Average Of Daily Temperature Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Land and Air Temperature in Romania since A.D. 1961

Daily time series with continuous records of mean air and soil temperature from 127 meteorological stations—fairly distributed over the country—were used to compute monthly temperature trends, as well as changes in the timing of the first and the last frost days over Romania since 1961. Results show that the frequency of the number of days with daily temperature averages below 0 °C in case of air and soil surface temperature is stable for most months, except for January, when (for both soil and air temperature), the number of days with a temperature below 0 °C is decreasing in the majority of the stations. The occurrence of the first day with (mean air and soil surface) temperatures below 0 °C, presents a delay in the south, south-east, and west, and an earlier occurrence in eastern and central regions. The occurrence of the last day with a mean air and soil surface temperature below 0 °C shows a stable trend for most stations (except for some small areas in the north, south-east and south-west of Romania). The regime of the land temperature is more stable, due to the physical characteristics of the soil, compared to the more versatile atmosphere. Linkages between thermal parameters and large-scale atmospheric circulation are also discussed.

Extreme heat and work injuries in Kuwait’s hot summers

BackgroundHot, desert Gulf countries are host to millions of migrant workers doing outdoor jobs such as construction and hospitality. The Gulf countries apply a summertime ban on midday work to...

In-situ Temperature Stations Elucidate Species’ Phenological Responses to Climate in the Alps, but Meteorological and Snow Reanalysis Facilitates Broad Scale and Long-Term Studies

Linking climate variability and change to the phenological response of species is particularly challenging in the context of mountainous terrain. In these environments, elevation and topography lead to a diversity of bioclimatic conditions at fine scales affecting species distribution and phenology. In order to quantify in situ climate conditions for mountain plants, the CREA (Research Center for Alpine Ecosystems) installed 82 temperature stations throughout the southwestern Alps, at different elevations and aspects. Dataloggers at each station provide local measurements of temperature at four heights (5 cm below the soil surface, at the soil surface, 30 cm above the soil surface, and 2 m above ground). Given the significant amount of effort required for station installation and maintenance, we tested whether meteorological data based on the S2M reanalysis could be used instead of station data. Comparison of the two datasets showed that some climate indices, including snow melt-out date and a heat wave index, can vary significantly according to data origin. More general indices such as daily temperature averages were more consistent across datasets, while threshold-based temperature indices showed somewhat lower agreement. Over a 12 year period, the phenological responses of four mountain tree species (ash (Fraxinus excelsior), spruce (Picea abies), hazel (Corylus avellana), birch (Betula pendula)), coal tits (Periparus ater) and common frogs (Rana temporaria) to climate variability were better explained, from both a statistical and ecological standpoint, by indices derived from field stations. Reanalysis data out-performed station data, however, for predicting larch (Larix decidua) budburst date. Overall, our study indicates that the choice of dataset for phenological monitoring ultimately depends on target bioclimatic variables and species, and also on the spatial and temporal scale of the study.

Development and Use of a Reproducible Framework for Spatiotemporal Climatic Risk Assessment and its Association with Decadal Trend of Dengue in India.

Introduction:The study aimed to develop a reproducible, open-source, and scalable framework for extracting climate data from satellite imagery, understanding dengue's decadal trend in India, and estimating the relationship between dengue occurrence and climatic factors.Materials and Methods:A framework was developed in the Open Source Software, and it was empirically tested using reported annual dengue occurrence data in India during 2010–2019. Census 2011 and population projections were used to calculate incidence rates. Zonal statistics were performed to extract climate parameters. Correlation coefficients were calculated to estimate the relationship of dengue with the annual average of daily mean and minimum temperature and rainy days.Results:Total 818,973 dengue cases were reported from India, with median annual incidence of 6.57 per lakh population; it was high in 2019 and 2017 (11.80 and 11.55 per lakh) and the Southern region (8.18 per lakh). The highest median annual dengue incidence was observed in Punjab (24.49 per lakh). Daily climatic data were extracted from 1164 coordinate locations across the country for the decadal period (4,249,734 observations). The annual average of daily temperature and rainy days positively correlated with dengue in India (r = 0.31 and 0.06, at P < 0.01 and 0.30, respectively).Conclusion:The study provides a reproducible algorithm for bulk climatic data extraction from research-level satellite imagery. Infectious disease models can be used to understand disease epidemiology and strengthen disease surveillance in the country.

