Dangerous Behavior Research Articles

YOLO-PAI: Real-time handheld call behavior detection algorithm and embedded application

In some special locations, phone calls are strictly prohibited due to the possibility of significant security hazards. To prevent and reduce this dangerous behavior, we implemented real-time detection of handheld phones on resource-limited devices and developed a novel target detection network called YOLO-PAI. Initially, a pruning algorithm is mainly used to optimize CSPDarknet53 to reduce the number of model parameters while maintaining detection accuracy. Next, the SE attention mechanism module is introduced, and the SRBlock structure is designed to improve the network's attention to the input data and enhance the network feature extraction capability. Then, a new low-dimensional feature extraction branch is added to help the network extract more diverse and richer feature information. Finally, the InceptionV3 structure replaces the original 3 × 3 convolution to reduce the number of model parameters. the YOLO-PAI network can be executed in real-time on an NVIDIA Jetson TX2 embedded device and tested under various illumination and obstacle occlusion conditions. Experimental results show that YOLO-PAI reduces network structure parameters and computational costs while maintaining accuracy. In the Phonehand_Imgs dataset, the network model is shrunk by 190MB and the accuracy of handheld call detection reaches 94%, which is 1.44% higher than YOLOv4. FPS can reach 45 fps, which is 21 fps higher than the original model. On the other two datasets, YOLO-PAI outperformed other popular networks in terms of detection accuracy and speed. In addition, running on the NVIDIA Jetson TX2 embedded device, its detection speed is more than 15 fps faster than other popular networks.

Effects of Traffic and Road Contextual Language on Survey Design: A Comparison of Two Emotional Intelligence Scales

Research has found that emotional intelligence (EI) can predict dangerous driving behaviors. However, EI measures have not been explicitly designed for driving and there exists a need to develop an EI scale to better measure drivers’ EI relevant to driving situations. The objective of this study was to evaluate how adapting survey language to the driving context effected the predictive power of driver EI on dangerous driving. Two surveys were conducted, where the baseline survey used the original survey language and the second rephrased every question to provide driving specific context. The two EI scales used in both surveys were the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) and Genos EI. Correlation and regression analyses revealed that TEIQue, compared to Genos, has a stronger ability to assess drivers’ EI and predict dangerous behaviors. Changing language to the traffic context significantly improved model fit between driving behaviors and TEIQue, but not Genos.

Improvements for Efficient Operation of the Fire Safety Experience Center

Through the systematic operation of the experience center through the safety management manual, the awareness of the need to prevent safety accidents, acquire basic knowledge about major disasters, social disasters, and various accidents, and learn how to deal with disasters and accidents has spread. Fire safety education is a device that can prevent unsafe conditions and dangerous behaviors in advance and minimize the damage caused by similar sudden accidents even if they occur, and although there are differences in the experience and need for safety education among people, most people feel the need for fire safety education. Therefore, since the 2000s, ministries such as the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, and Ministry of Employment and Labor have been expanding safety experiential education facilities in specific fields through their affiliated organizations, starting with the Seoul Civil Safety Laboratory. As such, we would like to explore ways to prevent safety accidents caused by duplication of experience contents and inability to deploy specialized personnel due to indiscriminate construction and operation of safety experience education facilities by city, province, and management entity, and to explore ways to systematically and effectively operate them.

Moving toward targeted eating disorder care for transgender, non-binary, and gender expansive patients in the United States.

Literature suggests that transgender, non-binary, and/or gender expansive (TNG) people are more likely than cisgender peers to experience eating disorders (EDs) and engage in dangerous weight control behaviors. TNG individuals with EDs are dramatically higher risk for self-harm behaviors, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behaviors than cisgender peers with EDs or TNG peers without EDs, and often engage in ED symptoms/behaviors to alleviate gender dysphoria. Yet, no treatment paradigms have yet been adapted for TNG-specific ED care. This qualitative study aims to identify stakeholder needs from such care to inform future clinical interventions. We elicited patient (n = 12) and mental health clinician (n = 9) stakeholder needs and preferences regarding TNG-specific ED care. Semi-structured interview guides informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and a behavioral insights framework, EAST, were developed to ensure uniform inclusion and sequencing of topics and allow for valid comparison across interviews. Using a rapid analysis procedure, we produced a descriptive analysis for each group identifying challenges of and opportunities in providing ED care for TNG adults. Stakeholders expressed needs and preferences for TNG-specific treatment including that it be: (1) TNG-affirming, weight-inclusive, trauma-informed, and anti-racist; (2) delivered by an interdisciplinary team, including gender-affirming care clinicians; (3) focused on parsing gender dysphoria from other body image concerns, building distress tolerance, and working toward gender euphoria (rather than body acceptance). Future work is needed exploring ED care delivery models that integrate gender-affirming care services with mental health care. Such models may improve TNG access to ED treatment and recovery. Transgender, non-binary, and/or gender expansive (TNG) experience disproportionately high rates of eating disorders and have unique barriers to accessing care. In individual interviews, TNG adults with eating disorders and mental health clinicians who provide psychotherapy for eating disorders voiced desire for greater availability of TNG-affirming, weight-inclusive eating disorder care, integrated with other gender-affirming care services. This informs future research developing eating disorder care for TNG individuals.

