Dangerous Behavior Research Articles

Hubungan Beban Kerja Fisik dan Sikap Kerja dengan Unsafe Action pada Pekerja Bagian Tab PT. Solo Murni Boyolali

The rapid development of the industry, besides its positive impact, also gives rise to various problems such as the increased risk of occupational accidents in the workplace. The cause of a work accident is an unsafe act in the form of human error. Up to 88% of workplace accidents are caused by unsafe actions. Personal factors are factors that influence the formation of dangerous actions. The physical workload is related to the physical capacity of the worker, the higher the workload that the worker receives, the more fatigue will be created, thereby reducing concentration at work, easy dangerous behavior occurs. Work attitude is the single most important factor in determining workplace safety. In this study, the sampling technique used is intentional sampling with a total of 70 respondents. Physical workload was measured by pulseoximeter, work attitude and unsafe actions were measured by questionnaire. Two-variable analysis used Somers test while multivariate analysis used ordinal logistic regression analysis. Statistical test results show that the physical workload variable has a p = 0.000 (<0.05) value and the work attitude variable has a p = 0.002 (< 0.05) value. Based on the ordinal logistic regression test, the physical workload variable is known to have a greater influence on hazardous actions with a Wald value of 20,383.

Conditions for the provision of psychiatric care under compulsion: civil law aspect

The article is devoted to the issues of compulsory psychiatric care and ensuring the legitimate rights and interests of a person suffering from mental disorders and subjected to compulsory medical measures. It is noted that the level of a person’s mental health is determined by the influence of many factors – social, biological and psychological. The analysis of current legislation and specialised literature are allowed the author to argue that the issue of mental health of people, the population as a whole, is relevant today also because humanity is faced with various stress factors which can negatively affect human health, and in particular, mental health, worsen the moral and psychological climate in the family due to illness or death of loved ones, devastating natural disasters with a huge number of victims, military conflicts, military operations, including in Ukraine, which entail huge human losses and cause suffering for many.
 The author is substantiated the conclusion that compulsory psychiatric care is possible and necessary on the following grounds: the presence (assumption) of an acute mental illness or exacerbation of a chronic mental illness requiring inpatient treatment; danger of a mentally ill person to others or to himself/herself (psychomotor agitation with a tendency to aggressive actions, systematic delusional syndromes if they determine the patient’s socially dangerous behaviour, depressive states with suicidal tendencies, epileptic status, manic and hypomanic states that cause violations of public order or aggressive behaviour towards others, etc. etc.); inpatient examination (labour, military, forensic psychiatric).

Artificial Intelligence — a New Form of Using Special Knowledge in Investigating and Solving Cybercrimes

The number of cybercrimes has grown considerably in recent years and now poses a serious threat for the national security of states, information systems and personal data of citizens. The reasons for this considerable increase in cybercrime are the change of global policy, the special military operation, and the restrictions connected with the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors examine the importance of using special knowledge and artificial intelligence (AI) in the investigation of cybercrimes. They research the concept of a cybercrime, and analyze the ideas of scholars on strengthening the counteraction to such criminal activities, which have been spreading rapidly in recent years. The authors conclude that cybercrimes are understood as socially dangerous unlawful behavior, carried out with the use of information technologies and inflicting considerable damage on the economic and reputational interests of people, organizations and the state. They present a classification of the most common types of cybercrimes and key methods of carrying them out. They also analyze the research discussion on the contents of special knowledge, which allows the authors to conclude that in modern legal conditions AI, being a new form of special knowledge, requires a new understanding in view of the use of this knowledge in criminal proceedings. Taking into consideration that this format includes machine self-learning, neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, etc., the authors attempt to outline how they can be used for solving complex criminalistic tasks that require a preliminary analysis of large volumes of forensically relevant information, identification of images and regularities, and argumentation of making organizational-procedural decisions. The authors examine the cyberspheres where special technical knowledge is used, such as cybersecurity, computer architecture, reverse engineering, digital forensics, system administration. AI has a tremendous potential for the modern criminal process, its use will make it possible to enhance the effectiveness of investigatory work as it will considerably improve the speed and effectiveness of procedural actions and pre-court proceedings for criminal cases in general. It is, however, necessary to take into account the existing risks and limitations connected with its use in court-investigative practice. The authors conclude that in order to ensure the adequate use of opportunities offered by AI in the criminal process, it is necessary to develop ethical and legal principles of its inclusion in the sphere of special knowledge used in criminal court proceedings for acquiring forensic evidence on criminal cases.