Dynamical Downscaling of Temperature Variations over the Canadian Prairie Provinces under Climate Change

In this study, variations of daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperature (expressed as Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin) over the Canadian Prairie Provinces were dynamically downscaled through regional climate simulations. How the regional climate would increase in response to global warming was subsequently revealed. Specifically, the Regional Climatic Model (RegCM) was undertaken to downscale the boundary conditions of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model Version 2M (GFDL-ESM2M) over the Prairie Provinces. Daily temperatures (i.e., Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin) were subsequently extracted from the historical and future climate simulations. Temperature variations in the two future periods (i.e., 2036 to 2065 and 2065 to 2095) are then investigated relative to the baseline period (i.e., 1985 to 2004). The spatial distributions of temperatures were analyzed to reveal the regional impacts of global warming on the provinces. The results indicated that the projected changes in the annual averages of daily temperatures would be amplified from the southwest in the Rocky Mountain area to the northeast in the prairie region. It was also suggested that the projected temperature averages would be significantly intensified under RCP8.5. The projected temperature variations could provide scientific bases for adaptation and mitigation initiatives on multiple sectors, such as agriculture and economic sectors over the Canadian Prairies.

ANALISIS FAKTOR FISIKA PENYEBAB KERUSAKAN KOLEKSI CETAK DI PERPUSTAKAAN UMUM KABUPATEN MALANG

The majority of library materials are in printed form. The printed collection generally made of cellulose paper which is influenced by various factors. The physical factor is a factor that affects the damage of library materials such as temperature, humidity, light, and dust. Public Library of Malang Regency is a library that has printed collection of more than 25.000 copies and most of it is in damaged condition. The damage in the collection such as dusty, moldy, and crumpled conditions. In this experiment, light and dust were observed in the library room and collection. Furthermore, temperature and humidity were measured by a thermohygrometer. Based on the experimental result obtained that dust attach both in collection and bookshelf. The source of light in the library comes from sunshine and lamp. The daily temperature average in this library is 27.4 o C and the humidity is 65%RH. This value is higher than the required condition which is temperature of 19°C-23°C and humidity of 40-50%RH.

Suffering and Prejudice: Do Negative Emotions Predict Immigration Concerns?

Despite being a regular suspect, a causal role of residents’ emotions in predicting their opposition to international immigration has not been investigated. Using the individual-level panel data from Germany, we study the impact of the individual’s experience of negative emotions (sadness, fear, and anger) on immigration concerns and bridge this gap in the literature. After controlling for person fixed effects and a battery of individual-level and macroeconomic controls, we find that negative emotions are statistically and significantly associated with the respondent’s immigration concerns. The association holds for male as well as female respondents. To estimate the causal effects of negative emotions, we exploit the exogenous variation in negative emotions induced by the death of a parent or the change in averages of daily temperature and employ IV fixed effects regressions. Our findings suggest that, while within-person changes in the respondent’s feelings of anger affect immigration concerns among all respondents, the feelings of sadness and fear affect immigration concerns only among females. The impact of sadness and fear is more forceful among females who are not always-working during the sample period, older in age, and rarely use online social media.

P6141Associations between atmospheric parameters and haemostatic factors: a case control study

Abstract Background One of the biggest health challenges in the 21st century is global climate change. The health effect of climate change is partly mediated through atmospheric parameters. There is a growing concern that atmospheric parameters might increase cardiovascular (CV) morbidity. Increased levels of haemostatic factors are predictors of CV events. The associations between CV diseases and atmospheric parameters have been widely reported, however there are few studies of atmospheric parameters' effects on markers of haemostasis. Purpose We examined the possible association between atmospheric parameters and several haemostatic markers. Methods The study consisted of 3800 hospitalized patients with acute CV diseases (ACVDs) and 260 healthy blood donors. We examined the relationship of haemoglobin (Hgb), white blood cells (WBC), thrombocytes (THR) and local atmospheric parameter conditions (temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind speed, atmospheric front) on a day-to-day basis in a 5-year period (2009–2013) using a General Additive Model with cubic splines of covariates, regularized by a ridge penalty, and employing generalized cross validation. Atmospheric parameters were allowed to have a lagged effect by up to 21 days. Results Among blood donors, the average of daily temperature lagged by 8–14 days had a significant effect on Hgb, exhibiting a U-shaped relationship, where higher Hgb values were associated with extremities of the observed temperature interval. For ACVD patients, all examined blood test variables has a significant association with at least some of the atmospheric parameters. Hgb was shown to have a negative linear relationship with mean daily humidity, and the average of daily temperature lagged by 15–21 days, while the average of daily temperature variation lagged by 2–7 days had highly non-linear effect. The relative strength of the association with Hgb was largest for daily temperature variation. WBC values had a slightly non-linear positive relationship with atmospheric pressure lagged by 1 day, with WBC being significantly increased above 1030 hPa. THR values decreased linearly with an increase in mean daily temperature averaged for days lagged 15–21. Atmospheric pressure lagged by 1 day also had a significant effect on THR, with a positive linear effect under 1010 and over 1020 hPa but no effect between. The relative effect of atmospheric pressure on THR was twice as large compared to temperature. Conclusions Our study showed that exposure to certain atmospheric parameters is associated with significant changes in haemostatic marker levels. In the context of global climate change, the importance of focusing on atmospheric parameters as minor CV risk factor is substantially growing. A better understanding of the fluctuation of the examined markers, in light of atmospheric parameters, appears to be of particular importance for future studies and could help establish new CV prevention strategies.

