting the faster-than-Nyquist principles in the time and frequency domains without introducing any penalties in terms of bit error rate. This achievement is obtained by under-sampling the time-frequency grid, which results in transmitting more data symbols per waveform sample, while introducing a controlled amount of interference in the transmitted waveform. On the receiver side, low complexity detectors, such as sphere decoder, successive symbol-by-symbol sequence estimation, successive symbol-by-symbol with go-back K sequence estimator, and frequency-domain equalization, can be used to reconstruct the transmitted data. This paper presents the details for adapting the mentioned detectors for the proposed waveform and it also analyzes their performance in terms of bit error rate under different channel models and implementation complexity. From all the detectors considered in this paper, the sphere decoder stands out because it presents an interesting tradeoff between complexity and bit error rate, even in high interference scenarios. Other detection schemes initially proposed for multiple-input multiple-output systems can be adapted to deal with the interference introduced by the faster-than-Nyquist generalized frequency division multiplexing with affordable complexity and acceptable bit error rate performance. Hence, one may conclude that the faster-than-Nyquist generalized frequency division multiplexing is a feasible candidate waveform for the enhanced remote areas communications scenario when high spectrum efficiency is necessary.

Technology Maturation Efforts for the Next Generation of Grating Spectrometer Hyperspectral Infrared Sounders

As we look forward to the next generation of hyperspectral infrared (IR) atmospheric sounders, grating spectrometers hold promise for improved performance (e.g., horizontal and spectral resolutions) and more rapid revisit while reducing the size and complexity of the instrument. We briefly revisit the technology used in the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), recognizing that it was developed in the 1990’s and has matured key technologies in the areas of IR detectors, optical coatings, gratings, and cryocoolers. AIRS has been an unqualified success not only as a science and operational mission but also as a technology demonstration of the reliability and simplicity of grating spectrometer IR sounding instruments. Advancements in focal plane arrays (FPAs) have enabled a new class of grating spectrometer IR sounders that offer more spectral channels on a single FPA, mitigating some of the issues seen in AIRS that used linear arrays. These improvements have been manifested in the CubeSat Infrared Atmospheric Sounder (CIRAS) brassboard instrument, developed at the California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory with industry partner Ball Aerospace. Further enhancements beyond those used in CIRAS enable the development of a new class of instruments with a very long-wavelength infrared response and a very high spatial resolution (<2 km) that can be used for the next generation of IR sounders. Grating spectrometers provide advantages over other methods, including smaller apertures due to the ability to use larger FPAs, having no moving parts or laser metrology systems to produce spectra, lower internal FPA readout rates, and lower overall system data rates.

Terahertz Channel Propagation Phenomena, Measurement Techniques and Modeling for 6G Wireless Communication Applications: A Survey, Open Challenges and Future Research Directions

The Terahertz (THz)THzTerahertz band (0.3-3.0 THz), spans a great portion of the Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum that is mostly unoccupied and unregulated. It is a potential candidate for application in Sixth-Generation (6G) 6GSixth-Generation wireless networks, as it has the capabilities of satisfying the high data rate and capacity requirements of future wireless communication systems. Profound knowledge of the propagation channel is crucial in communication systems design, which nonetheless is still at its infancy, as channel modeling at THz frequencies has been mostly limited to characterizing fixed Point-to-Point (PtP) scenarios up to 300 GHz. Provided the technology matures enough and models adapt to the distinctive characteristics of the THz wave, future wireless communication systems will enable a plethora of new use cases and applications to be realized, in addition to delivering higher spectral efficiencies that would ultimately enhance the Quality-of-Service (QoS) to the end user. In this paper, we provide an insight into THz channel propagation characteristics, measurement capabilities, and modeling techniques for 6G communication applications, along with guidelines and recommendations that will aid future characterization efforts in the THz band. We survey the most recent and important measurement campaigns and modeling efforts found in literature, based on the use cases and system requirements identified. Finally, we discuss the challenges and limitations of measurement and modeling at such high frequencies and contemplate the future research outlook toward realizing the 6G vision.

Performance improvement of visible light communication links based on coded unipolar OFDM

Visible light communications are limited by the narrow bandwidth of their sources as the light-emitting diodes, which restricts the high data rates transmission. A potential technique such as multi-carrier modulation is considered promising for achieving a high-speed data rate and enhancing system performance. This paper proposes turbo coding with unipolar orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (U-OFDM) for indoor environments. The system under U-OFDM considerations can reduce the inter-symbol interference caused by multiple paths and mitigate burst errors by adopting an iterative turbo decoding. The system performance is evaluated regarding the bit error rate (BER) for the range of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under receiver field-of-view (FOV) restriction. The obtained results show that the performance system of the target BER (below the threshold limit of 3.8×10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;) has a power penalty of ~9 dB for modulation order of 64 for quadrature amplitude modulation scheme, FOV of 50°, and incidence angle of half power assigned to 30°. The obtained results also showed a ~10.8 dB improvement in the SNR when comparing the present system with coded-DC-biased optical OFDM under the same considerations.