On the principles of criminalization of interference with the judiciary

Purpose. The purpose of the study is to determine whether the national legislator complies with the basic principles of criminalization of socially dangerous behavior when criminalizing interference with the activities of judicial bodies. Methods. The methodology includes the analysis and generalization of scientific positions on the theory of criminalization, which is justifiably considered to be among the most controversial in criminal law doctrine. The following methods of scientific cognition were used: logical and semantic (for understanding the conceptual apparatus), formal and legal (application of the rules of formal logic in analyzing the construction of the crime under Article 376 of the Criminal Code), and the method of analysis. Results. In the course of the study, the author confirms that the principles of criminalization of interference with the judiciary are not observed: 1) procedural possibility of prosecution. The critically small array of recorded criminal offenses indicates the complexity of proof in this category of cases, which is largely due to the imperfection of the legislative construction of Article 376 of the Criminal Code; 2) certainty and unity of terminology - due to the systemic contradiction in the formulation of prohibited behavior and the use of the evaluative category «unjust decision». The scientific novelty is to confirm the shortcomings of the legislative construction of Article 376 of the Criminal Code, which are the result of violation of certain principles of criminalization of behavior. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in the course of further regulatory and legal improvement of Article 376 of the Criminal Code, as well as in the development of scientific provisions on criminalization of crimes against justice.

Virtual reality-assisted assessment of paranoid ideation in forensic psychiatric inpatients: A mixed-methods pilot study.

Reliable and valid assessment of paranoia is important in forensic psychiatry for providing adequate care. VR technology may add to current assessment procedures, as it enables observation within realistic (social) situations resembling the complexity of everyday life. VR constitutes a promising tool within forensics, due to the restricted nature of forensic psychiatric hospitals and ethical challenges arising from observing potentially dangerous behaviors in real life. To investigate the feasibility of VR assessment for paranoid ideation in forensic psychiatric inpatients qualitatively by assessing the experiences of patients and a clinician, and to explore how the VR measures relate to established clinical measures. One clinician (experienced psychiatrist) and 10 forensic psychiatric inpatients with a history or suspicion of paranoid ideation were included. Patients participated in two immersive VR scenarios (bus and supermarket) during which paranoia was assessed by the clinician. Qualitative interviews were performed with patients and the clinician performing the assessment to investigate experiences and feasibility. Further, measures of paranoia, social anxiety, and positive symptoms were obtained. Nine out of 10 participants with varying levels of paranoid ideation completed the assessment. Manifest inductive content analyses of the interviews revealed general experiences, advantages such as enabling observing participants from a different perspective, and challenges of the VR assessment, such as a lack of objectivity and the laboriousness of the assessment for the clinician. Although more paranoia was experienced during the supermarket scenario, correlates with classical measures were only significant for the bus scenario. The VR assessment was appreciated by most patients and the clinician. Based on our results short, standardized VR assessment scenarios are feasible, however, they do not appear reliable or objective for assessing paranoia. The clinical usefulness is most likely as a collaborative tool and add-on measure to existing methods.

Quantitative Analysis of Dangerous Driving Behavior through Drone Footage using Mathematical Modeling

This research paper presents a method for analyzing driving using aerial drone images of traffic scenes. By applying principles of motion and calculus we introduce an approach that provides insights into driving dynamics without relying on complex vehicle markings or annotations. This method offers a perspective on road behaviors, allowing for an understanding of potential risks and ultimately enhancing road safety. In our experiment we examined a series of drone images capturing traffic scenarios. We provided a procedure and demonstration of applications of physics and calculus to reconstruct traffic scenes. We constructed a trajectory mechanism that uses all of said concepts to form a concrete plan to reconstruct scenes, using real drone footage with bird’s eye view. The combination of concepts with aerial image analysis showcases the potential for objective and data driven assessments of reckless driving behaviors. Overall this paper serves as a starting point for advancements, in utilizing models to analyze traffic patterns. It contributes to promoting road practices and improving transportation management through evidence based approaches.

