Dark Water Research Articles

Liquid Surfaces

Exploring the interactions between liquid surfaces and their relationship to the figure of the fille fatale in dark genres of film and television, this paper suggests that the liquid surface not only disrupts our understanding of architecture as a static structural envelope, but also acts to destabilise the image of the innocent girl in science fiction and horror films and television. The discussion focuses on three relatively recent depictions of young girls who confront (or are forced to confront) the liquid surface: Mitsuko’s submersion in the water vessels of an apartment building in Dark Water (2002), Ofelia and the muddy interior of the tree in Pan’s Labyrinth (2006), and the watery floor of Eleven’s psychic state in Stranger Things (2016). Working with Jill Stoner’s understanding of minor architectures and their ability to deterritorialise both physical structures and structures of power, the paper asks to what extent the liquid surface encounters of Ofelia, Mitsuko and Eleven exist as reflections of each character’s experiences, or as currents of agency through which the fille fatale reshapes her world. In doing so the research considers the ways in which fictional liquid surfaces operate as a visual minor architecture that elicits a questioning of social and physical norms.

Pond dyes are Culex mosquito oviposition attractants.

BackgroundBritish mosquito population distribution, abundance, species composition and potential for mosquito disease transmission are intimately linked to the physical environment. The presence of ponds and water storage can significantly increase the density of particular mosquito species in the garden. Culex pipiens is the mosquito most commonly found in UK gardens and a potential vector of West Nile Virus WNV, although the current risk of transmission is low. However any factors that significantly change the distribution and population of C. pipiens are likely to impact subsequent risk of disease transmission. Pond dyes are used to control algal growth and improve aesthetics of still water reflecting surrounding planting. However, it is well documented that females of some species of mosquito prefer to lay eggs in dark water and/or containers of different colours and we predict that dyed ponds will be attractive to Culex mosquitoes.MethodsBlack pond dye was used in oviposition choice tests using wild-caught gravid C. pipiens. Larvae from wild-caught C. pipiens were also reared in the pond dye to determine whether it had any impact on survival. An emergence trap caught any adults that emerged from the water. Water butts (80 L) were positioned around university glasshouses and woodland and treated with black pond dye or left undyed. Weekly sampling over a six month period through summer and autumn was performed to quantified numbers of larvae and pupae in each treatment and habitat.ResultsGravid female Culex mosquitoes preferred to lay eggs in dyed water. This was highly significant in tests conducted under laboratory conditions and in a semi-field choice test. Despite this, survivorship in black dyed water was significantly reduced compared to undyed water. Seasonal analysis of wild larval and pupal numbers in two habitats with and without dye showed no impact of dye but a significant impact of season and habitat. Mosquitoes were more successful, with significantly higher numbers of pupae, in the habitat where they had vegetation cover and shade.DiscussionOur study has raised some interesting possibilities; one is that where used, pond dyes may be encouraging mosquitoes to breed in gardens in close proximity to people. Considering the concerns over potential future spread of disease in urban environments, this as well as shading of ponds and water butts, should inform future advice over reducing mosquito breeding and spread.

Updated MISR dark water research aerosol retrieval algorithm – Part 1: Coupled 1.1 km ocean surface chlorophyll <i>a</i> retrievals with empirical calibration corrections

