Danish Kroner Research Articles

Orthognathic surgery treatment injuries reported to the Danish Patient Compensation Association: A 25-year retrospective observational study

Aim of studyThe aim of this study was to describe and classify indemnity claims of treatment injuries in orthognathic surgery received by the Danish Patient Compensation Association (DPCA) during a 25-year time span from 1993 to 2018 in order to illustrate the wide scope of treatment injuries, patient's complaints, suffering, and compensation. Material and methodsAll indemnity claims associated with orthognathic surgery were reviewed accessing the DPCA database including osteotomies performed in association with orthodontic treatment only, thus excluding access osteotomies for tumor surgery, osseodistraction cases, etc. ResultsA total of 237 indemnity claims were received for injury associated with orthognathic surgery, including anesthesia. One-hundred sixteen claims (49 %) were approved and patients accordingly compensated with a total of 23.2 million, average 200.000 Danish kroner per patient. In US dollars, 3.5 million, and 30 thousand, respectively. Most claims (45.5 %) were associated with neurological issues, neurosensory disturbances of all kinds including pain and loss of neural function. Others were associated with airway, breathing and circulation (2.1 %), temporomandibular joint issues (8.9 %), jaw malposition (9.3 %), malocclusion (11.0 %), facial issues (6.8 %), dental issues (10.5 %), and miscellaneous (5.9 %), as sole complaint or in concert. Data from the Danish Health Data Authority allowed a calculation of the indemnity claims rate covering the time frame 2005–2008 being indeed very low, 1.8 % out of 10,955 orthognathic surgeries. ConclusionsTreatment injuries do occur to the misfortune of patients and surgeons alike. The low rate of indemnity claims indicates an underreporting when compared to known rates of complications. It is the surgeon's responsibility that potential benefits of surgery outweigh the risk of complications, be they treatment errors or known shortcomings of procedures. Established criteria for admission to orthognathic surgery would be advisable and most probably reduce the number patients operated on marginal indication and hence treatment injuries in this group.

Cost-effectiveness of transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement in patients at lower surgical risk: results from the NOTION trial

The aim of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) versus surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in patients at lower surgical risk. Discounted costs from a societal perspective and effectiveness as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were projected to lifetime via a decision-analytic model calibrated to 60-month data from the NOTION trial. The base case assumed a scenario in which any mortality benefit would gradually fade out over time, with other scenarios explored in sensitivity analyses. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was compared to the country-specific willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of 1.13 million Danish kroner (DKK). The base case ICER was DKK 696,264/QALY (around €72,100/QALY via purchasing parity adjustment). Variation in long-term mortality beyond five years led to limited variation of incremental costs (DKK 64,200 to 64,600), but a more pronounced variation in incremental QALYs (0.07 to 0.19 QALYs for most conservative and optimistic assumptions, compared to base case of 0.09 QALYs). All resulting ICERs (range DKK 334,200 to DKK 904,100 per QALY gained) were below the WTP threshold. TAVI in a cohort of primarily low surgical risk patients was found to be a cost-effective treatment strategy in the Danish healthcare system. Cost-effectiveness analyses in other settings are warranted as are registries given the sensitivity of the model to long-term mortality.

Long term survival, health, social functioning, and education in patients with European Lyme neuroborreliosis: nationwide population based cohort study

ObjectiveTo estimate long term survival, health, and educational/social functioning in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis compared with the general population.DesignNationwide population based cohort study using national registers.SettingDenmark.ParticipantsAll Danish residents diagnosed during...

