Dairy Goat Production Research Articles

Milk Production and Energetic Metabolism of Heat-Stressed Dairy Goats Supplemented with Propylene Glycol.

Simple SummaryHeat stress (HS) causes significant milk production losses and negatively impacts animal health. Previous research indicated that heat-stressed goats eat less and degrade their skeletal muscles to cover shortages in nutrient requirements. Propylene glycol (PG) is a glucogenic precursor and may be a remedy for energy shortage in HS situations. In the current study, dairy goats were exposed to thermoneutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or HS (12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. In each ambient temperature, goats were fed a control diet (CO) or the same diet supplemented with PG. Goats supplemented with PG gained more body weight, and experienced greater blood glucose and insulin levels compared to CO goats. However, supplementation with PG depressed feed intake and milk fat content. In conclusion, feeding propylene glycol was useful to reduce body weight losses typically observed under HS conditions, but did not improve milk yield or milk composition.Heat-stressed dairy animals increase their reliance on glucose. This elevated glucose demand is partially met by increasing the conversion of glucogenic amino acids (AA) in the liver. Propylene glycol (PG) is a glucogenic precursor and was not tested in dairy goats under thermoneutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions simultaneously. We hypothesize that if HS-goats are fed with PG, they would get more glucose and consequently spare more glucogenic AA for milk protein synthesis rather than gluconeogenesis. Eight multiparous dairy goats (40.8 ± 1.1 kg body weight; 84 ± 1 days in milk) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design of 4 periods; 21 d each (14 d adaptation, 5 d for measurements, and 2 d of transition). Goats were allocated to one of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were control (CO) without PG or 5% of PG, and thermoneutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or heat stress (HS; 12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. Feed intake, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, milk yield, milk composition, and blood metabolites were measured. Compared to TN, HS goats had lower (p < 0.01) feed intake (–34%), fat-corrected milk (–15%), and milk fat (–15%). Heat-stressed goats also tended (p < 0.10) to produce milk with lower protein (–11%) and lactose (–4%) contents. Propylene glycol increased blood glucose (+7%; p < 0.05), blood insulin (+37%; p < 0.10), and body weight gain (+68%; p < 0.05), but decreased feed intake (–9%; p < 0.10) and milk fat content (–23%; p < 0.01). Furthermore, blood non-esterified fatty acids (–49%) and β-hydroxybutyrate (–32%) decreased (p < 0.05) by PG. In conclusion, supplementation of heat-stressed dairy goats with propylene glycol caused milk fat depression syndrome, but reduced body weight loss that is typically observed under HS conditions. Supplementation with lower doses of PG would avoid the reduced feed intake and milk fat depression, but this should be tested.

A Decision Support System for Economically Sustainable Sheep and Goat Farming.

The European sheep and goat sector is characterized by low professionalization and management training. Moreover, it is fragmented in terms of production aims and farming systems. Here, iSAGEDSS, a web-based application allowing dairy and meat small ruminant farmers in different countries to make annual management plans by testing future scenarios, is presented. Data were obtained for the meat sheep (United Kingdom and Spain), dairy sheep (France and Greece) and dairy goat production systems (Greece) from partners of the Innovation for Sustainable Sheep and Goat Production in Europe (iSAGE) project. These were used to set default values and ranges for all important farm parameters in each system and country. An algorithm was developed assessing nutritional management and its impact on production and financial performance. Reports focus on profitability, productivity and environmental sustainability. A case study in three dairy sheep farms in Greece was performed. In each case, an evaluation scenario was created using actual farm data that were compared with the estimated ones. Two scenarios testing management decisions for gross margin maximization and milk pricing fluctuations were created. Application results showed high prediction accuracy for gross margin and production estimation (error of circa 9% and 4%, respectively). Moreover, the ability to promote financial, production and grazing management efficiency was demonstrated.