Abstract. As aerosol amount and type are key factors in the atmospheric correction required for remote-sensing chlorophyll a concentration (Chl) retrievals, the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) can contribute to ocean color analysis despite a lack of spectral channels optimized for this application. Conversely, an improved ocean surface constraint should also improve MISR aerosol-type products, especially spectral single-scattering albedo (SSA) retrievals. We introduce a coupled, self-consistent retrieval of Chl together with aerosol over dark water. There are time-varying MISR radiometric calibration errors that significantly affect key spectral reflectance ratios used in the retrievals. Therefore, we also develop and apply new calibration corrections to the MISR top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance data, based on comparisons with coincident MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) observations and trend analysis of the MISR TOA bidirectional reflectance factors (BRFs) over three pseudo-invariant desert sites. We run the MISR research retrieval algorithm (RA) with the corrected MISR reflectances to generate MISR-retrieved Chl and compare the MISR Chl values to a set of 49 coincident SeaBASS (SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System) in situ observations. Where Chlin situ < 1.5 mg m−3, the results from our Chl model are expected to be of highest quality, due to algorithmic assumption validity. Comparing MISR RA Chl to the 49 coincident SeaBASS observations, we report a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.86, a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.25, and a median absolute error (MAE) of 0.10. Statistically, a two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test indicates that it is not possible to distinguish between MISR Chl and available SeaBASS in situ Chl values (p > 0.1). We also compare MODIS–Terra and MISR RA Chl statistically, over much broader regions. With about 1.5 million MISR–MODIS collocations having MODIS Chl < 1.5 mg m−3, MISR and MODIS show very good agreement: r = 0. 96, MAE = 0.09, and RMSE = 0.15. The new dark water aerosol/Chl RA can retrieve Chl in low-Chl, case I waters, independent of other imagers such as MODIS, via a largely physical algorithm, compared to the commonly applied statistical ones. At a minimum, MISR's multi-angle data should help reduce uncertainties in the MODIS–Terra ocean color retrieval where coincident measurements are made, while also allowing for a more robust retrieval of particle properties such as spectral single-scattering albedo.

Cross-calibration of S-NPP VIIRS moderate resolution reflective solar bands against MODIS Aqua over dark water scenes.

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is being used to continue the record of Earth Science observations and data products produced routinely from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements. However, the absolute calibration of VIIRS's reflected solar bands is thought to be biased, leading to offsets in derived data products such as aerosol optical depth (AOD) as compared to when similar algorithms are applied to different sensors. This study presents a cross-calibration of these VIIRS bands against MODIS Aqua over dark water scenes, finding corrections to the NASA VIIRS Level 1 (version 2) reflectances between approximately +1 % and -7 % (dependent on band) are needed to bring the two into alignment (after accounting for expected differences resulting from different band spectral response functions), and indications of relative trending of up to ^0.35 % per year in some bands. The derived calibration gain corrections are also applied to the VIIRS reflectance and then used in an AOD retrieval, and are shown to decrease the bias and total error in AOD across the midvisible spectral region compared to the standard VIIRS NASA reflectance calibration. The resulting AOD bias characteristics are similar to those of NASA MODIS AOD data products, which is encouraging in terms of multisensor data continuity.

Contrasting seasonality in optical-biogeochemical properties of the Baltic Sea.

Optical-biogeochemical relationships of particulate and dissolved organic matter are presented in support of remote sensing of the Baltic Sea pelagic. This system exhibits strong seasonality in phytoplankton community composition and wide gradients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), properties which are poorly handled by existing remote sensing algorithms. Absorption and scattering properties of particulate matter reflected the seasonality in biological (phytoplankton succession) and physical (thermal stratification) processes. Inherent optical properties showed much wider variability when normalized to the chlorophyll-a concentration compared to normalization to either total suspended matter dry weight or particulate organic carbon. The particle population had the largest optical variability in summer and was dominated by organic matter in both seasons. The geographic variability of CDOM and relationships with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are also presented. CDOM dominated light absorption at blue wavelengths, contributing 81% (median) of the absorption by all water constituents at 400 nm and 63% at 442 nm. Consequentially, 90% of water-leaving radiance at 412 nm originated from a layer (z90) no deeper than approximately 1.0 m. With water increasingly attenuating light at longer wavelengths, a green peak in light penetration and reflectance is always present in these waters, with z90 up to 3.0–3.5 m depth, whereas z90 only exceeds 5 m at biomass < 5 mg Chla m-3. High absorption combined with a weakly scattering particle population (despite median phytoplankton biomass of 14.1 and 4.3 mg Chla m-3 in spring and summer samples, respectively), characterize this sea as a dark water body for which dedicated or exceptionally robust remote sensing techniques are required. Seasonal and regional optical-biogeochemical models, data distributions, and an extensive set of simulated remote-sensing reflectance spectra for testing of remote sensing algorithms are provided as supplementary data.