The relationship between single-item work ability score and self reported work ability in patients with cervical or low back pain

Background Low back pain (LBP) is a very common health problem worldwide and a major cause of disability affecting work performance and general well-being. In Denmark, LBP is the leading cause according to WHOs Global Burden of Disease study and amounts to approximately 15 billion Danish kroner per year - the major part (65-75%) due to government transfer. Previous studies in LBP have shown several prognostic risk markers for unsuccessful return to work. The Work Ability Index (WAI) is a validated tool to measure work ability. A single-item work …

User perspectives in public transport timetable optimisation

The present paper deals with timetable optimisation from the perspective of minimising the waiting time experienced by passengers when transferring either to or from a bus. Due to its inherent complexity, this bi-level minimisation problem is extremely difficult to solve mathematically, since timetable optimisation is a non-linear non-convex mixed integer problem, with passenger flows defined by the route choice model, whereas the route choice model is a non-linear non-continuous mapping of the timetable. Therefore, a heuristic solution approach is developed in this paper, based on the idea of varying and optimising the offset of the bus lines. Varying the offset for a bus line impacts the waiting time passengers experience at any transfer stop on the bus line.In the bi-level timetable optimisation problem, the lower level is a transit assignment calculation yielding passengers’ route choice. This is used as weight when minimising waiting time by applying a Tabu Search algorithm to adapt the offset values for bus lines. The updated timetable then serves as input in the following transit assignment calculation. The process continues until convergence.The heuristic solution approach was applied on the large-scale public transport network in Denmark. The timetable optimisation approach yielded a yearly reduction in weighted waiting time equivalent to approximately 45 million Danish kroner (9 million USD).

Cost-Effectiveness of a 10- Versus 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Denmark and Sweden

BackgroundThe introduction of a 7-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine (PCV7) had profound public health effects across the globe. PCV7 vaccination in a national immunization program is generally considered cost-effective and potentially cost-saving. Two new PCVs have been launched, a 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) and a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). ObjectiveThis article examines the public health and economic effects of pediatric national immunization programs of PCV10 and PCV13 in Denmark and Sweden. MethodsA previously published decision-analytic model was used to estimate the impact of PCV10 and PCV13 on reducing cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), pneumonia (PNE), and acute otitis media (AOM) by using country-specific incidence, serotype coverage, disease sequelae, mortality, vaccine effectiveness, indirect effects, costs, and utilities. Direct effects for PCV13- and PCV10-covered serotypes were assumed similar to PCV7. PCV13 was assumed to confer an indirect effect, similar to PCV7, whereas PCV10 was not. Assumptions were tested in sensitivity analyses. ResultsPCV13 is expected to save 280.7 million DKK (Danish kroner) in Denmark and 288.2 million SEK (Swedish kronor) in Sweden in direct costs compared with a vaccination program with PCV10. In both Denmark and Sweden, the results of this study indicate that, compared with PCV10, PCV13 will have a greater impact on disease in life-years gained (LYG), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained, IPD cases avoided, PNE cases avoided, AOM cases avoided, and in deaths avoided. For Denmark PCV13, it was estimated to result in 10,051 LYG; 9063 QALYs gained; 237 additional IPD cases avoided; 12,094 additional PNE cases avoided; 958 additional cases of AOM avoided; and 882 additional deaths avoided. For Sweden PCV13, it was estimated to result in 4245 LYG; 3953 QALYs gained; 379 additional IPD cases avoided; 8210 additional PNE cases avoided; 1459 additional cases of AOM avoided; and 378 additional deaths avoided. In all sensitivity analyses, PCV13 was less costly and more effective compared with PCV10. ConclusionsIn this analysis, a national immunization program with PCV13 was found to be good value for money and estimated to prevent additional cases of disease among children and nonvaccinated individuals and save additional costs due to treatment of pneumococcal disease, when compared with PCV10 in Denmark and Sweden.