Rapid adulteration detection of yogurt and cheese made from goat milk by vibrational spectroscopy and chemometric tools

Goat dairy products are the target of fraudulent practices due to their high commercial value. This study evaluated the capacity of vibrational spectroscopy Near Infrared (FT-NIR) coupled with chemometric tools to detect goat’s yogurt and cheese adulterated with cow milk. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Q-control chart and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) were able to distinguish goat’s cheese and yogurt adulterated with 10, 15 and 20 % of cow milk. The Q-control chart was able to discern between both (authentic and adulterated) evaluated products. PLS-DA showed 100 % sensitivity and specificity in discriminating samples of yogurt and goat cheese. The algorithm Interval Partial Least Square (iPLS) reduced the need for 6001 variables to 140 in the yogurt model and 70 variables in the cheese model, without affecting performance quality. FT-NIR demonstrated reliability in evaluating the authenticity of goat products and future studies employing simplified equipment (portable) and on-line and/or in process applicability should be prioritized.

Native and introduced forage cacti in Saanen dairy goat diets

This study aimed to assess the nutrient intake and milk production of dairy goats fed with total mixed rations with different species of forage cacti. Five pluriparous Saanen goats (50 ± 4 kg) at nine weeks of lactation were allocated in a Latin square (5 x 5) with five diets and five periods. Each period was composed of 10 days for adaptation and seven days for collection. The treatments were composed of 473.0 to 501.0 g kg-1 of forage cacti: xiquexique (Pilosocereus gounellei), mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru), facheiro (Pilosocereus chrysostele), cactus cladodes cv. miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck) and cactus cladodes cv. orelha de elefante mexicana (Opuntia stricta); plus sabiá hay (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) (188.0 to 198.0 g kg-1) and concentrate (311.0 to 329.0 g kg-1). The intake of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, and water intake through diet components were unaffected by experimental diets. For milk production and feed efficiency, no difference was observed among the diets. All diets containing different species of forage cacti can be used for dairy goats feed.

Native and introduced forage cacti in Saanen dairy goat diets

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to assess the nutrient intake and milk production of dairy goats fed with total mixed rations with different species of forage cacti. Five pluriparous Saanen goats (50 ± 4 kg) at nine weeks of lactation were allocated in a Latin square (5 x 5) with five diets and five periods. Each period was composed of 10 days for adaptation and seven days for collection. The treatments were composed of 473.0 to 501.0 g kg-1 of forage cacti: xiquexique (Pilosocereus gounellei), mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru), facheiro (Pilosocereus chrysostele), cactus cladodes cv. miuda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck) and cactus cladodes cv. orelha de elefante mexicana (Opuntia stricta); plus sabia hay (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) (188.0 to 198.0 g kg-1) and concentrate (311.0 to 329.0 g kg-1). The intake of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, and water intake through diet components were unaffected by experimental diets. For milk production and feed efficiency, no difference was observed among the diets. All diets containing different species of forage cacti can be used for dairy goats feed.

A genome-wide association analysis for body, udder, and leg conformation traits recorded in Murciano-Granadina goats

Morphological traits are of great importance to dairy goat production given their effect on phenotypes of economic interest. However, their underlying genomic architecture has not yet been extensively characterized. Herein, we aimed to identify genomic regions associated with body, udder, and leg conformation traits recorded in 825 Murciano-Granadina goats. We genotyped this resource population using the GoatSNP50 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) and performed genome-wide association analyses using the GEMMA software. We found 2 genome-wide significant associations between markers rs268273468 [Capra hircus (CHI) 16:69617700] and rs268249346 (CHI 28:18321523) and medial suspensory ligament. In contrast, we did not detect any genome-wide significant associations for body and leg traits. Moreover, we found 12, 19, and 7 chromosome-wide significant associations for udder, body, and leg traits, respectively. Comparison of our data with previous studies revealed a low level of positional concordance between regions associated with morphological traits. In addition to technical factors, this lack of concordance could be due to a substantial level of genetic heterogeneity among breeds or to the strong polygenic background of morphological traits, which makes it difficult to detect genetic factors that have small phenotypic effects.