Menghitung Waktu Panen Tanaman Bawang Merah Berbasis Heat Unit pada Pemberian Pupuk Organik di Tanah Gambut

Determining of the harvest of onion in the peat soil can be done by using physiological harvest criteria, but calculating the appropriate of harvest time can support the quality of harvesting of the onion plant. This study was conducted by using polybags in research and experiment gardens of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya from April to June in 2016. The given fertilization was an organic fertilizer in peat soil by using stall fertilizer like chicken feces with dosages of 15-30 tons ha-1 (PK) and bokashi of stall fertilizer of chicken feces with a dosage of 2-5 tons ha-1 (BK). The observation was done to the calculation of daily temperature (�C), the average of daily temperature (�C), and the unit of heat (heat unit) (�C day) as long as the cultivation of onion plant. The results showed that the harvest time that appropriate to the harvest physiological criteria in the treatment of BK at the age of 57 days after planting is relatively accurate and appropriate because it has a heating unit for 947,17oC day, and the harvest time that appropriate to the harvest physiological criteria of PK treatment at the age of 59 days after planting is relatively late because it has a heating unit for 978,09oC day.

Community assembly and functional leaf traits mediate precipitation use efficiency of alpine grasslands along environmental gradients on the Tibetan Plateau.

The alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau are sensitive and vulnerable to climate change. However, it is still unknown how precipitation use efficiency (PUE), the ratio of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) to precipitation, is related to community assembly of plant species, functional groups or traits for the Tibetan alpine grasslands along actual environmental gradients. We conducted a multi-site field survey at grazing-excluded pastures across meadow, steppe and desert-steppe to measure aboveground biomass (AGB) in August, 2010. We used species richness (SR), the Shannon diversity index, and cover-weighted functional group composition (FGC) of 1-xerophytes, 2-mesophytes, and 3-hygrophytes to describe community assembly at the species level; and chose community-level leaf area index (LAIc), specific leaf area (SLAc), and species-mixed foliar δ13C to quantify community assembly at the functional trait level. Our results showed that PUE decreased with increasing accumulated active temperatures (AccT) when daily temperature average is higher than 5 °C, but increased with increasing climatic moisture index (CMI), which was demined as the ratio of growing season precipitation (GSP) to AccT. We also found that PUE increased with increasing SR, the Shannon diversity index, FGC and LAIc, decreased with increasing foliar δ13C, and had no relation with SLAc at the regional scale. Neither soil total nitrogen (STN) nor organic carbon has no influence on PUE at the regional scale. The community assembly of the Shannon index, LAIc and SLAc together accounted for 46.3% of variance in PUE, whilst CMI accounted for 47.9% of variance in PUE at the regional scale. This implies that community structural properties and plant functional traits can mediate the sensitivity of alpine grassland productivity in response to climate change. Thus, a long-term observation on community structural and functional changes is recommended for better understanding the response of alpine ecosystems to regional climate change on the Tibetan Plateau.

Neutral atmosphere temperature trends and variability at 90 km, 70 °N, 19 °E, 2003–2014

Abstract. Neutral temperatures at 90 km height above Tromsø, Norway, have been determined using ambipolar diffusion coefficients calculated from meteor echo fading times using the Nippon/Norway Tromsø Meteor Radar (NTMR). Daily temperature averages have been calculated from November 2003 to October 2014 and calibrated against temperature measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on board Aura. Large-scale periodic oscillations ranging from ∼ 9 days to a year were found in the data using Lomb–Scargle periodogram analysis, and these components were used to seasonally detrend the daily temperature values before assessing trends. Harmonic oscillations found are associated with the large-scale circulation in the middle atmosphere together with planetary and gravity wave activity. The overall temperature change from 2003 to 2014 is −2.2 K ± 1.0 K decade−1, while in summer (May–June–July) and winter (November–December–January) the change is −0.3 K ± 3.1 K decade−1 and −11.6 K ± 4.1 K decade−1, respectively. The temperature record is at this point too short for incorporating a response to solar variability in the trend. How well suited a meteor radar is for estimating neutral temperatures at 90 km using meteor trail echoes is discussed, and physical explanations behind a cooling trend are proposed.