Camera Traps, Bird Song, and Creatures of Darkness

Camera Traps, Bird Song, and Creatures of Darkness

UPAYA PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN MERANTI DALAM PENYEDIAAN AIR BERSIH DI KECAMATAN TEBING TINGGI TAHUN 2012-2014

Government which includes local government (province/city/district) is a state organs thathas an authority in fulfilling its function to achieve its goals. The function of governmentincludes arrangement, development, empowerment and services. Those functions are inter-related, especially to assest the limitation to fulfill the availability of clean water in MerantiDistrict. This issue is already faced before the expansion of the district. The district belongs topeat area with the characteristic of dark red water in colour, thus force the local government toprovide clean water from the dark red water.

Spray-Drying of Antioxidant-Rich Blueberry Waste Extracts; Interplay Between Waste Pretreatments and Spray-Drying Process

This study aimed to establish an efficient route for converting blueberry waste material (BWM) into antioxidant-rich powders. Extracts were produced from BWM by an aqueous method using water acidified with citric acid, in the absence or presence of Pectinex Ultra SP-L and Cellubrix. All BWM extracts contained antioxidants including phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and flavonoids (total phenolic content (TPC) 3655–4369 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) 219–296 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents (CyGE) per 100 g dry extract). Extractions at 50 °C yielded higher TPC and TAC but lower vitamin C and pectin contents than extractions at 20 °C. Spray-drying BWM extracts produced at 50 °C (no enzymatic treatments) and an encapsulant (alginate or inulin) at an inlet temperature 150 °C and feed temperature 50 °C yielded powders with desired dark purplish blue color, water activity (0.25–0.33), flowability, reconstitution time (23–46 s in water or milk), TPC (25–30 mg GAE/g), TAC (17–20 mg CyGE/g), storage stability, and Bifidobacterium-boosting properties. Enzymatic pretreatments of BWM did not confer any advantages in preserving antioxidants in powder products, suggesting that some intrinsic BWM components (e.g., pectins) may play an important role in the encapsulating process. The use of alginate as the encapsulant/drying aid afforded higher powder yields, superior protection of antioxidants, better stability over a prolonged storage or elevated temperature storage, greater retention of TPC/TAC under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, and greater Bifidobacterium-boosting effects, compared to powders prepared using inulin. Thus, simple aqueous extraction methods and spray-drying technology hold enormous promise for producing antioxidant-rich powders from blueberry processing by-products or waste.

Finding Oneself On Board the Ibis in Amitav Ghosh's Sea of Poppies

In Amitav Ghosh's Sea of Poppies, a motley crew of people, who perhaps would have never come across one another on land in the Empire, are brought together at sea. Through the experience of displacement, they find their voices and redesign their new identities. Ghosh's novel becomes a vessel to renegotiate the discourse of subalternity from the perspective of this diasporic population as the ship in his novel navigates through the "dark water" of the Indian Ocean. This article explores the way in which Ghosh's characters—all victimized by various power structures, including gender, class, and race divisions—strive to find a place of their own, and the way in which the sea becomes that space.