Cost analysis of establishing dialysis facilities for the treatment of chronic renal failure in Greenland

Objectives. At present there are no facilities offering treatment for chronic renal failure with dialysis in Greenland. Patients in need of treatment must go to Denmark. It has been proposed that treatment facilities should be established at Dronning Ingrids Hospital in Nuuk, Greenland. The objective of this study is to explore the costs of such an alternative compared with the situation today.Methods. The costs of establishing dialysis facilities in Nuuk, Greenland, and providing dialysis for Greenlandic patients were compared with the costs of the current way of managing dialysis for Greenlandic patients in need of treatment. Data for the study were collected from publicly available statistics, from Dronning Ingrids Hospital in Nuuk and from Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen.Results. The actual number of patients in dialysis was found to be lower than expected. Based on Danish prevalence statistics, it was expected that about 27 persons in Greenland would be in dialysis each year. Over a time horizon of 10 years, the additional costs of establishing and offering dialysis treatment in Nuuk were expected to amount to an average of 1.4 million Danish kroner (€190,000) per year compared with the current treatment costs. Results were sensitive to the demand for dialysis treatment among people in need of treatment. If all patients in need of dialysis were treated, the additional costs of establishing dialysis facilities and providing treatment in Nuuk were estimated to about 7 million Danish Kroner (€930,000) per year compared with the status quo.Conclusions. Changes in the demand for dialysis treatment may influence the cost of establishing treatment facilities in Nuuk.

Cost-Effectiveness of Accelerated Perioperative Care and Rehabilitation After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

Accelerated perioperative rehabilitation protocols following total hip and knee arthroplasties are currently being implemented worldwide, but the cost-effectiveness of these protocols from a societal perspective is not known. We compared the cost-effectiveness of an accelerated perioperative care and rehabilitation protocol with that of a more standard protocol for patients treated with total hip and knee arthroplasty. A cost-effectiveness study was undertaken as a study piggybacked on a randomized clinical trial comparing early outcomes of an accelerated and intensive postoperative rehabilitation regimen with those of a more standard rehabilitation protocol. We assessed eighty-seven patients (forty-two who received the standard protocol and forty-five who received the accelerated protocol) for a total of twelve months. Costs from the time of the patient's visit immediately before the operation to one year postoperatively were calculated with use of activity-based costing analysis. Postoperative quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were calculated from validated patient diaries and questionnaires at fifteen time points. The primary objective was to determine whether one intervention was dominant over the other during a twelve-month period or, if neither was dominant, to determine the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. The result of the randomized clinical trial showed the accelerated intervention to be effective, with a reduction in the length of the hospital stay and a gain in health-related quality of life at the three-month follow-up time point. The cost-effectiveness study showed the accelerated protocol to be significantly less expensive than the standard protocol (p=0.036), with an average reduction in cost of 18,880 Danish kroner (95% confidence interval, 1899 to 38,152) (approximately US $4000). Patients treated with the accelerated protocol following hip arthroplasty had an additional average gain of 0.08 QALY (95% confidence interval, 0.02 to 0.15) compared with the patients who received the standard protocol (p=0.006); this led to a 98% dominance of the accelerated protocol over the standard protocol. No significant or clinically relevant difference in the numbers of QALYs associated with the two protocols was observed for the patients treated with knee arthroplasty. An accelerated perioperative care and rehabilitation protocol can be both cost-saving and clinically more effective after total hip arthroplasty, whereas it can be cost-saving with no observed significant difference in effect, from a societal perspective, after knee arthroplasty.

Economic evaluation of empirical antisecretory therapy versusHelicobacter pylorifor management of dyspepsia: A randomized trial in primary care

An economic evaluation was performed of empirical antisecretory therapy versus test for Helicobacter pylori in the management of dyspepsia patients presenting in primary care. A randomized trial in 106 general practices in the County of Funen, Denmark, was designed to include prospective collection of clinical outcome measures and resource utilization data. Dyspepsia patients (n = 722) presenting in general practice with more than 2 weeks of epigastric pain or discomfort were managed according to one of three initial management strategies: (i) empirical antisecretory therapy, (ii) testing for Helicobacter pylori, or (iii) empirical antisecretory therapy, followed by Helicobacter pylori testing if symptoms improved. Cost-effectiveness and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of the strategies were determined. The mean proportion of days without dyspeptic symptoms during the 1-year follow-up was 0.59 in the group treated with empirical antisecretory therapy, 0.57 in the H. pylori test-and-eradicate group, and 0.53 in the combination group. After 1 year, 23 percent, 26 percent, and 22 percent, respectively, were symptom-free. Applying the proportion of days without dyspeptic symptoms, the cost-effectiveness for empirical treatment, H. pylori test and the combination were 12,131 Danish kroner (DKK), 9,576 DKK, and 7,301 DKK, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness going from the combination strategy to empirical antisecretory treatment or H. pylori test alone was 54,783 DKK and 39,700 DKK per additional proportion of days without dyspeptic symptoms. Empirical antisecretory therapy confers a small insignificant benefit but costs more than strategies based on test for H. pylori and is probably not a cost-effective strategy for the management of dyspepsia in primary care.