What influences intentions to offend? A systematic review and meta-analysis on the factors associated with the deterrence of drink-driving

Drink driving is a dangerous behaviour that has severe implications for road safety. Despite decades of deterrence initiatives, drink driving remains relatively prevalent, suggesting there may be limitations within current theories used to explain the process of deterrence. In response, this study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on what factors are associated with drink driving intentions (DDI). Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a literature search was performed on six databases. Studies which met the inclusion criteria were correlational by design, contained a variable relating to DDI, and used generalised samples. After an initial screening process, 19 publications met the criteria for the review and 12 for the analyses. The findings showed that the theory of planned behaviour (i.e., attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioural control) sufficiently explained DDI, however, deterrence theory (i.e., risk perceptions), which was notably under-researched, revealed more ambiguous relations to DDI. Experiences with offending and avoidance were also shown to be judicious predictors of DDI, although personal punishment appeared to have a negligible impact, potentially due to the attitude of the offender toward sanctions or the low likelihood of occurrence. The review also highlighted several limitations in the current literature. Firstly, further investigation surrounding the dynamics that underlie risk perceptions of drink-driving is required to reduce the current theoretical ambiguity. Secondly, standardised approaches are needed so that research in this area is more valid and comparable. Finally, researchers may consider operating under an integrated and more comprehensive framework, as there is considerable theoretical overlap between current prominent models of offending, and such approaches will better contextualise individual variables.

On the Problems of Counteracting Insurance Fraud

Insurance fraud is a wide-spread crime in Russia. This type of publicly dangerous behavior is characterized by a variety of methods, forces and means. The specialists of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation conducted research aimed at identifying gaps in the normative legal regulation and other factors contributing to unlawful practices in the insurance market, and at developing countermeasures. The research made it possible to determine the most common ways of performing insurance fraud, to highlight modern trends of using cutting-edge technologies, a trend for the organized forms of committing criminal actions, and to identify key factors responsible for the insufficiently effective policy of counteracting insurance fraud. The latter include: problems of law enforcement, including those connected with the limited opportunities for the insurance companies to obtain necessary information; discrepancy between the time limit set for the government bodies to provide information at the request of an insurance company and the established time limit of making a decision regarding an insured event; factual lack of interest from the law enforcement bodies in either accepting documents for further examination and making a decision on the initiation of a criminal case, or in collecting the evidentiary basis through their own efforts; lenient legislation against insurance fraudsters, and an opportunity to terminate criminal prosecution at the stages of inquiry, investigation or court proceedings provided by it. The research results allowed the authors to formulate some suggestions on amendments to the legislation of the Russian Federation aimed at suppressing fraudulent actions at the insurance market, as well as other initiatives of organizational, institutional, information character.

Study on Regulating Cyberbullying from the Perspective of Criminal Law

As the advance of the times and the popularization of the internet, a large number of netizens have entered cyberspace. Along with this, the phenomenon of cyber bullying has become rampant and a pressing social issue, but the criminal legislation of our country seems to lack sufficient measures to regulate such dangerous behavior. Currently, scholars have two main viewpoints regarding regulating cyber bullying. One revolves around existing legal frameworks or regulations and aims to address cyber bullying through an interpretive approach. Another argues that the existing criminal charges have numerous flaws and fail to adequately meet the regulatory demands, thus advocating for the creation of specific charges. Therefore, it is crucial to study the current situation and deficiencies in Chinas criminal regulation of cyber bullying and explore practical solutions to address these shortcomings.

Better understanding female and male driving offenders’ behavior: Psychological resources and vulnerabilities matter!

Although driving risk taking appears to be mainly male, an increase in driving violations has been observed in recent years among French female drivers. The main objective of the present study was to explore the driving behaviors, psychological resources, and vulnerabilities of female and male driving offenders participating in a French driver rehabilitation program. The second aim was to examine to what extent females’ and males’ resources and vulnerabilities predicted their violations, engagement in distracting activities while driving, and prosocial driving behaviors. In the course of 110 rehabilitation programs, 1686 driving offenders (22.4% females) completed a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. Compared to male offenders, females were more likely to have received a higher education, be divorced, or separated, and drive fewer annual kilometers. They also had had fewer demerit points than males in the last three years. They were more empathetic but also more impulsive than their male counterparts and less self-compassionate and mindful. Regression and moderation analyses revealed that, across genders, certain psychological resources such as mindfulness can be considered as protective factors for driving offenders as they tend to decrease dangerous behaviors and increase prosocial ones, while vulnerabilities such as aggressive driving anger expression seem to have the opposite effect. Our results provide a better understanding of driving offenders’ behavior and the influence of personal dispositions. They also open new interesting research avenues in the prevention of dangerous behaviors among this high-risk population.