Notes to the Name and Its Translation, and: Let There Be

Notes to the Name and Its Translation, and: Let There Be Cintia Santana (bio) Notes to the Name and Its Translation Cintia Santana Cintia Santana’s work has appeared in Beloit Poetry Journal, The Missouri Review, RHINO, and elsewhere. Footnotes 1. The graffito suggests that the correct pronunciation was either lost or deliberately avoided. 2. The hammer of high wind. The editors recommend this usage in reading aloud, but others may wish to follow their own custom (e.g. tea cup clatter; rhythm of the rails; ring tone rising). 3. Historically, translations into English allude to a miniature person said to exist in the mind, with some exceptions, notably “Reading Whitman in the Grass.” 4. This rendering, on doubtful grounds, introduces an overly male emphasis through its constant use of “He.” Compare with “You are the alpha and the asshole. The f’d up aleph.” 5. “Too bad! Too bad!” (Ger.) 6. Some explanation is in order. 7. Not the palm but the shadow of the palm. 8. Every hair of thine. The euphemism has fallen out of modern usage. 9. That is, an ideal mirror, lossless. 10. Orb of the eye. Dark water. Perhaps a joke. 11. Useful in this regard is Hart Crane’s statement: “The street car device is the most concrete symbol I could find.” 12. The fever underneath the hand. 13. Here, a loud knock on the roof at night. A later folio indicates the single tolling of a bell. 14. Perpetual motion (Latin). 15. “So I go to the stranger’s body and bend. I split my lip on the bone of his cheek and lick the salt from the spoon of his back. The day breaks behind his shoulder by shades. I sleep then and sleep and wake with him to eat” (Selected Letters, p. 28). 16. “You can learn more from the shadow than from the object itself” (Military Counter Surveillance Manual, Chapter 5, Lesson XXIII). 17. Blinded and thereby granted the gift of prophecy. 18. Triangular insert in the seam of a garment. Allows expansion. 19. Originally, a summer house. Here, by extension, the nationalist movement, and even the whole façade of the temporal world. May also suggest: needle and points on a compass; godwit, knot, rail, and ruff; open pleasure-boats decorated with large artificial swans that circulate on a pond during summer months; the high-heeled boot worn by Greek tragic actors as well as the “sock” or light shoe worn in comedies; the mariposa plum, a many-colored meadow; goat path; rainspout, flip-flops in the rain; the forked root of the mandrake; the hum in the mouth; the sweet cane. 20. All the while, the body, breathing. 21. Backlit. 22. In an interview, Del Berg, the last living volunteer to fight as part of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade states, “It bothers me a little that at ninety-nine I might die any minute because I have a lot of other things I want to do!” 23. The extant fragment reads, “What I miss most about fishing is reading the water.” [End Page 116] Let There Be light you said. And there was light. And there was lack.Let there be life you said. And it was lush with loss. Let there be lion and there was lion. And there was lamb.Let lion and lamb be divided. Luna moth from moon. And it was so. Let there be laughter you said. And there was laughter. Lap and lick.Loin and purr. Lip. Loop. Leash—there was law. There was lynch. Látigo. Luftwaffe. Land and labor. Lather and lathe. Leave, longing, lesson. Yes, there was lesson, too.And lesser. And least. Loam and leaf. Load, ligature, and lie. Yes, there was lie. Lapse. And lake. Luck and leap. Little by little. Letter by letter. And it was late. And there was bloom. [End Page 117] Copyright © 2017 Pleiades and Pleiades Press

This Must Be the Place

This Must Be the Place Jeffrey Helton (bio) The clouds overhanging the horizon are the color of coal, and beyond that clot of shadows William can see veins of coursing light--but he spares them no thought. For now there is only the pale sky above and the highway like dark and yellow-lined water passing beneath the old convertible as whips of wind lash joyous against the car, urging it on, sweeping across William's hair and [End Page 86] bringing a boy's smile to his tired face until the day's labor of grey seams and shovels vanishes behind him and all that remains is the familiar animal ache of his bones and a longing like a question that only Eleanor can answer. Soon this day will die yet here and now the sun is a golden void, a molten clockface emptied of all markings, and William hollers and laughs, his voice hoarse as he moves parallel these fields where the air is spiced of summer and the birds nest in the amen of sumac and the cows graze and eye him with quiet regard, and everywhere that he looks along the almighty landscape he finds a home, the world itself the greatest among them, a home to the black bears roving the mountain creek beds and the silver trout fated for their maws and the soft-footed foxes that rustle through blooms of pink and red in rhododendron romances. The car is rounding a bend, ascending the hill, and far beyond the curve of a wooden railing the ridgeline is blazed with mountain laurel and azaleas and trees with bloodbright leaves that hint of autumn's coming. William's fingers, nails streaked black, touch the radio dial and turn it until they find a song, its melody timeless, its four chords moving like the calm coupling of lifelong lovers, and though he cannot recall the lyrics he hums that perfect melody and makes up words all his own. An earnest rain is falling when he rolls into the driveway, so he jumps from the car to pull down the ragtop and then jogs for the cover of the porch where Eleanor awaits him, a red kerchief in her hair and dirt at her cheek, and they kiss and she slips the straps of his overalls away and he likewise with her dress and they bring their bodies together like lips to honeysuckle and once they are filled with that cathedral emptiness she says that she has something more to show him. William follows her through the house and then the creaking back door, and below lay four naked garden beds bridged by paths of flat stones, and he sees [End Page 87] this space as it is and will be, drenched in color and living light and fragrance, and he marvels at this quiet glory and runs his thumb along the rim of Eleanor's ear with a broad grin on his face, glad to love this woman of strength, cherishing this rain that would nourish all things, even those in the black beneath the ground. William walks down into the yard, and when his feet touch the earth shivers run across his body, and he remembers his grandfather saying that this happens when someone walks over your grave, so William regards the sweep of rain-bowed grass and thinks this must be the place, this must be the place, as if the sky would split above with a bolt for his heart. But it is not yet his time to die, not now, when a lone robin alights on the far fence and Eleanor's legs bead with raindrops and the boards of the garden beds are painted blue like the eyes of the daughter that William will know for too few years and yet love enough for a lifetime, this man who has breathed in the whole of the world, letting the clouds themselves into his lungs, this man less a man than a lightning rod— [End Page 88] Jeffrey Helton Jeffrey Helton is a native of Western North Carolina and an alumnus of Berea College, where he studied English and Philosophy. He is...