Economy of Faith

Economy of Faith Andrew Saldino (bio) Review of: Mark C. Taylor. Confidence Games: Money and Markets in a World Without Redemption. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004. In Confidence Games: Money and Markets in a World Without Redemption, Mark C. Taylor turns his attention to the topic of money and markets in order to shed light on what are undoubtedly among the most important and complex structures of the world in which we live. For, whatever else one understands, one is missing a crucial piece of the puzzle if one does not understand how money operates in the global economy. Taylor’s book represents an extraordinary attempt to do just that and, in the process, reminds its readers that no one book, no matter how smart, can put all the pieces of this puzzle together. For in its attempt to explain the profound theoretical complexities of financial marketplace, this book glosses over real issues of power that are fundamental to understanding the causes and effects of the ways that money get circulated in our world. In his preface, Taylor suggests that this book has its origin in two events: the suspension of the gold standard by Nixon in 1971 and the stock market crash of 1987. The first event occurred without Taylor’s knowledge while he was abroad in Denmark and left him bewildered when he converted his small stipend into Danish kroner and received $200 less than he had the previous semester. “Where did the money go,” he wondered, trying to process this first experience of money’s “virtuality.” Regarding the second event, Taylor recounts a conversation with his son, Aaron, in October 1987: “You know,” I said, “the past few days have been pretty amazing.” Aaron, who was fourteen at the time, asked, “Why, what’s going on?” “The stock market has crashed and billions and billions of dollars have vanished.” “Really? Where’s the money go?” Once again, I had no answer. But by this time, I had come to suspect that the issue was not merely a matter of economics. (xv) And a matter of mere economics it is not. Taylor spends the next 300 pages unpacking an entire history and philosophy of culture that is astounding in both its scope and depth. In taking account of this project, Taylor suggests that it “represents the culmination of an argument I have been developing for more than three decades” (xvi). And for those familiar with the richness of Taylor’s work during that period, that alone is reason enough to give this book some attention. While many elements of Taylor’s previous work are in evidence here, Confidence Games does mark a culmination in his attempt to develop a philosophy of culture consistent with the complexity of our world. In summarizing the goals of this book in a subsequent interview, Taylor says: I have three major objectives in this book. First, to explain how art displaces religion and then markets and finance displace art as the expression of spiritual striving during the past two centuries; second, to examine the interrelationship between postmodern philosophy and art on the one hand and finance capitalism on the other hand; third, to develop a model of global financial markets as complex adaptive systems. In the course of this analysis, the intricate interrelation of neo-liberal economics, neo-conservative politics and neo-fundamentalist religion becomes clear. (Taylor, Interview) In seeking to explain the development of the global financial marketplace and its relationship to culture, Taylor has set an enormous task for himself. How well does he succeed in accomplishing these goals? Well, sometimes Taylor’s broad historical arguments are persuasive, and other times they seem strained. Consider, for instance, Talyor’s argument that the last two centuries have witnessed a broad transition from religion to art to the market as the preeminent locus of spiritual meaning in our culture. Certainly many other genealogies could be constructed to account for the rise to prominence of global capital, and I suspect that this history records the development of Taylor’s own thinking over the last thirty years, as it has moved from philosophy of religion to art and now into broader cultural issues, as...