РАЗРАБОТКА ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ SCADA-СИСТЕМЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ БУМАЖНОГО ПОЛОТНА ДЛЯ ДИНАМИЧЕСКОЙ ВИЗУАЛИЗАЦИИ ДАННЫХ

Nowadays the introduction of intelligent technologies is closely connected with the development of modern information and control systems. Modern SCADA systems are an enabling technology for monitoring and control of dynamic systems in many industries. The article describes the main functions and features of SCADA systems and their typical structure. Italso deals with the important network technologies in systems controlled by SCADA systems and their application. The analysis shows that an integrated SCADA system into automated control systems is the basis for ensuring high economic performance of an enterprise. Based on DataRate the SCADA system elements were developed to control the paper web casting system as part of a large industrial automated control system for dynamic data visualization. An algorithm of interaction and data transfer between elements of a virtual system using the Matrikon OPC software package is described. The use of the DataRate system for visualizing the results of the Simulink-model in forming the mass of the paper web is substantiated.

Application of Reinforcement Learning and Deep Learning in Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) Systems.

The current wireless communication infrastructure has to face exponential development in mobile traffic size, which demands high data rate, reliability, and low latency. MIMO systems and their variants (i.e., Multi-User MIMO and Massive MIMO) are the most promising 5G wireless communication systems technology due to their high system throughput and data rate. However, the most significant challenges in MIMO communication are substantial problems in exploiting the multiple-antenna and computational complexity. The recent success of RL and DL introduces novel and powerful tools that mitigate issues in MIMO communication systems. This article focuses on RL and DL techniques for MIMO systems by presenting a comprehensive review on the integration between the two areas. We first briefly provide the necessary background to RL, DL, and MIMO. Second, potential RL and DL applications for different MIMO issues, such as detection, classification, and compression; channel estimation; positioning, sensing, and localization; CSI acquisition and feedback, security, and robustness; mmWave communication and resource allocation, are presented.

Experimental Demonstration of Rate-Adaptive Concatenated Codes for Flexible Optical Networks

We experimentally demonstrate a rate-adaptive concatenated forward error correction (FEC) scheme to minimize the information rate loss due to varying channel conditions. The concatenated coding scheme is based on inner soft-decision polar code and outer hard-decision staircase code. An experiment in a wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) system with different SNR per WDM channel is performed by employing concatenated codes with various coded modulation schemes over a target distance of 140km which is relevant for extending the reach of data center interconnects. Experimental results show that the achieved data rate of the WDM system can be improved up to 37.6% with the proposed coding scheme w.r.t. the fixed code rate ZR FEC.

Erasure Broadcast Channels With Intermittent Feedback

Achievable data rates in wireless systems rely heavily on the available channel state information (CSI) throughout the network. However, feedback links, which provide this information, are scarce, unreliable, and subject to security threats. In this work, we study the impact of having intermittent feedback links on the capacity region of the canonical two-user erasure broadcast channels. In our model, at any time instant, each receiver broadcasts its CSI, and at any other node, this information either becomes available with unit delay or gets erased. For this setting, we develop a new set of outer bounds to capture the intermittent nature of the feedback links. These outer bounds depend on the probability that the CSI from both receivers are erased at the transmitter. In particular, if at any time, the CSI from at least one of the two receivers is available at the other two nodes, then the outer-bounds match the capacity with global delayed CSI. We also provide capacity-achieving transmission strategies under certain scenarios, and we establish a connection between this problem and Blind Index Coding with feedback.

Performance Optimization of Visible Light Communication

This paper focuses to analyze the data rate, bit error rate (BER), flickering &amp; bandwidth of visible light communication (VLC) system. The existing modulation scheme ON-OFF Keying (OOK) is modified and produces the trade-off between these parameters. The modified ON-OFF Keying (MOOK) is proposed in which the variation in the transmitted pulses is investigated. Therefore, the square and rectangular pulses are used to transmit zero and one bits respectively. The duty cycle of square pulse is increased to improve the flickering performance. Moreover, it utilized the bandwidth and deteriorates the BER performance. The differential MOOK (DMOOK) modulation scheme is also proposed in which the ON period of square pulse (zero bits) is removed. Therefore, the data rate of DMOOK is increased because the duration of zero bit pulse is decreased. Similarly, the high bandwidth is utilized and BER performance deteriorates. All performance parameters are evaluated on Arduino based hardware VLC system. We conclude that the BER performance deteriorates by improving flickering performance and data rate of the VLC system.

Radio Resource Allocation in D2D Underlay Communication Using Two Phased Auction Based Fair and Interference Resource Allocation

The high demands of the mobile user will affect the workload of eNodeB, which results in the decreasingperformance system of eNodeB. Device-to-Device (D2D) underlaying communication system is a solution inreducing the workload of eNodeB and increasing the system data rate. This communication system consistsof two users, namely Cellular User Equipment (CUE) and D2D pair, where CUE shares its resources withthe D2D pair. This sharing of resources also causes interference and should be managed using the resourceallocation algorithm. This research used the TAFIRA D2D algorithm and compared it with the greedyalgorithm and the TAFIRA CUE algorithm. The research calculates parameter performance of the system,such as spectral efficiency, power efficiency, and fairness among D2D pairs. The simulation results showthat Greedy algorithm has a better performance compared with TAFIRA algorithm. TAFIRA D2D onlycan achieve 19.94 bps/Hz in spectral efficiency, 23.88 Kbps/watt in power efficiency, and 89% fairnessamong D2D pairs.