Tomographic reconstruction of an aerosol plume using passive multiangle observations from the MISR satellite instrument

AbstractWe present initial results using computed tomography to reconstruct the three‐dimensional structure of an aerosol plume from passive observations made by the Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument on NASA's Terra satellite. MISR views the Earth from nine different angles at four visible and near‐infrared wavelengths. Adopting the 672 nm channel, we treat each view as an independent measure of aerosol optical thickness along the line of sight at 1.1 km resolution. A smoke plume over dark water is selected as it provides a more tractable lower boundary condition for the retrieval. A tomographic algorithm is used to reconstruct the horizontal and vertical aerosol extinction field for one along‐track slice from the path of all camera rays passing through a regular grid. The results compare well with ground‐based lidar observations from a nearby Micropulse Lidar Network site.

Human-in-the-loop active electrosense

Active electrosense is a non-visual, short range sensing system used by weakly electric fish, enabling such fish to locate and identify objects in total darkness. Here we report initial findings from the use of active electrosense for object localization during underwater teleoperation with a virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display (HMD). The advantage of electrolocating with a VR system is that it naturally allows for aspects of the task that are difficult for a person to perform to be allocated to the computer. However, interpreting weak and incomplete patterns in the incoming data is something that people are typically far better at than computers. To achieve human–computer synergy, we integrated an active electrosense underwater robot with the Oculus Rift HMD. The virtual environment contains a visualization of the electric images of the objects surrounding the robot as well as various virtual fixtures that guide users to regions of higher information value. Initial user testing shows that these fixtures significantly reduce the time taken to localize an object, but may not increase the accuracy of the position estimate. Our results highlight the advantages of translating the unintuitive physics of electrolocation to an intuitive visual representation for accomplishing tasks in environments where imaging systems fail, such as in dark or turbid water.

The Santa Fe River in northern Florida: effect of habitat heterogeneity on turtle populations

The Santa Fe River (SFR) in northern Florida and its springs provide a unique ecosystem for a wealth of flora and fauna, and support a unique freshwater turtle assemblage. We conducted a 6-year mark-recapture study of ten turtle species to assess how habitat heterogeneity among sites affects riverine turtle populations. Because the SFR ecosystem has not been well described and the major emphasis of this paper is the effect of habitat variation on turtle populations, we provide thorough descriptions of the SFR basin and specific habitats in which we sampled turtles. The SFR originates as a tannin-stained blackwater river, but receives substantial input of clear, alkaline, thermally stable water from numerous artesian springs in its lower reaches. We used mark-recapture and demographic data to evaluate differences in turtle assemblages and population structure on a spatial scale. We compared turtle assemblages between a 5 km reach of blackwater river habitat and a 9 km reach of spring-influenced river habitat. We found the same ten species in both habitats. Hand capture while snorkeling suggested similar relative abundance of species in both river habitats, but baited hoop trap captures suggested that Chelydra serpentina (Snapping Turtle) and Sternotherus minor (Loggerhead Musk Turtle) are proportionately more abundant in the three spring-influenced habitats we sampled. The total density of all turtle species combined appears to be three to four times greater in the spring-influenced river reach than in the blackwater river reach. Examination of population structure of the three most abundant species (Pseudemys suwanniensis [Suwannee Cooter], S. minor, and Trachemys scripta [Yellow-bellied Slider]) in the river and adjacent spring habitats revealed that some springs feeding the SFR may function as nursery habitats. Results demonstrate the importance of habitat diversity (beta diversity) to the riverine turtle assemblage. If we had sampled turtles only in one section of the river or only in spring habitats in the lower SFR, our perceptions of assemblages and population structure would have been vastly different. The fate of the turtle populations in the SFR depends on the quantity and quality of water discharging from its springs. If the long-term trend of declining spring flows continues, we predict that SFR turtle populations will be detrimentally affected in multiple ways such as loss of nursery habitat and reduced recruitment. Less dilution of dark tannic water flowing down from the upper SFR may cause shifts in assemblage and population structure, as well as in population densities. Given the uncertain future of ecological conditions in the SFR, we advocate continued long-term monitoring of this unique turtle assemblage.