Grundfos on the prowl in wastewater market

The first six months of 2003 have proved to be good ones for the Grundfos Group. It achieved a pre-tax profit of 374 million Danish kroner — an increase of 162 million Danish kroner compared with the same period last year. According to group president Jens Jørgen Madsen this is the result of a healthy combination of growth in sales, tight cost-control and improved efficiency. It is also made against a background of reports of economic stagnation or little growth in most areas from the pump sector generally. At a presentation to journalists from the pump and water industries at the end of August, Grundfos made a number of statements on its plans for its Wastewater segment. Among its objectives for the immediate future were: Visit www.worldpumps.com for the latest pump industry news

The National Art and Design Library in Denmark

In 1997, the Danish Folketing made a grant of 200 million Danish kroner, the DEF grant, to upgrade IT facilities in research libraries throughout the country and help create Denmark’s Electronic Research Library. Most of the money was assigned to the major research libraries, but funds were also made available to some medium-sized libraries, among which was the National Art and Design Library in the Danish Museum of Decorative Art in Copenhagen.

Cost-Effectiveness of Fluticasone Propionate Administered Via Metered-Dose Inhaler Plus Babyhaler™ Spacer in the Treatment of Asthma in Preschool-Aged Children

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of inhaled fluticasone propionate (FP) in children aged 12 to 47 months with asthma symptoms. A retrospective economic analysis conducted from the perspective of the Danish health-care system, based on clinical data from a 12-week study. Thirty-three outpatient centers in nine countries. Two hundred thirty-seven children aged 12 to 47 months with documented history of recurrent wheeze or asthma symptoms. Two dosages of FP, 100 microg/d and 200 microg/d, and placebo administered in two divided doses via a metered-dose inhaler and a Babyhaler (Glaxo Wellcome; Middlesex, UK) spacer device. Effectiveness in terms of asthma exacerbations, control of cough and wheeze symptoms, symptom-free days, overall direct costs of asthma management in Danish kroner at 1999 prices, and mean and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. FP, 200 microg/d, was significantly more effective than placebo treatment in terms of the proportion of exacerbation-free patients (73.7% vs 59.8%; p = 0.025) and patients experiencing a > or = 25% improvement in cough symptoms (57.9% vs 39.0%; p = 0.018). The costs per exacerbation-free patient, per patient with a > or = 25% improvement in cough and wheeze symptoms from baseline, and per symptom-free day were lower in the FP groups than in the placebo group. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for these end points indicated that the additional benefits of FP, 200 microg/d, were achieved at a lower overall cost compared with placebo treatment. From the perspective of the Danish health-care system, FP, 100 microg bid, administered via the Babyhaler inhalation device was cost-effective relative to standard therapy with bronchodilators alone.

How to edit, how to read

At last Søren Kierkegaard is beginning to get the attentive reading he deserves. Hegel and Marx, Nietzsche and Freud have all had their day, but Kierkegaard has always rolled along as a kind of fifth wheel. It was suspected that he was as great as the others, but no-one could quite say why. That was partly because he existed, for decades, only in the hasty and sometimes impressionistic translations of the Rev. Walter Lowrie, who began to translate him in the late 1930’s and early 1940’s. These translations were indeed ‘works of love’. Lowrie’s translation of The Concept of Dread, for example, was completed ‘in a month of thirty-one days, working twelve hours a day’. In the 1980’s however, the Princeton edition called Kierkegaard’s Writings, edited by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong began to appear, and these are scrupulously academic translations, with a plethora of learned notes. The edition is complete now—the last of the 26 volumes appeared in 1998.In all this, the Danes themselves played little part. For them, Spren Kierkegaard was an irritation almost too great to borne while alive, and a bore to talk about ever since. The Danes could never understand why, from the 1950’s on, there was a steady stream of scholars and philosophers, coming to Copenhagen, nosing around the second-hand bookshops in the hope of finding first editions of Spren Kierkegaard. Only in the 1990’s did the penny finally drop. A huge grant was made in 1993 by the Danish National Research Foundation, to the tune of 27,500,000 Danish kroner, and a Søren Kierkegaard Research Centre was set up at the University of Copenhagen, under the direction of a handful of Danish scholars, with the aim of setting up and publishing a critical edition of his complete works. Thus, only 138 years late, the Danes took official cognisance of their greatest literary son. The edition, in 55 volumes, with an electronic version to follow, is about to roll off the press. The first five volumes of text and commentary were available as of 10 October 1998.