The application of the precautionary principle in the decision of releasing Fukushima radioactive contaminated water into the sea

The “precautionary principle” is an important and forward-looking principle. Its advancement lies in surmount any time lag in scientific knowledge. As the importance of protecting against unknown hazards has increased, the precautionary principle has been widely accepted by international and domestic legal instruments. By examining international legal documents and judicial practices, it can be found that the legal effect and legal connotation of the precautionary principle have been constantly improved in international law. At the same time, the Precautionary principle in international judicial practice has also changed from initial hesitation and caution to acceptance, even promotion. Japan's decision to release radioactive contaminated water clearly violates the precautionary principle. However, due to normative deficiencies in the precautionary principle itself, it remains unclear which acts should be performed byobligatory parties to be regarded as fulfilling their precautionary obligation. These deficiencies may cause the precautionary principle cannot be truly implemented in international judicial practice. Despite some vagueness, it is still possible to extract the two most basic responsibilities from international judicial practice, and their legal connotations in fulfillment of the precautionary principle: first, to consult with other stakeholders and second, to stop potentially dangerous behaviors that may cause serious and irreversible damage to the environment. At a legal level, to address Japan’s decision, the precautionary principle can regulate pollution discharge in two forms: customary international law and the general principle of international law. From the perspective of people’s survival, safety, and development sustainability, it is imperative to apply the precautionary principle to this incident. The decision of the Japanese government to discharge nuclear-polluted water into the Pacific Ocean is a serious breach of international law, because it was only considered in terms of technical feasibility and not in terms of international legal implications.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Eating Disorders Among Female Students at Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Survey Study.

Concerns about the incidence of eating disorders (EDs) among university students are spreading throughout the world. In Saudi Arabia, little is known about the prevalence and associated factors of EDs among female university students. Thus, this study investigated the prevalence, common types, and potential associated factors of EDs among female students of Jazan University. Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted between August 31, 2020, and November 2, 2020. The snowball technique was used to recruit female students via anelectronic surveydistributed in Arabic. The survey collected information about demographic characteristics, and SCOFF (Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food) and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) scales. Cronbach's alpha for the SCOFF and EAT-26 scales was calculated to be 0.78 and 0.58, respectively, in this study. A total of 566 female students participated in the survey, with a mean age of 22.12 ± 2.93 years. The results showed that 47.9% of participants were at risk for EDs based onSCOFF scores, while 26.5% were at risk based on EAT-26 scores. The most common types of EDs werebulimia nervosaand binge eating disorder. Furthermore, the study identified severalsociodemographic characteristics, including year of study (p = 0.042),college type (p = 0.004), body weight (p = 0.001), and BMI (p = 0.001), that are significantly associated with EDs. However, no significant relationships were observed betweenmarital status (p = 0.103), age (p = 0.147), and height (p = 0.509) with SCOFF scores. Some students reported frequent binge eating, purging, or laxative/diet pill misuse. The study revealed a moderate to high prevalence of risk for EDs amongfemale university studentsinJazan, Saudi Arabia, associated with higher study years, college majors, and body weight and BMI. Dangerous ED behaviors reported by some students signal an urgent need for resources to identify and support those suffering from these disorders. Targeted interventions and services may help address this critical issue on campuses and support vulnerable students in need. Continued research and public health action are needed to curb the spread of these disorders.

Non-fatal traffic crashes among food delivery riders in Vietnam: What is the problem?