Autumnal leaf senescence in Miscanthus × giganteus and leaf [N] differ by stand age.

Poor first winter survival in Miscanthus × giganteus has been anecdotally attributed to incomplete first autumn senescence, but these assessments never paired first-year with older M. × giganteus in side-by-side trials to separate the effect of weather from stand age. Here CO2 assimilation rate (A), photosystem II efficiency (ΦPSII), and leaf N concentration ([N]) were used to directly compare senescence in first, second, and third-year stands of M. × giganteus. Three M. × giganteus fields were planted with eight plots, one field each in 2009, 2010, and 2011. To quantify autumnal leaf senescence of plants within each stand age, photosynthetic and leaf [N] measurements were made twice weekly from early September until a killing frost. Following chilling events (daily temperature averages below 10 °C), photosynthetic rates in first year plants rebounded to a greater degree than those in second- and third-year plants. By the end of the growing season, first-year M. × giganteus had A and ΦPSII rates up to 4 times greater than third-year M. × giganteus, while leaf [N] was up to 2.4 times greater. The increased photosynthetic capability and leaf N status in first-year M. × giganteus suggests that the photosynthetic apparatus was not dismantled before a killing frost, thus potentially limiting nutrient translocation, and may explain why young M. × giganteus stands do not survive winter when older stands do. Because previous senescence research has primarily focused on annual or woody species, our results suggest that M. × giganteus may be an interesting herbaceous perennial system to investigate the interactive effects of plant ageing and nutrient status on senescence and may highlight management strategies that could potentially increase winter survival rates in first-year stands.

Annual hysteresis of water quality: A method to analyse the effect of intra- and inter-annual climatic conditions

Summary Understanding annual patterns of stream water quality and the sensitivity of these patterns to climatic conditions is of great interest in the context of climate change. This paper proposes an alternative method to analyse the effect of climatic conditions on seasonal patterns of stream water chemistry. The method consists of plotting monthly means of stream concentrations against monthly means of the chosen hydro-climatic parameter. In our case, the monthly mean of the 30-day moving average of daily temperature behaved in the same way as discharge. This presentation enabled comparison of wet and dry years and cold and hot years, and a higher level of complexity was included by distinguishing storm from inter-storm concentrations. This method was applied to an original dataset from a long-term monitored agricultural catchment where samples have been taken daily from 2000 to 2010. Five elements were studied: nitrate, chloride, sulphate and dissolved organic and inorganic carbon. To construct the method, relations between two hydro-climatic parameters (discharge and air temperature) were studied. All elements displayed hysteretic loops, apparently due to the time needed to rewet catchment soils and connect the spatial source of elements to the stream. Temperature and discharge have equivalent relations with concentrations in this catchment because of its specific climatic conditions (temperate under oceanic influence), which makes evapotranspiration the main factor controlling seasonality. The proposed method could be used to study climate variability‘s effect and also to capture climate change effect over longer time-series.

CLIMATE AND BACTERIAL INFECTIONS DURING PREGNANCY; PRESENT IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE CONCERNS

Background and Aims: Maternal bacterial infections during pregnancy are both frequent and can be associated with serious complications like maternal morbidity and mortality, and life-threatening neonatal infections. The available evidence on the impact of climate on human bacterial infections particularly during pregnancy is very limited. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of climatic factors on maternal group B streptococci (GBS) colonisation during pregnancy. Methods: This study was based on a cohort of births (N=7976) that occurred in a major university hospital in Barcelona during 2001-2005. Averages of daily temperature, relative humidity, and heat index (perceived temperature) over the weeks 32-36 (one month prior to sampling) of pregnancy measured by the closest (aerial distance) of three meteorological monitors to the maternal residential place were assigned to each subject. Logistic regression models were developed to extract adjusted odds ratios for continuous and categorical (quartiles) exposures. Results: We detected an increased risk of GBS colonisation due to increase in daily average temperature (adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval (CI)) of 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)), relative humidity (1.03, 95% CI (1.01, 1.05)), and heat index (1.01, 95% CI (1.01, 1.02)). Treating exposures as categorical variables resulted in similar findings. Conclusions: We found elevated risk of maternal GBS colonisation during pregnancy in association with increase in ambient temperature and humidity. If confirmed by future studies, our findings are important as they provide guidance for clinicians and policy makers for providing targeted primary and secondary preventions and in time, it offers a basis for assessing the impact of possible changes in future climate on maternal infections during pregnancy and their consequent complications.