The Danish Lithosphere Centre: a new earth science centre in Denmark

The Danish Lithosphere Centre (DLC) is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF) and was formed on 1 February, 1994 following a two year long planning and application phase. A total sum of 70 million Danish kroner has been granted to DLC over five years in order to carry out the research plan included in the original proposal. Extensive field programmes were initiated in 1994, and by end 1994 the centre was almost fully staffed. The general aim and format of the overall research plan of the centre are summarised below. The preliminary results of the 1994 work programmes are given by Marker et al. (this report) and Larsen et al. (this report).

Gastroenteritis: a waterborne outbreak affecting 1600 people in a small Danish town.

To examine (i) the extent of illness caused by contamination of a waterworks with waste water due to overflow, and its correlation with precipitation; (ii) the potential secondary spread; (iii) economic losses due to sick leave. A historical follow up study with structured postal questionnaires. A small community on the outskirts of greater Copenhagen at the end of 1991 and the beginning of 1992. The main study group comprised all 703 households supplied by the waterworks (response rate: 89% of households). There was a control group of 200 randomly chosen households in neighbouring communities with a different water supply source (response rate: 64% of households). A day care group of all 149 children (response rate: 78%) and 30 teachers (response rate: 83%) who lived in central Copenhagen, but spent the day in four day care centres supplied by the waterworks, and members of their household was also studied. Altogether 1455 people (88% of respondents in the main study group) reported having had symptoms of gastroenteritis, particularly diarrhoea (83%) and vomiting (55%). In the control group, 10% had had symptoms of gastroenteritis. The onset of episodes with diarrhoea correlated well with precipitation (Spearman's correlation coefficient: 0.75; p = 0.0002). The secondary attack rate in household contacts was 12%. No pathogens were found. Affected people stayed home from work for a total of 1658 days. The cost of loss of production because of sick leave amounted to 1,600,000 Danish kroner (180,000 pounds). The outbreak caused extensive illness correlated with precipitation, showed secondary spread, and was associated with major economic losses. Increased awareness among local physicians and waterworks personnel of the possibility of contamination of the water could have led to earlier intervention and reduced the extent of illness. Outbreaks are often caused by several factors, many of a technical nature, which in this case acted together. It is recommended that attention be paid to each factor.

Interest Rates in the Nordic Countries: Evidence Based on Devaluation Expectations

Over the period 1979-92, investments in Danish and Norwegian kroner in the Euromarket have had an annual excess return of about 2 and 1.1 per cent, compared to investments in the Euromarket in foreign currencies. Assuming risk neutrality, the subjective probability of a devaluation within the next month is derived from the excess returns on the Euromarket. These derived probabilities are found to be inconsistent with the actual number of devaluations that have taken place over this period, so that the probability of devaluation has been significantly overrated for Denmark and Norway.