Fermentative behavior of native lactobacilli in goat milk and their survival under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions

In this study, goat fermented milk trials were prepared with six potentially probiotic autochthonous cultures ‒ Lactobacillus rhamnosus EM1107, Lactobacillus plantarum (CNPC001, CNPC002, CNPC003 and CNPC004) and Lactobacillus mucosae CNPC007 ‒ in the presence and absence of a starter culture (Streptococcus thermophilus, ST) and in the presence and absence of inulin (IN) or oligofructose (FOS), consisting of 36 trials. The fermented milk without the starter culture only achieved a lactic acid content above 0.6 g/100 g after 24 h, thus requiring the presence of ST culture for a faster acidification. After the fermentation, three trials with the best fermentative performance and visual firmness (EM1107 + ST + IN, CNPC003 + ST + IN and CNPC007 + ST + IN) were exposed to simulated conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in vitro. All fermented milk, with Lactobacillus spp. population above 6 log CFU/g before GIT simulation, showed the highest viability losses in the gastric step. In fermented milk with Streptococcus thermophilus plus inulin, L. rhamnosus and L. mucosae performed well in the GIT assay, achieving a viability between 6.50 – 7.24 and 6.50–7.60 log CFU/g in the enteric stage, respectively. Therefore, the combination of EM1107 or CNPC007 strains with S. thermophilus and inulin is promising in the production of goat dairy products.

A survey of dairy-goat keeping in Zanzibar

Dairy goats with improved genetics for milk production were recently introduced onto small-scale farms in Zanzibar through governmental and non-governmental projects. These projects were meant to support small-scale farmers by improving both income and household nutrition through milk production. No follow up had been conducted to understand what effects dairy goat keeping had on these small-scale farms, or how they could be improved. A survey of 193 dairy goat farmers in Zanzibar was conducted, including 30% and 60% of all dairy goat farmers on Unguja and Pemba, the two largest islands, respectively. The objective was to understand the impact keeping dairy goats has on small-scale farming systems, current husbandry practices including feed supply (production and environmental concerns), perceived benefits and challenges of dairy goat keeping (economics), and how to design appropriate extension programs to increase sustainability (education). The survey with 116 questions explored topics including dairy goat feeding practices, goat health, current milk production practices, sale and family consumption, and education. Qualitative and quantitative information from the survey led to a more holistic understanding of dairy goats in the farm system. The survey established the key challenges limiting dairy goat production to be diseases (57% of respondents), feed shortage during dry season (49%), economic constraints (21%), lack of healthcare (18%), and lack of dairy goat husbandry information which would help farmers address the other challenges listed above (14%). Two challenges identified through later workshops were uncontrolled crossbreeding and lack of records. Key benefits of dairy goat keeping are increased income from selling live animals and milk (35%), manure (33%), milk (18%), and improved household nutrition (15%). Twelve percent of respondents reported no benefit from keeping dairy goats. Average milk production for dairy goats was 0.92 L per day for three months of the year, whereas local meat goats milk production peaks at about 0.3 L per day, only enough milk to feed their young. To make dairy goat keeping worthwhile, small-scale farmers need access to appropriate animal health care, milk markets, and additional dairy goat husbandrytraining. The findings of this survey will guide design of education and improvements to the overall profitability and sustainability of dairy goat integration in Zanzibar and provide a model for the humid tropics. Key words: dairy goat, tropical husbandry, small-scale farming systems, sustainability, agroecology

Stav potrošača u Vojvodini prema kozjem mlijeku i proizvodima od kozjeg mlijeka

This study presents the results of a survey conducted in the Province of Vojvodina, Serbia to investigate consumers’ attitudes towards goat milk and goat milk products. Furthermore, the factors affecting consumer perception and subjective norms with respect to purchase were examined. The quantitative random survey was conducted and the data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The findings from this study revealed significantly lower acceptance of goat milk and dairy products compared to bovine milk and dairy products. Of total 440 respondents, 24.2 % had never consumed goat milk with significant positive impact (p&amp;lt;0.05) of age on consumption was found. Among, respondents, mostly the young population (18-25 years) does not consume goat milk. The study identified the odour (42.3 %) and taste (22.5 %) as the main barriers for consuming goat milk. In regard to purchasing, more than half of interviewed respondents do not buy goat milk and dairy products (67 % and 70.5 %, respectively) while the rest respondents expressed very low purchasing frequency. Health benefits represent the most important reason for potential consuming goat milk and dairy products (66.5 %). On the other hand, the main motives for purchasing bovine milk and dairy products are taste and quality (55.5 %). In particular, the oldest surveyed population (40-55 years) seemed to be the most positive group toward goat milk and the most interested in the product’s nutritional value and its health impact. The main category of goat dairy products purchased among surveyed respondents was cheese. These findings suggest that for better positioning on the market and for producing price-competitive products goat milk and dairy products should be more clarified as either quality products or products with added value or as products with unique health benefits.