UPAYA PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN MERANTI DALAM PENYEDIAAN AIR BERSIH DI KECAMATAN TEBING TINGGI TAHUN 2012-2014

Government which includes local government (province/city/district) is a state organs that has an authority in fulfilling its function to achieve its goals. The function of government includes arrangement, development, empowerment and services. Those functions are inter- related, especially to assest the limitation to fulfill the availability of clean water in Meranti District. This issue is already faced before the expansion of the district. The district belongs to peat area with the characteristic of dark red water in colour, thus force the local government to provide clean water from the dark red water.

Photoinduced Absorption Spectroscopy of CoPi on BiVO4: The Function of CoPi during Water Oxidation

This paper employs photoinduced absorption and electrochemical techniques to analyze the charge carrier dynamics that drive photoelectrochemical water oxidation on bismuth vanadate (BiVO4), both with and without cobalt phosphate (CoPi) co‐catalyst. These results are correlated with spectroelectrochemical measurements of CoII oxidation to CoIII in a CoPi/FTO (fluorine doped tin oxide) electrode during dark electrocatalytic water oxidation. Electrocatalytic water oxidation exhibits a non‐linear dependence on CoIII density, with a sharp onset at 1 × 1017 CoIII cm−2. These results are compared quantitatively with the degree of CoPi oxidation observed under conditions of photoinduced water oxidation on CoPi–BiVO4 photoanodes. For the CoPi–BiVO4 photoanodes studied herein, ≤5% of water oxidation proceeds from CoPi sites, making the BiVO4 surface the predominant water oxidation site. This study highlights two key factors that limit the ability of CoPi to improve the catalytic performance of BiVO4: 1) the kinetics of hole transfer from the BiVO4 to the CoPi layer are too slow to effectively compete with direct water oxidation from BiVO4; 2) the slow water oxidation kinetics of CoPi result in a large accumulation of CoIII states, causing an increase in recombination. Addressing these factors will be essential for improving the performance of CoPi on photoanodes for solar‐driven water oxidation.

Performance Waves

‘Performance Waves’ by Sophie Sleigh-Johnson is a series of fragments that oscillate around manifestations of the wave—time, gravitational waves, light, flows, mappings, depositions and absences—all of which are operative of the suspended state of the in-between. From ancient philosophies through to Thales and beyond, water is decreed a primordial modality of being, its formation mandating the existence of the possible. In one throw of the dice, blood trills and a lap of the sea crystallizes the occulting flow of being, and performance is shown to bring the flickering state of being to the surface. The ineluctable proliferating and unfathomable expanse of the sea substantiates the state of performance, wherein time is ruptured. In this text, different abstractions of these sea performances are suggested. Marshland, a precursor to the expanse of the sea, is the gateway to an opening of a liminal site that resides inside it. Similarly, mythographic structures codify the anterior waters of chaos as the chthonic beyond. The dark water is seen as an unknown, and all the more generative for it. Being at sea enacts this mystery at the heart of everything, the magic trick of causation, and a ceaseless flow of difference. But an unknown void is far from empty: things vibrate in a vacuum. Cartographic performance and geological time encipher the proliferating chance of the sea. Seismic waves create a future relic, mapping antediluvian landscapes and virtually exhuming the hidden. This creates a performance of electronic waves, and writes an event on the seabed. Similarly, radios channel ghosts on the airwaves, an enciphering. Aporetic paths through liminal coastland create inversions of scale and reflection that duplicates themselves—an interstitial zone that is also the site for ritual deposition, a conjuring of performance, psychic geography and portal: de profundis, under sea.