Эмпирический анализ профессионального психологического отбора кандидатов на службу (обучение) образовательных организаций МВД России

Conducting a qualitative selection of candidates for service (training) in the internal affairs bodies is one of the effective factors in reducing staff turnover. The article presents an empirical analysis of the psychological selection of candidates for service (training) Kikot Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V.Ya. Kikot: dynamics of the number of candidates entering the service (training); distribution of candidates by gender; "regional footprint" of candidates sent from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in Moscow; correlation of categories of professional psychological fitness; features of interaction of the Commission for Professional Psychological Selection with the Centers of Psychodiagnostics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia; generalization of risk factors of deviant (socially dangerous) behavior; proposals for improving the professional psychological selection of candidates for service (training) in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation. The author comes to the conclusion that the resources for improving professional psychological selection are: the inclusion of psychiatrists of the Centers of Psychodiagnostics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the composition of professional psychological selection Commissions; increasing the candidate selection index (the number of candidates for one vacancy) by component units and the entry barrier (passing USE points); improving the criteria for determining risk factors of deviant (socially dangerous) behavior; improvement of organizational and staff structure of psychological work units in order to save personnel and professional personnel core - creation of departments for professional psychological selection.

Structured professional psychological judgment for assessing the risk of public danger in persons with mental disorders

The results of the approbation of the Protocol of structured professional judgment developed for the assessment of psychological factors influencing the formation of socially dangerous behavior in persons with severe mental disorders are presented. In order to determine psychometric properties and prognostic reliability, 160 patients of both sexes with persistent illegal and law-abiding behavior, average age 40 ±13 years, were examined using the Protocol. The respondents were assessed for affective rigidity, extrapunitive orientation of frustration reaction, cognitive rigidity, low self-esteem, internal locus of control, lack of empathy, egocentrism, ability to reflect on life experience. Each feature was assigned a score, the scores were summed up, the amount was compared with the threshold value. Prognostic reliability was assessed using ROC analysis (Receiver Operating Characteristics). Sensitivity and specificity were 98.1% and 88.1%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve is 0.97±0.01 with 95% CI: 0.951-0.989. The resulting model was statistically significant (p<0.001). This Protocol is not an independent tool, but serves as an addition to the methodology of Structured Risk Assessment of Dangerous Behavior (SOROP) and clinical assessment. Its integration into the risk determination procedure will ensure the implementation of a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach in making judgments about the potential public danger of the patient, will increase its objectivity and evidence.

Misuse or abuse of automation? Exploring drivers’ intentions to nap during automated driving

In a driving simulator study on behavioural adaptation to a level 3 automated driving system (ADS), half of the participants slept during the study. Sleep was found to impair driver’s take-over performance and lead to critical situations in previous studies. That is why in a follow-up interview study, we tried to understand if and why users would show this potentially dangerous behaviour when using a level 3 ADS in reality. The majority of participants who stated their willingness to sleep during automated driving in reality had a correct mental model of the level 3 ADS and understood that sleep was not allowed. Participants with willingness to sleep had higher trust levels and showed more trust-related behaviours. They slept more frequently during the study and experienced more take-over situations after sleep which they solved with less errors than participants without the willingness to sleep. Semi-structured interviews on the willingness to sleep with a subsample revealed that most of the participants with the willingness to sleep would sleep only under certain circumstances and when they had gained some experience with the ADS. The findings suggest that after some experience with the ADS, drivers are at risk of becoming complacent and they might sleep. Vehicle designers must consider automation complacency in the design of automation designing for appropriate trust levels or by using driver monitoring systems to detect sleep onset.

Wearable and self-powered triboelectric sensors based on NaCl/PVA hydrogel for driver multidimensional information monitoring

Dangerous behaviors during driving such as fatigue or making phone calls may seem common in daily life. However, these behaviors are the actual "culprit" of many traffic accidents and pose a serious threat to traffic safety. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively detect dangerous driving behaviors by scientific and technological means. The present detection methods still face many bottlenecks, including individual differences, complex lighting changes, battery power supply, poor wearability, et al. Here, we designed a green and stretchable triboelectric sensor (TES) to monitor dangerous driving behaviors. The performance of the sensor was improved by about 9.99 and 3.58 times through doping sodium chloride solution in PVA hydrogel and introducing a curved contact surface between the electrode and friction layer, respectively. The proposed sensor has a high sensitivity of 1.95 V/kPa in the linear range of 0–11.28 kPa. By employing different machine learning models, we developed an intelligent neck ring based on the proposed sensor array to recognize different neck movements, which has achieved the highest accuracy of 96.10%. Finally, the intelligent neck ring was used to construct a sensing system for driver status monitoring. By collecting detailed driver information, the system can detect dangerous driving behaviors, monitor drivers’ health conditions, and provide appropriate reminders to improve driving safety and prevent the spread of viruses.