Effect of environmental temperature and humidity on milk production and milk composition of Guanzhong dairy goats

The present study was undertaken with the aim to examine the relationship between temperature and humidity and milk production traits in Guanzhong dairy goats reared in China, and to assess the possibility of future genetic selection in dairy goats for increased tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, thereby improving goat farm management in China. Production data included 149 Guanzhong dairy goats with the first-lactation collected throughout 2019. The traits investigated were milk yield, and indicators of milk composition of Guanzhong dairy goats. For high temperature, significant and marked daily milk yield drops, up to 16% (about 0.23 kg/d per head) were observed in July and August when compared with the other months. The fat content, protein content, and dry matter were significantly lower in July and August. Importantly, milk production traits present significant correlations with high temperature, while high humidity had little effect on milk composition of Guanzhong dairy goats. Therefore, the adverse environmental conditions on farm profit is not negligible, and the strategies could be improving the goat farm management as well as obtaining thermotolerant animals through genetic selection.

Research and Toxinogenic Characterization of Penicillium Contaminating Goat's Traditional Dairy Products in Northern Morocco

The goat rearing in northern Morocco had known a very important evolution with the introduction of European breeds of goats more productive of milk compared to local breeds. Moulds are common contaminants in many traditional dairy products. Some species are responsible for significant economic losses and major public health problems by producing toxic metabolites like mycotoxins. This work aims to isolate, identify and characterize the mycotoxin-producing species of Penicillium from milk and traditional cheese (Jben) in the different northern region of Morocco, based on microbiological analysis and in vitro identification of Penicillium toxinogenic by fluorescence detection and HPLC analysis. Our microbiological analysis clearly show that the fungal flora is highly developed in goat's milk and Jben: 85 mould and yeast isolates from 57 samples collected. The rate of fungal flora (mould and yeast species) is high, it is around 2,6 104 CFU/ml in milk and 5,90 104 CFU/g in Jben. Penicillium isolates were purified and identified according to macroscopic and microscopic criteria. The proportion of Penicillium (61,53 %) in milk is more than Jben (16,94 %). The most important Penicillium species in two dairy products are P.italicum (23,1% in milk against 5,1 % in Jben), P. cyclopium (7,7 % in milk against 5,1% in cheese), and P. expansum (7,7% in milk against 3,4 % in cheese). According to in vitro identification of Penicillium toxinogenic by fluorescence detection, the majority of Penicillium isolates were able to produce mycotoxin type Citrinin and Ochratoxin A. The capacity of mycotoxin production by the identified strains was confirmed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis. The patulin was produced by all Penicillium isolates, while the citrinin was produced by P. nalgiovense, P. simplicissimum, and P. dipodomyis. Unlike the ochratoxin A was produced by all isolates, except the P. nalgiovense and P. dipodomyis. The presence of toxicogenic Penicillium species in Moroccan traditional goat's dairy products suggeststhat contaminated products according to processing conditions and after storage traditionally could be a risk to the health and safety of consumers. The awareness-raising measures, the professional guidance on the concept of hygienic quality and the tendency to semi-industrial production remain worksites to work more efficiently by the state.