On the structure of KAsSe2

The structure of the title compound w a s described [Sheldrick & H/iusler (1988), Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 561, 139148] as triclinic, space group P1. It should be described as monoclinic, space group Cc. The structure of KAsSe2 has been reported (Sheldrick & H/iusler, 1988) as triclinic, space group P1 [a = 6.558 (1), b = 12.628 (2), c = 6.554 (2) A, a = 100.43 (2), 13 = 107.53 (2), y = 100.48 (2) °, Z = 4 ] and refined to RF = 0075 (wR = 0081) on the basis of 1951 reflections with Fo 2 > 2.0o-(Fo2). It should be described in space group Cc. The lattice vectors [101], [10T] and [010] define a C-centred monoclinic cell with a' = 7.750, b' = 10.576, c' = 12.628 A,, a = 9003,/3 = 107.88, y = 89.96 °, Z = 8.* The corresponding coordinate t ransformat ions are: x ' = ~(x+ z), y ' = ~(x z) + 0.2806, z' = y. If the x coordinate of a tom K(3) is decremented by 1.0 and the above t ransformat ions are then applied, pairs of a toms are closely related as x, y, z and x, y, ~+ z. When * The lattice vectors []01], [121] and [101] describe an F-centred orthorhombic cell (a ' = 10-576, b ' = 24-036, c ' = 7-750A,, a = 8999, /3= 8996, y = 8998 °, Z = 16). However, no symmetry appropriate to an orthorhombic space group is present. 0108-2701/89/122029-01 $03.00 Table 1. Coordinates ( × 104), space group Cc Numbers in square brackets are the shifts necessary to achieve the Cc symmetry. x' y' z' K(1,3) 02183 [9] 02736 [2] 02591 [8] K(2,4) 0.1527 [5] 0.0188 [3] 0.4976 [2] As(l,3) 0.7222 [5] 0.1528 [1] 0-1768 [2] As(2,4) 0.6668 [3] 0.0695 [2] 0.4425 [1] Se(! 1,31) 0-9578 [6] 0.0094 [0] 0.2076 [4] Se(12,32) 0.5390 [5] 0.1286 [5] -0.0184 [2] Se(21,41) 0.5002 [2] 0.2196 [2] 0.4999 [1] Se(22,42) 0-4997 [4] 0-0428 [1] 0.2448 [0] these t ransformed coordinates are symmetrized and aver- aged, the values in Table 1 result. Since the original structure factors could not be retrieved (Sheldrick, 1989), we were unable either to carry out refinement in space group Cc or to confirm the systematic absences due to the c-glide plane (hkh with k odd in the triclinic description). References SHELDR1CK, W. S. (1989). Personal communication. SHELDRICK, W. S. & H~,USLER, H.-J. (1988). Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 561, 139-148. © 1989 Internat ional Union of Crys ta l lography International Union of Crystallography Acta Cryst. (1989). C45, 2029-2030 Prices of Acta Crystallographica and Journal of Applied Crystallography The Executive Commit tee of the Internat ional Union of Crys ta l lography has determined the following subscription rates and prices of back numbers for Acta Crystallo- graphica and Journal of Applied Crystallography as from 1 January 1990. Acta Crystallographica The following rates will apply for Volumes A46, B46 and C46 (1990). All subscription rates are fixed in Danish kroner. The US dollar equivalents are no longer given because of rapid f luctuations in exchange rates. Complete volumes, regular price per volume Sections A, B & C (combined subscription) Dkr 5800

The cost of rear-end collisions in Denmark and the potential savings from a high, center-mounted auxiliary brake light

The objective of this study was to determine the cost of rear-end collisions in Denmark, and to define the potential financial benefits of a high, center-mounted auxiliary brake light for automobiles. The study was limited to passenger cars struck from behind. The annual cost of two different preventive programs involving auxiliary brake lights was compared to the annual cost of the accidents expected to be prevented in each program. The finding was that rear-end collisions cost on average over 13,700 1980 Danish kroner (approx. US$2300), 70% of which was property damage. There are so many rear-end collisions that even if the new brake-light configuration were only one-third as effective in Denmark as it has been in U.S. field trials the mounting of required auxiliary lights would be a sound investment. Substantial savings would be anticipated whether the auxiliary brake lights were required on all passenger cars as of a particular date, or only on newly registered passenger cars, although the former preventive program is preferable by usual cost benefit criteria.

Book Review

Respiratory Physiotherapy and Pulmonary Care, by Ulla Ingwersen (Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1976), John Wiley and Sons, New York/London/Sydney/Toronto. Price: Danish kroner 60,00.