The effectiveness of age based empowerment program on knowledge and attitude regarding risk taking behaviour and its prevention among adolescents studying in selected PU colleges of Vijayapur

Background: Adolescence involves personal growth. Several risk-taking behaviour occur at this vital time. A practise that is dangerous for an early teen may not be harmful for a late adolescent. This time period has various developmental features. Risky activity may be socially acceptable depending on its type, frequency, and level. Furthermore, empirical data reveals that young individuals are more prone to participate in dangerous behaviour with catastrophic and long-term repercussions. Methods: A pre-experimental study was conducted among 120 adolescents at selected PU College of Vijaypura District, Karnataka. Study participants were selected by convenient sampling technique, and data were collected using pre-tested, structured questionnaires. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: None of 120 individuals understood risk-taking and its prevention in the pre-test, whereas 87.5% (Sufficient knowledge) and 12.5% (Adequate knowledge) did post-test. After the post-test, attitudes were 53.3% negative and 46.7% positive, with a p<0.05% (t=62.21) and a significant threshold of 0.05. Knowledge was increased to 80.21% from difference mean pertest 3.74 to 18.7 mean post-test. The mean pretest and post-test attitude scores were 28.5 and 28.4, respectively. Difference was negligible and non-significant. Age-based empowerment programming efficacy on teenage risk-taking behaviour is 0.05. Some demographics did not affect pretest knowledge, but gender did. Conclusions: Risk-taking is a global issue that worries individuals and communities. Adolescents are often unaware of their risky activity. Many took risks owing to poverty, lack of parental supervision, peer pressure, and enjoyment. However, competent counselling can address dangerous behaviour.

How do medical students visit psychologists in Hungary?

Abstract Background Mental health problems are more common among medical students than other student groups, and although medical students as future physicians will be responsible to give advice people for seeking healthcare, they frequently avoid seeking advice for their own mental health problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing medical students’ decisions to seek psychologist comparing international (IN) and Hungarian (HU) students. Methods A self-administered questionnaire based cross-sectional study included 688 medical students (IN: 326; HU: 362) at the University of Szeged in 2021. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the correlations between the variables influencing students’ visits to psychologists. Results In the sample, 50.9% of students (IN: 49.7%; HU: 51.9%) had poor mental health, 17.2% of them (IN: 14.1%; HU: 19.9%) visited psychologists. Both IN and HU students were more likely to visit a psychologist when they reported poor mental health (IN: OR = 3.08, 95% CI 1.47-6.45; HU: OR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.31-4.60). IN female students had significantly higher odds of visiting a psychologist than male students (OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.11-4.41), and HU students were more likely to visit a psychologist when they were in the clinical years compared to the preclinical years (OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.00-3.01). Conclusions Although healthcare-seeking behaviour is influenced by many factors, this study showed that the main reasons were the students’ mental health problems. Another point is that visiting psychologist was more typical during clinical years among Hungarian students what should encourage medical schools to improve students’ oriented mental health services. Key messages • Minimizing dangerous behaviour and providing medical students with proper mental health care. • Students have to get help during their final years to formal their career aims and reduce their stress level.

Knowledge of Adult Sexual Orientation Influences Perceptions of Adult-Child Interactions

ABSTRACT Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a highly prevalent concern that carries lifelong consequences for the survivor. Many instances of CSA may be prevented when people correctly recognize precursory behaviors to abuse; however, research has shown that people’s biases color their perceptions of behavior. Past research demonstrated sexual and gender minority adults are more likely to erroneously be seen as predators and face harsher consequences compared to straight adults. The current study examined how knowledge of adults’ sexual orientation influenced perceptions regarding the nature of adult-child interactions. Participants in the current study read a series of vignettes describing interactions between adults and children where the adult sexual orientation (straight male, gay male) and the gender of the child (male, female) were manipulated. Participants then indicated whether they believed the behavior to be predatory or innocuous. Participants were less likely to recognize dangerous behaviors when the adult was described as a straight man interacting with a male child, suggesting that harmful adult-child interactions are more likely to go undetected in these instances.