The influence of almond flour, inulin and whey protein on the sensory and microbiological quality of goat milk yogurt

A set of six formulations of goat yogurt added with mix of starter (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus), inulin, almond flour and whey protein have been evaluated in Italy and Czech Republic by microbiological and sensory analyses. The yogurt were prepared in the two laboratories involved in testing using the same raw materials found on the Italian market and provided to Czech researchers. The panel of each country separately defined sensory profiles by applying the same methodology. The results had shown a different discrimination of samples: the Italian panel, habitual consumer of goat dairy products, discriminated samples for goat yogurt aroma and flavor; the Czech panel, used to consume fermented milk, discriminated samples for acid descriptor. For both the panels, the addition of inulin was assessed as irrelevant, while the addition of whey was assessed as relevant. The addition of prebiotics, almond flour and inulin, did not affect microbial counts.

Tracing the Dairy Goat Industry: Profiling of Dairy Goat Farms in the Philippines

The Philippine dairy goat industry remains a developing sector with fragmented data and information. Thus, a concerted effort to create baseline information on these dairy goat farms (DGF) is needed to situate technology interventions and consequently, improve dairy goat production. Out of the three main geographic areas of the country, 43 dairy goat farms were identified. Primary data were collected through qualitative and quantitative surveys using a structured questionnaire. The results showed that there are eight known goat breeds in the Philippines. Among the dairy goat breeds, Anglo-Nubian (94.9%), Saanen (53.5%), and Alpine (25.6%) were predominantly raised. Nearly one-third of the dairy goat farms include upgraded goats in the milk line. The total number of dairy goats in the participating farms reached 6,977 heads during the survey period. However, less than one percent of the total dairy goat population or equivalent to 689 are being milked. Farmers reported an average of 1.17 liters per day with an average 172-day lactation period or equivalent to 200 liters per lactation. Dairy goats in the Philippines, therefore, can produce over 137 MT of milk per year. Even though these farms are milking their goats, only 44.2% process and market the milk collected. Hence, this baseline information on the country’s dairy goat production provides a historical point of reference in assessing change and progress in the implementation of future dairy goat development programs.

Temporal variations in leaf traits, chemical composition and in vitro true digestibility of four temperate fodder tree species

Context Many tree and shrub species are underestimated fodder resources due to insufficient knowledge about their potential feeding value, especially for goats. Aims The present work aimed at assessing productive and nutritional attributes of the foliage of the following four temperate tree species widespread in Europe: Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix caprea and Sorbus aucuparia. Methods Leaf length and biomass, proximate composition, fatty acid profile, phenolic composition and in vitro true dry matter digestibility were determined along the vegetative season. Key results The leaf length of the four species was significantly related to leaf biomass and can be considered as a proficient proxy for estimating leaf biomass. The differences found among the species were remarkable, although weakly related to temporal changes, especially when considering fatty acid and phenolic compositions. Fraxinus excelsior sprouts were the most productive, with a mean biomass of 13.2 g dry matter (DM) per sprout at the end of the growing season. Its foliage showed also the lowest phenolic concentrations (average total extractable phenols of 11.25 g/kg DM), resulting in the highest digestibility values (average in vitro true dry matter digestibility of 56.5 g/kg DM). Digestibility of S. aucuparia was similar, but its lower polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration (average value of 62.13 g/kg DM) could reduce the interest for this species as a feeding resource for goat dairy products with healthy properties. The lower digestibility found for A. pseudoplatanus and S. caprea (average values of 43.3 and 46.2 g/kg DM, respectively) may be related to their higher phenolic concentrations (average total extractable phenols of 45.9 and 47.3 g/kg DM, respectively). Conclusions The four species could represent an appealing feedstuff for goat nutrition, due to the valuable and complementary nutritional characteristics of their foliage. Implications The use of the studied species as fodder resource may be particularly relevant during drought periods and in the late summer when herbage quality decreases, especially in terms of crude protein and fatty acid profile.