Beyond the Binaries: The Postwar Soviet Intelligentsia in History and Memory

Beyond the BinariesThe Postwar Soviet Intelligentsia in History and Memory Volodymyr Ryzhkovskyi (bio) Polly Jones, Myth, Memory, Trauma: Rethinking the Stalinist Past in the Soviet Union, 1953–70. 376 pp. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013. ISBN-13 978-0300185126. $65.00. Benjamin Tromly, Making the Soviet Intelligentsia: Universities and Intellectual Life under Stalin and Khrushchev. 310 pp. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. ISBN-13 978-1107031104. $99.00. M. N. Zolotonosov, Gadiushnik: Leningradskaia pisatel’skaia organizatsiia. Izbrannye stenogrammy s kommentariiami (Iz istorii sovetskogo literaturnogo byta 1940–1960-kh godov) (The Pigsty: The Leningrad Organization of Writers. Selected Minutes with Commentaries [From the History of the Soviet Literary Manners and Everyday Life of the 1940s–60s]). 880 pp. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2013. ISBN-13 978-5444800911. The memory of the Thaw operates almost as the subconscious of the late 20th- and early 21th-century Russian intelligentsia, at least of its elite. The divisions solidified during the Thaw between “conservatives” and “liberals,” “Stalinists” and “anti-Stalinists,” have been played out over and over again at the most crucial junctures of Russian recent history. Perestroika was perceived by the “liberal” intellectuals behind Gorbachev’s reforms as a way to defeat old “conservative” rivals and to accomplish the unfinished tasks of the Thaw. In turn, the rise and the fall of the Russian protest movement of the 2011–12 again made the Thaw into a relevant object of political reflection, though not always in a celebratory key. For example, Mark Lipovetsky’s thought-provoking [End Page 447] article “The Poetics of ITR Discourse” suggests that the Thaw and its heritage might be seen as a possible source of the present Russian “liberal” debacle and as such should be “critically” worked through.1 At the same time, debuting on Russian television in the wake of the protests, Valerii Todorovskii’s show The Thaw presented an utterly depoliticized and “uncritical” image of the period, which nicely complemented the conflictless narrative of Russia’s past promoted in Putin’s Russia. Ironically, it was Todorovskii himself who in the early 1990s produced the harshest deconstructive attack on the celebratory narrative of the Thaw. His film Over the Dark Water exposed the excessive machismo and the abuse of empty rhetoric by the generation of the “sixties,” featuring Ivan Okhlobystin—then an actor, now an Orthodox priest and a prominent media symbol of the Russian turn toward neotraditionalism—in the role of the hero effecting this deconstruction. It seems that a constant renegotiation of the distance between memory of the past and changing present circumstances by members of the intelligentsia has made fluid the boundaries between the binaries imagined during the Thaw while keeping intact their crucial importance in organizing the Russian intellectual landscape. Indeed, binaries can be helpful for Russian intellectuals identifying their intellectual “foes” and “friends,” but deceiving when applied to the dynamic of the intellectual process. That is why critical engagement with the history of the postwar Russian intelligentsia is better conceived as a distancing from and at the same time digging into the origins and the evolution of binary frameworks. In fact, historians both in Russia and abroad have already been grappling with the image of the Thaw as an advance of Soviet “liberals” against Stalinist “dogmatics” for almost 15 years. In tandem with critiques that stressed the deeply rooted conservative and repressive features of post-Stalinist relaxation, historians questioned the validity of the rigid oppositions of official/unofficial, Soviet/non-Soviet, and conformist/nonconformist for understanding the transformations that Soviet intellectual culture has undergone since Stalin’s death.2 The volumes under review here [End Page 448] continue to reconsider the history of the postwar Soviet intelligentsia beyond the interpretive framework that was defined by binary thinking, thus making significant contributions to the ongoing debate. Benjamin Tromly’s Making the Soviet Intelligentsia not only questions the metaphor of the Thaw as an index of the intelligentsia’s decade-long search for freedom but boldly targets its elitism, which “universalizes a reading of Soviet history that was not shared by all intellectuals, let alone Soviet society as a whole” (20). Using materials both from central (Moscow) and provincial archives (Saratov and Kiev...