Operational fuel model map for Atlantic landscapes using ALS and Sentinel-2 images

BackgroundIn the new era of large, high-intensity wildfire events, new fire prevention and extinction strategies are emerging. Software that simulates fire behavior can play a leading role. In order for these simulators to provide reliable results, updated fuel model maps are required. Previous studies have shown that remote sensing is a useful tool for obtaining information about vegetation structures and types. However, remote sensing technologies have not been evaluated for operational purposes in Atlantic environments. In this study, we describe a methodology based on remote sensing data (Sentinel-2 images and aerial point clouds) to obtain updated fuel model maps of an Atlantic area. These maps could be used directly in wildfire simulation software.ResultsAn automated methodology has been developed that allows for the efficient identification and mapping of fuel models in an Atlantic environment. It mainly consists of processing remote sensing data using supervised classifications to obtain a map with the geographical distribution of the species in the study area and maps with the geographical distribution of the structural characteristics of the forest covers. The relationships between the vegetation species and structures in the study area and the Rothermel fuel models were identified. These relationships enabled the generation of the final fuel model map by combining the different previously obtained maps. The resulting map provides essential information about the geographical distribution of fuels; 32.92% of the study area corresponds to models 4 and 7, which are the two models that tend to develop more dangerous behaviors. The accuracy of the final map is evaluated through validation of the maps that are used to obtain it. The user and producer accuracy ranged between 70 and 100%.ConclusionThis paper describes an automated methodology for obtaining updated fuel model maps in Atlantic landscapes using remote sensing data. These maps are crucial in wildfire simulation, which supports the modern wildfire suppression and prevention strategies. Sentinel-2 is a global open access source, and LiDAR is an extensively used technology, meaning that the approach proposed in this study represents a step forward in the efficient transformation of remote sensing data into operational tools for wildfire prevention.

Driving Skills at Licensure and Time to First Crash.

Young drivers are overrepresented in crashes, and newly licensed drivers are at high risk, particularly in the months immediately post-licensure. Using a virtual driving assessment (VDA) implemented in the licensing workflow in Ohio, this study examined how driving skills measured at the time of licensure contribute to crash risk post-licensure in newly licensed young drivers. This study examined 16 914 young drivers (<25 years of age) in Ohio who completed the VDA at the time of licensure and their subsequent police-reported crash records. By using the outcome of time to first crash, a Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the risk of a crash during the follow-up period as a function of VDA Driving Class (and Skill Cluster) membership. The best performing No Issues Driving Class had a crash risk 10% lower than average (95% confidence interval [CI] 13% to 6%), whereas the Major Issues with Dangerous Behavior Class had a crash risk 11% higher than average (95% CI 1% to 22%). These results withstood adjusting for covariates (age, sex, and tract-level socioeconomic status indicators). At the same time, drivers licensed at age 18 had a crash risk 16% higher than average (95% CI 6% to 27%). This population-level study reveals that driving skills measured at the time of licensure are a predictor of crashes early in licensure, paving the way for better prediction models and targeted, personalized interventions. The authors of future studies should explore time- and exposure-varying risks.

Extended theory of planned behavior to explain the influence mechanism of low-speed driving behavior.

Low-speed driving is an underestimated dangerous behavior that may cause safety issues, such as speed dispersion and traffic flow bottlenecks. To investigate the influence mechanism of low-speed driving behavior, this study constructed the low-speed specific model (LSSM) by extending theory of planned behavior (TPB). The LSSM incorporated two factors, namely, risk perception and behavior habit, into the standard TPB components (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and behavior intention). Web-based questionnaires were used to collect data from a valid sample of 374, of which males accounted for 50%. The participants were aged from 18 to 65 years (M = 35.40, SD = 0.88). The structural equation model was applied to calculate and validate the interrelationships among the components of LSSM. Results showed that the LSSM could explain the variance in low-speed driving behavior and behavior intention by 46% and 76%, respectively. Meanwhile, attitude (β = 0.52, p < 0.001) and behavior habit (β = 0.48, p < 0.001) had the strongest positive influence and prediction power over low-speed driving behavior, respectively, whereas subjective norm (β = 0.05, p > 0.01) and perceived behavioral control (β = -0.12, p > 0.01) showed few significant in influencing the intention. LSSM also showed that people who were sensitive to driving risk perception would avoid low-speed driving behaviors and attitudes. Our findings may provide theoretical support for interventions on low-speed driving behavior.