Marketing and Production Constraints of Dairy Goat Farmers in Limpopo Province of South Africa

This study was conducted to understand the constraints faced by rural dairy goat farmers holistically in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Since goat production for milk is common in the study area, this study was conducted to assess the constraints (production and marketing) faced by the farmers and possibly offer solutions. A sample of 110 rural household dairy-goat farmers were randomly selected from ten villages of Sekhukhune District of the Province. Descriptive statistics and Probit regression model were used to analyse the data. The results revealed that majority of the farmers were female and were between middle and old aged. Most of them were married with secondary education being the highest educational level attained. They mostly keep an average of 4 goats per household, with social grant being their major source of income. Probit analysis revealed that safety of dairy goat and grazing pastures (prlessthan0.025 and plessthan0.031 respectively) were major constraints of dairy goat production while breed improvement and milk processing prlessthan0.0001 and prlessthan0.0001 respectively) were major constraints of goat milk marketing faced by rural household dairy goat farmers. Farmers were willing to enhance their dairy goat production for sustainable milk production if security of their animals and grazing pastures could be improved upon. Also advanced breed improvement and milk processing techniques if provided by government would greatly increase the production of the dairy goat milk in the study area.

Probiotic potential of goat's milk and its derivatives for canine species: review

Demand for factors that encourage the health of pets is increasing, however, the use of animal products, especially goat dairy products is still little explored. There are few studies on the beneficial participation of such products in dog nutrition. Thus, this literature review aims to rise or potentially the potential use of goat milk in dog food, showing its effects on the microbiota and intestinal cells, leading to better enteric performance, increasing its use and application in clinical nutrition, influencing the development of research in the area addressed.

IDENTIFIKASI E. COLI O157:H7, SALMONELLA SP, DAN SENSITIFITAS ANTIBIOTIKA DARI SUSU KAMBING DAN PRODUK OLAHANNYA

&lt;p&gt;Susu kambing dan produk olahannya dapat terkontaminasi &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;O157:H7 dan &lt;em&gt;Salmonella &lt;/em&gt;sp. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk isolasi dan identifikasi &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;O157:H7, &lt;em&gt;Salmonella &lt;/em&gt;sp, dan sensitifitasnya terhadap antibiotika dari susu kambing dan produk olahannya. Sebanyak 15 sampel susu kambing dan produk olahannya seperti susu bubuk, permen, es krim, yogurt, dan krupuk masing-masing sebanyak 10, 3, 6, 4, dan 3 sampel. Semua sampel diperiksa terhadap &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;O157:H7, dan &lt;em&gt;Salmonella &lt;/em&gt;sp berdasarkan reaksi biokimia. Jumlah &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;pada semua sampel dihitung dengan most probable number (MPN), sedangkan sensitifitas terhadap antibiotika dengan agar difusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa susu kambing dan produk olahannya tidak ditemukan &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;O157:H7 dan &lt;em&gt;Salmonella &lt;/em&gt;sp., tetapi &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;non O157:H7 ditemukan pada susu kambing sebanyak 3/15 (20%) dengan jumlah &amp;gt;6 MPN/100ml. Semua produk olahan susu kambing memiliki jumlah &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;&amp;lt;3 MPN/100ml. &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;dari susu kambing resisten terhadap cefiksime, kanamisin, tetrasiklin, sulfonamide, dan oksitetrasiklin masing-masing sebanyak 1/3 (30%), sedangkan ampisilin dan amoksilin 100%.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Goat milk and dairy products could be contaminated with &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;O157:H7 and &lt;em&gt;Salmonella &lt;/em&gt;sp&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of this study was to isolation and identification of &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;O157:H7, &lt;em&gt;Salmonella &lt;/em&gt;sp, and antibiotic sensitivity from goat milk and dairy products. A total of 15 samples from goat milk and dairy products such as milk powder, candy, ice cream, yogurt, and crackers respectively 10, 3, 6, 4, and 3 samples. All samples were analyzed for &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;O157: H7, and Salmonella sp with biochemical reaction. Total of &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;in all samples was measured with most probable number (MPN) and antibiotic sensitivity with diffusion agar. These study showed that goat milk and dairy products not found &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;O157:H7 and &lt;em&gt;Salmonella &lt;/em&gt;sp., whereas &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;non O157:H7 was found in goat milk 3/15 (20%) with total &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;&amp;gt;6 MPN/100ml. All dairy goat products have total &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;&amp;lt;3 MPN/100ml. &lt;em&gt;E. coli &lt;/em&gt;from goat milk was resistant to cefixime, kanamycin, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and oxytetracycline 1/3 (30%) respectively, but ampicillin and amoxicillin 100%.&lt;/p&gt;