Objective The rapid development of information technologies and the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in the proliferation of online food shopping and food delivery motorcyclists. In contrast to the relatively ample literature on factors influencing fatalities and risky riding behaviors of food delivery motorcyclists, little is known about the determinants of non-fatal crashes involving online food delivery riders. The present study examines the prevalence and factors of non-fatal crashes among food delivery riders. Methods The self-reported data of 393 online food delivery riders were collected in Hanoi and Hochiminh city, Vietnam. Binary logit regression was used to investigate the factors associated with non-fatal crashes. Results The findings showed that more than half of riders (54%) reported being involved in at least one crash in the last 12 months. The most common risky riding behaviors associated with the crashes included using a mobile phone while riding, neglecting turn signals, red-light running, riding when tired/sleepy, and speeding. The riders who were national migrants, married, and worked on planned delivery routes mainly alone were more likely to experience crashes. At the same time, adequate perceived rewards for their work prevent crash involvement. Perceived risk was not a significant predictor of self-reported crashes. Conclusions Ensuring road safety for delivery riders requires a systemic effort involving multiple stakeholders, and the private sector plays a crucial role in discouraging risky riding behaviors. It is imperative for the government and regulatory bodies to redefine the delivery job to alleviate the strain on riders and provide resources such as rewards. Specifically, riders should be considered employees rather than partners. Furthermore, it is crucial for the police to take a more active role in preventing dangerous behaviors among delivery riders, such as running red lights. At the same time, supporting financial strategies should be implemented for delivery riders, particularly for those who are migrants or married and may face additional challenges.

Chronic unpredictable mild stress alters odor hedonics and adult olfactory neurogenesis in mice.

Experiencing chronic stress significantly increases the risk for depression. Depression is a complex disorder with varied symptoms across patients. However, feeling of sadness and decreased motivation, and diminished feeling of pleasure (anhedonia) appear to be core to most depressive pathology. Odorants are potent signals that serve a critical role in social interactions, avoiding danger, and consummatory behaviors. Diminished quality of olfactory function is associated with negative effects on quality of life leading to and aggravating the symptoms of depression. Odor hedonic value (I like or I dislike this smell) is a dominant feature of olfaction and guides approach or avoidance behavior of the odor source. The neural representation of the hedonic value of odorants is carried by the granule cells in the olfactory bulb, which functions to modulate the cortical relay of olfactory information. The granule cells of the olfactory bulb and those of the dentate gyrus are the two major populations of cells in the adult brain with continued neurogenesis into adulthood. In hippocampus, decreased neurogenesis has been linked to development or maintenance of depression symptoms. Here, we hypothesize that chronic mild stress can alter olfactory hedonics through effects on the olfactory bulb neurogenesis, contributing to the broader anhedonia phenotype in stress-associated depression. To test this, mice were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress and then tested on measures of depressive-like behaviors, odor hedonics, and measures of olfactory neurogenesis. Chronic unpredictable mild stress led to a selective effect on odor hedonics, diminishing attraction to pleasant but not unpleasant odorants, an effect that was accompanied by a specific decrease in adult neurogenesis and of the percentage of adult-born cells responding to pleasant odorants in the olfactory bulb.

Contamination of natural resources and its configuration of environmental crime in a high Andean artisanal mining, Apurimac, Perú.

The impacts of the extraction of natural resources, including mining, in Andean communities have generated pollution problems and require intervention for their configuration of environmental crimes to mitigate the impacts on high Andean communities. The purpose of the research was to describe the different indicators that determine the severity of damage to natural resources due to their configuration of environmental crime in the Andean region of Apurimac, Peru. A quantitative investigation was carried out through the historical-logical, the interview was used, with a sample of 38 legal operators specialized in cases of environmental crimes of the high Andean sector of the study area. Itfound that the factors of dangerous behavior, prolongation in time and repetitive behavior cause the intensity of the polluting act towards natural resources for their configuration of environmental damage to illegal mining companies, with negative impacts on surface water, groundwater and soil. However, acts of pollution by artisanal mining activities do not respond with responsibility, being necessary that the organs of a company will respond as mediate authors of the crime of undue propagation of pollutants only in those cases in which they have instrumentalized their subordinates by way of error or coercion. Environmental management is necessary to mitigate pollution from artisanal mining to guarantee the natural resources of indigenous peoples.