Season of War

Season of War Graham Barnhart (bio) Sentry Meditation 2300 Early now in the season of peace,winter fends off the war.Passes brim over with frigid airlike brass shells in the children’s pockets. an old marble quarry bleached white as bone and sunlight in corrugated sheets So soon after harvest we eatwell and wait. Violence will comein the spring. But now village firesgather silent at dusk:boat lamps on dark water. summer sea, below the terrace, caresses with gentle, crushing hands. Each of the hills has been givena name and a distance for targeting mortars.Headlights crawl along the only roadand I practice calling for fire— pinwheels clattering against the terrace fence like sandals slapping stone stairways Distant Kalashnikovs bark at the moonThe guard tower in its steel framegroans as my relief clumpsboots up the stairs—too cold, too latefor it to be anyone else. [End Page 636] Sentry Meditation 0300 There is snow piling the perimeterwall. There is snow foldedlike clean towels on the lowburied roofs of the mess, the laundry,the barracks, and a soft lightframes the op-center door.I am an unfinished sketchin the cold on the tower: I amreduced to fingertips,earlobes, one glowing emerald eyein a gargoyle mass.No longer concernedabout attacks, I stay awake,I watch, but I am not concerned.There will be no roadsuntil the snow melts.Gusting cemetery flags have becomefamiliar. I have given upmistaking them for men.Burned garbage bagsfish-hooked in concertina wirehave stiffened with frost.One wild dog remains. These nightshe saunters throughrazor wire, finding some warm spotnear the burn pit in a ditchwe dug to direct claymore mines.To my bare eye he is invisible. [End Page 637] Graham Barnhart Graham Barnhart, after serving tours in Iraq and Afghanistan as a U.S. Army special forces medic, is pursuing an mfa in poetry from the Ohio State University. His poetry has been published or is forthcoming from the Beloit Poetry Journal, the Sycamore Review, and Subtropics. Copyright © 2015 Graham Barnhart

Stuck between a rock and a hard place: zooplankton vertical distribution and hypoxia in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea

Zooplankton often migrate vertically to deeper dark water during the day to avoid visual predators such as fish, a process which can strengthen benthic–pelagic coupling. In the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, a pronounced hypoxic layer develops when there is an inflow of anoxic bottom water from the Central Baltic Sea, which could be a barrier for vertical migrants. Here, we report an acoustic study of the distributions of crustacean zooplankton (mysid shrimp and the copepod Limnocalanus macrurus), gelatinous zooplankton (Aurelia aurita) and fish. Zooplankton trawl nets were used to ground-truth acoustic data. Vertical profiles of oxygen concentration were taken, and the physiological impact of hypoxia on mysids was investigated using biochemical assays. We hypothesised that the vertical distribution of zooplankton and fish would be significantly affected by vertical heterogeneity of oxygen concentrations because anoxia and hypoxia are known to affect physiology and swimming behaviour. In addition, we hypothesised that mysids present in areas with hypoxia would exhibit a preparatory antioxidant response, protecting them from oxidative damage during migrations. The acoustic data showed peaks of crustacean zooplankton biomass in hypoxic ( 75 m), whereas fish shoals and A. aurita medusae were found in normoxic (5–6 mL L−1) upper water layers (<40 m), with individual fish in deeper water excepting that rule. Mysid shrimp from areas with hypoxia had significantly enhanced antioxidant potential compared with conspecifics from areas with no hypoxia and had no significant indications of oxidative damage. We conclude that mysids can protect themselves from oxidative damage, enabling them to inhabit hypoxic water. Our data suggest that hypoxic and low oxygen zones (up to 4 mL L−1) may provide some zooplankton species with a refuge from visual predators such as fish.