Recent advancements in the functionality of the components from goat milk and its products

The current review aims to show a complete picture of the current knowledge regarding the recent advancements in the functionality of the components from goat milk and its products. In view of the expected revenues from global goat milk and products touching USD 15 billion in 2024, there is an urgent need to capitalize on designed fermented dairy products from goats with increased participation of bioactive ingredients in goat milk which in turn lead to excellent biological effects in terms of higher therapeutic & nutritional value. Goat’s milk products with functional properties could boost this sector through the development of innovative products and increased consumer demand. Goat milk as a potential functional food with the use of prebiotics and probiotics is an emerging area to the development of goat’s milk products. A detailed list of dairy goat milk processors and products commercially available worldwide has also been discussed. The paper suggests that in future the Goat Breeder’s Associations need to be established in India on the pattern of US/International Associations to improve the quantity and quality of goat milk for in-depth studies on functionality of the components from goat milk and its products related to medicinal properties of goat milk as therapeutic health food (nutraceutical) and fermented milk beverag­es/products made with probiotic microflora.

Goat Dairy Product Assortment in Different Sales Channels in Northwestern Italy.

Simple SummaryGoat dairy product manufacturing in Piedmont has increased in recent years, along with consumption. This research highlights the characteristics of goat cheese, milk, and yogurt available in three categories of sales channels, large-scale retail, retail sales, and farmers’ markets, in a metropolitan area in Northwestern Italy. We reveal clear differences between the offered products’ characteristics in the various distribution channels, both in terms of the reference numbers and assortment, and in terms of price, quality, and typicality. In particular, the analysis of product origins shows a correlation between the share of local product presence and the distribution channel type. Given the importance of product origin for consumers, as well as consumer acceptance of goat cheeses, the increase of local goat dairy products in farmers’ markets or retail outlets could represent an opportunity for growth and differentiation of this sector in the regional market, allowing operators in the sector to benefit from direct sales advantages.An analysis of goat dairy-based product assortment was carried out in the metropolitan area of Turin (Northwestern Italy), considering three different sales channels: large-scale retail chains, retail stores, and direct sales in farmers’ markets (FMs). The survey results show a widespread presence of goat products in the Turin market. In each type of selected distribution channel, characterized by its own peculiarities, products differed both in terms of reference numbers and assortment; they were better in large-scale retail distribution, both in terms of quality and typicality, whereas specialized retail and direct sales were better equipped. Furthermore, given the importance of the sector at the regional level, we also focused, through the analysis of product origin, on the fact that local provenience increases from large-scale distribution to fully regional farmers’ markets. The mean price was different, being lower in direct sales at FMs, and medium to high and high at retail sales, as they are considered high quality niche products. The offer is correlated and in agreement with consumer targets (modern, ethical, and traditional), finding the "ideal" product in the different types offered, however, even if the results underline the potential of this sector, the fragmentation of the goat sector in Piedmont still represents a limit to expansion, and to the positioning of products in the market.

Analysis of spatial parameter formulation in the effect of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions on food security in Surabaya

Surabaya is an urban area that has a population growth rate increasing every year, which is 0.52% in 2010-2013 and increased to 0.55% in 2013-2014. Increasing population growth has an impact on increasing urban food availability. Identification of food availability in Surabaya consists of agriculture and livestock sectors, namely rice production (X1), corn production (X2), cassava production (X3), beef cattle production (X4), dairy cow production (X5), buffalo production (X6), goat production (X7), horse production (X8), and poultry production (X9). Data reduction in sub-districts that have no contribution to the agricultural and livestock sector emissions results in 15 sub-district input data that have a contribution. The spatial regression process. Significance test on the independent variable shows global variables (G), namely rice production (X1), corn production (X2), cassava production (X3), dairy cow production (X5), buffalo production (X6), goat production (X7), and poultry production (X9). While the independent variables that show local variables (L) are beef cattle production (X4) and horse production (X8).