When driving becomes risky: Micro-scale variants of the lane-changing maneuver in highway traffic

Objective: Vehicular lane-changing is one of the riskiest driving maneuvers. Since vehicular automation is quickly becoming a reality, it is crucial to be able to identify when such a maneuver can turn into a risky situation. Recently, it has been shown that a qualitative approach: the Point Descriptor Precedence (PDP) representation, is able to do so. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether the PDP representation can detect hazardous micro movements during lane-changing maneuvers in a situation of structural congestion in the morning and/or evening.Method: The approach involves analyzing a large real-world traffic dataset using the PDP representation and adding safety distance points to distinguish subtle movement patterns.Results: Based on these subtleties, we label four out of seven and five out of nine lane-change maneuvers as risky during the selected peak and the off-peak traffic hours respectively.Conclusions: The results show that the approach can identify risky movement patterns in traffic. The PDP representation can be used to check whether certain adjustments (e.g., changing the maximum speed) have a significant impact on the number of dangerous behaviors, which is important for improving road safety. This approach has practical applications in penalizing traffic violations, improving traffic flow, and providing valuable information for policymakers and transport experts. It can also be used to train autonomous vehicles in risky driving situations.

Social media as a disruptor for academic congresses

Over the past few years, social media has become integral to surgical communication, research, and patient education. Furthermore, they have revolutionized how academic congresses have been held over the past 10 years. There are several benefits resulting from social media integration in scientific meetings, such as disseminating content, increasing engagement, highlighting important messages, and educating patients and physicians. Furthermore, social media platforms provide free and equal engagement of all users; no matter the experience, the level of training, or the socioeconomic background, all participants are free to express their opinion and discuss with world-renowned experts—an opportunity that was available only for the few and privileged ones in the past. Nevertheless, when talking about social media, one must bear in mind that there is a huge variety of platforms that are not all equally used or universally accessed. Besides the benefits highlighted above, this new social media–enhanced reality has some disadvantages as well: lack of any control of content along with anonymity can sometimes lead to dangerous and hostile behaviors as well as set the playground for personal feuds, ulterior financial motives, and bullying.Furthermore, the accuracy of content could be somewhat controversial, especially when pieces of presentations are taken out of context. Violations of intellectual property and copyrights are also to be considered. Social media platforms are a great tool for enhancing academic congresses when appropriately used. It is undebatable that social media has changed how information, content, and material are shared and promoted. Nevertheless, as with everything in life, their use needs to be in “good measure”—appropriate, mindful, and respectful—so that social media can be a powerful tool instead of a dangerous weapon in inappropriate hands.

Connected vehicle enabled hierarchical anomaly behavior management system for city-level networks

Drivers who are distracted cannot operate their vehicles appropriately, which leads to error-prone behavior on the roads. This behavior increases the risk of collisions for both themselves and surrounding vehicles, making it urgent to manage anomalous vehicles with distracted drivers and mitigate their impacts on driving safety. To address this problem, this paper presents an anomaly behavior management system that leverages connected vehicles to improve the safety performance for both individual vehicles and the whole network. The proposed system integrates a hierarchical architecture that reduces the risk of collisions caused by anomalous vehicles in large-scale road networks. Connected vehicles monitor anomalous vehicles and estimate speed and lane-changing instructions to avoid dangerous behaviors. The benefits of the proposed system are evaluated using microscopic traffic simulation, which shows a reduction in the risk of collisions and improved mobility for both connected vehicles and the entire network. The paper also conducts a sensitivity analysis of the market penetration rates of connected vehicles and traffic demand levels to understand the system’s reliability at different development stages of connected vehicles and traffic congestion.

ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES: CAUSES AND IMPACT ON BEHAVIORAL ISSUES AND EMOTIONAL WELLBEING OF CHILDREN IN NIGERIA

The adverse childhood experiences, or ACEs, that children in Nigeria are exposed to have a significant influence on their behaviour and emotional health. This study investigates the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in Nigeria and highlights the factors that contribute to their occurrence, such as poverty, socioeconomic inequality, and unhealthy family dynamics. The adverse impacts of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on children's behavioural issues, such as aggression, impulsivity, and problems with self-regulation, are investigated, as are the consequences on children's academic achievement, their social relationships, and the dangers of engaging in dangerous behaviours. The study also focuses on potential interventions that can be used to reduce the negative effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). These interventions include increasing awareness, increasing access to child-friendly mental health services, strengthening social support systems, implementing child protection laws, promoting parenting programs, and integrating trauma-informed care This paper recommends the urgent need for collaborative efforts and the prioritizing of children's well-being in order to build a caring environment where Nigerian children may thrive and overcome the problems associated with ACE.

The Effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior Therapy on Emotional Processing Defects and Impulsivity of Soldiers Aged 18 to 20 Years with High-risk Behaviors

Background: Faulty emotional strategies are one of the most crucial indicators of dangerous behavior. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) on emotional processing defects and impulsivity of soldiers aged 18 to 20 years with high-risk behaviors. Methods: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of this study included all soldiers aged 18 to 20 years referred to Valiasr Medical Center in Tehran in 2020. The research sample included 30 soldiers with high-risk behaviors who were selected purposefully and randomly assigned to two groups (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group). To collect data, the high-risk behaviors Scale (IARS), Barrett's Impulsiveness scale, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was used. The experimental group underwent ten sessions of DBT, and the control group did not receive any treatment. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS-23 software. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05. Results: The results of this study showed that the intervention and control groups had statistically significant differences in terms of emotional processing (P < 0.01) and impulsivity (P < 0.05) after the intervention of dialectical behavior therapy. Conclusions: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that dialectical behavioral therapy can be used along with other treatments to reduce the problems of soldiers with high-risk behaviors.

Relationships between demographic characteristics of shelter dogs and performance on tests of a behavioral evaluation and between performance and adoption success

Dog behavior has been studied using diverse methods, including owner-completed questionnaires, records from veterinary clinics that evaluate behavioral problems, and test batteries such as those used by some animal shelters. Measures of prevalence for multiple behavioral issues and analyses of whether dog demographic characteristics are associated with problematic behaviors are commonly reported in studies using questionnaires and clinical records; however, these measures are infrequently reported for all tests and subtests in studies using data from shelter behavioral evaluations. In this study, we determined prevalence of both concerning and dangerous behaviors on 12 tests and subtests of a canine behavioral evaluation by analyzing data collected by the behavioral staff at a NY shelter (n = 1,104 dogs tested between 2014 and 2019). We also examined whether behavior on four tests and subtests with prevalence over 10% (two Sociability subtests, Handling test, and Dog-to-dog meeting subtest) was associated with likelihood of being returned to the shelter post-adoption, and whether dog demographic characteristics (age, sex, reproductive status, and body size) were associated with behaviors on tests and subtests. Of all dogs tested, prevalence measures of dangerous behaviors were always less than 5%. Our measures of prevalence (concerning and dangerous behaviors combined) for food guarding (15.5%), stranger-directed aggression (6.5%), and dog-directed aggression (16.7%) were generally similar to those reported for dogs in other shelters and in homes. For the four tests/subtests examined here, displaying concerning or dangerous behavior was not significantly associated with return to the shelter, and positive predictive values (PPV) were low, which implies that many positive tests will be false positives. We also found few significant associations between demographic characteristics and behavior on tests and subtests and PPV were low. Other factors, such as previous experiences with people and dogs, as well as underlying physiological and neurobiological processes, may be more important influences on a dog’s behavior during a shelter behavioral evaluation than general demographic characteristics. Total number of tests and subtests out of a possible 12 on which dogs were assessed as showing concerning or dangerous behaviors ranged from zero to 7 per dog (median, 0; mean, 0.82). In summary, poor predictive abilities characterized associations between performance on certain tests/subtests of the behavioral evaluation and return to the shelter and between demographic characteristics and behavior on test/subtests. Our data may contribute to the ongoing debate about the usefulness of canine behavioral evaluations in shelters.

Diffusion of sulphonamide antibiotics in agarose hydrogels enriched by humic acids

Many different pharmaceuticals can evince potentially dangerous behaviour in soil and aqueous environments. Their migration ability and toxicity can be significantly affected by interactions with organic matter. Sulfamethoxazole and sulphapyridine (used as representative commonly used sulphonamide antibiotics) are studied from the point of view of their transport in model hydrogels containing humic substances. Agarose hydrogel was used as a model medium for the transport experiments. Standard Elliot soil humic acid (4S102H) purchased from International Humic Substances Society was incorporated into the hydrogel as an active substance (and representant of organic matter) for interactions with antibiotics and potential suppression of their migration and toxicity in soil systems. Two different experimental arrangements were used: the diffusion from constant source, and the diffusion couple. Diffusion coefficients were determined for pure agarose hydrogels as well as for hydrogels containing humic acids and compared. It was found that the addition of humic acids into hydrogel resulted in the decrease in the effective diffusion coefficient of sulphapyridine and the increase in the effective diffusion coefficient of sulfamethoxazole. Humic acids can suppress the mobility of sulphapyridine and enhance the diffusion of sulfamethoxazole. Batch sorption experiments provided similar adsorption capacities of humic acids for both studied antibiotics. The ratio between adsorption and desorption rate constants were higher than 1 for sulphapyridine and lower than 1 for sulfamethoxazole. It indicated that adsorption predominated for sulphapyridine which resulted in observed lower diffusivity. Desorption experiments showed that a majority of sulphapyridine can be immobilized by interaction with humic acids whereas much more free movable sulfamethoxazole was determined in the comparison with immobilized one.

Machine learning based driver monitoring system: A case study for the Kayoola EVS

With the ever-growing traffic density, the number of road accidents has continued to increase. Finding solutions to reduce road accidents and improve traffic safety has become a top priority for Kiira Motors Corporation, a Ugandan state-owned automotive company. The company seeks to develop intelligent driver assistance systems for its market entry product, the Kayoola EVS bus. A machine learning-based driver monitoring system that would monitor driver drowsiness and send out an alarm in case drowsiness is detected has been developed in an attempt to reduce drowsiness-related accidents. The system consists of a camera positioned in such a way as to keep track of the driver's face. The camera is interfaced with a Raspberry Pi minicomputer which carries out the computations and analysis and when drowsiness is detected, an alarm is triggered. Dangerous driver behavior including distraction and fatigue has long been recognized as the main contributing factor in traffic accidents. This paper therefore presents the development of a driver monitoring system for the Kayoola Electric City Bus to address the increasing occurrences of road accidents. The machine learning-based driver monitoring system is designed to be non-intrusive with continuous real-time operation.

Evaluation of a Road Safety Awareness Campaign Deployed along the Roadside in Saguenay (Québec, Canada).

For the past few years, police officers from the City of Saguenay have been installing a billboard combined with a damaged car along roadsides to make drivers aware of the road risks related to dangerous behaviors at the wheel. To assess the short-term effect of this device, evaluative research with a quasi-experimental design with pre-exposure, during, and post-exposure. The results show a significant decrease (p < 0.001) of 0.637 km/h for the first site (a 70 km/h zone) and 0.269 km/h for the second site (a 50 km/h zone) when the device is exposed. At the time of this last evaluation, a reduction of 1.255 km/h remained even after the advertising panel was removed. Although minimal, this speed reduction where the billboards are placed shows the police that this awareness-raising approach works since it reduces the speed of motorists at very low cost.

Parasomnia patients and risk of injury, a 16-years clinical study

PurposeWe aimed to analyze the risk of injury in different age and gender groups experiencing parasomnias. MethodsWe collected clinical data of adult parasomnia patients seen between 2007 and 2023, from the database of the Institute of Behavioral Sciences Semmelweis University in Budapest. We classified them by age (19–39 and ≥40 years) and biological sex groups. Binary logistic regression was calculated to find the association between alcohol and tobacco use and dangerous activities, using odds ratios (ORs) at 95% CIs. ResultsOut of 45 parasomnia patients (64.5% female, and 73.4% in the 19–39 years age group), 69% experienced somnambulism and 20% had nightmare disorder. Dangerous behaviors and injuries related to sleepwalking included shoulder dislocation (6.3%), injury from breaking objects (25%), and sex without consent (12.5%). In our results, alcohol use was associated with parasomnia events 21-fold in males compared to females (p<0.05). Dangerous behavior was significantly higher in males and younger, than in older adults (OR: 4.91 and 4.61, p<0.05). ConclusionParasomnias require particular care due to the risk of injury. The remarkably high odds of dangerous sleepwalking activities in males and young adults require further attention and explanation.

Dangerous behavior of batteries in the natural environment and countermeasures

In order to achieve the long-term goal of low carbon emissions, more and more batteries are being used in our daily lives and in a wide range of applications, bringing great convenience as well as potential hazards. This paper makes recommendations for sustainable environmental protection based on the hazards that batteries have caused since. Metals are an important part of batteries and the damage caused by unreasonable recycling can be significant and permanent, so this paper makes some suggestions on how to improve this issue in the hope of sustainably protecting the environment. This paper discusses the damage caused by batteries being disposed of in soil, which is rich in metal elements that cannot be broken down by the soil and enter the human body through the biological chain. The damage caused by disposal in water sources may be direct in the water organisms and may eventually enter the human body through the food chain, or may even contaminate water sources directly. The most direct damage to the human body is reflected in the corrosive nature of batteries, especially for young children, who can be permanently damaged by accidental swallowing, while some metal poisoning can even directly bring about some damage to DNA. The paper concludes with recommendations to address these issues from three different perspectives: national, corporate and individual. The paper builds on these perspectives in the hope that it will ultimately contribute to emissions reduction and sustainable development.