Climate and group B streptococci colonisation during pregnancy: present implications and future concerns

The available evidence on the impact of climate on human bacterial infections is very limited. We studied the impact of climatic factors on maternal group B streptococci (GBS) colonisation during pregnancy in Barcelona, Spain, in the period 2001-2005. Averages of daily temperature, relative humidity, and heat index (perceived temperature) over weeks 32-36 of gestation, measured by the closest of three meteorological monitors to the maternal place of residence were assigned to each subject. Logistic regression models were developed to extract adjusted odds ratios for continuous and categorical (quartiles) exposures. We detected increased risks of GBS colonisation in higher ambient temperatures and humidity.

Predicting apricot phenology using meteorological data

The main objective of this study was to develop feasible, easy to apply models for early prediction of full flowering (FF) and maturing (MA) in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). Phenological data for 20 apricot cultivars grown in the Belgrade region were modeled against averages of daily temperature records over ten seasons for FF and eight seasons for MA. A much stronger correlation was found between the phenological timing and temperature at the very beginning than at the end of phenophases. Also, the length of developmental periods were better correlated to daily maximum than to daily minimum and mean air temperatures. Using prediction models based on daily maximum temperatures averaged over 30-, 45- and 60-day periods, starting from 1 January for FF prediction and from the date of FF for MA prediction, the onset of examined phenophases in apricot cultivars could be predicted from a few weeks to up to 2months ahead with acceptable accuracy. The mean absolute differences between the observations and cross-validated predictions obtained by 30-, 45- and 60-day models were 8.6, 6.9 and 5.7days for FF and 6.1, 3.6 and 2.8days for MA, respectively. The validity of the results was confirmed using an independent data set for the year 2009.

Wheat quality related differential expressions of albumins and globulins revealed by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE)

Comparative proteomics analysis offers a new approach to identify differential proteins among different wheat genotypes and developmental stages. In this study, the non-prolamin expression profiles during grain development of two common or bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), Jing 411 and Sunstate, with different quality properties were analyzed using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). Five grain developmental stages during the post-anthesis period were sampled corresponding to the cumulative averages of daily temperatures ( degrees C: 156 degrees C, 250 degrees C, 354 degrees C, 447 degrees C and 749.5 degrees C). More than 400 differential protein spots detected at one or more of the developmental stages of the two cultivars were monitored, among which 230 proteins were identified by MS. Of the identified proteins, more than 85% were enzymes possessing different physiological functions. A total of 36 differential proteins were characterized between the two varieties, which are likely to be related to wheat quality attributes. About one quarter of the proteins identified expressed in multiple spots with different pIs and molecular masses, implying certain post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins such as phosphorylations and glycosylations. The results provide new insights into biochemical mechanisms for grain development and quality.

Is the Water Temperature of the Danube River at Bratislava, Slovakia, Rising?

Abstract This paper aims to reveal the annual regime, time series, and long-term water temperature trends of the Danube River at Bratislava, Slovakia, between the years 1926 and 2005. First, the main factors affecting the river’s water temperature were identified. Using multiple regression techniques, an empirical relationship is derived between monthly water temperatures and monthly atmospheric temperatures at Vienna (Hohe Warte), Austria, monthly discharge of the Danube, and some other factors as well. In the second part of the study, the long-term trends in the annual time series of water temperature were identified. The following series were evaluated: 1) The average annual water temperature (To) (determined as an arithmetic average of daily temperatures in the Danube at Bratislava), 2) the weighted annual average temperature values (Toυ) (determined from the daily temperatures weighted by the daily discharge rates at Bratislava), and 3) the average heat load (Zt) at the Bratislava station. In the long run, the To series is rising; however, the trend of the weighted long-term average temperature values, Toυ, is near zero. This result indicates that the average heat load of the Danube water did not change during the selected period of 80 yr. What did change is the interannual distribution of the average monthly discharge. Over the past 25 yr, an elevated runoff of “cold” water (increase of the December–April runoff) and a lower runoff of “warm” water (decrease of the river runoff during the summer months of June–August) were observed.

Ambient Temperature and Acute Coronary Syndrome to Emergency Room Admissions in Taiwan

P-494 Abstract: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is an important public health problem in the world. There is a considerable seasonal fluctuation in the incidence of ACS and climatic temperature may have an impact on the onset of the disease. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between mean of daily temperature, variation of daily temperature and emergency room (ER) admissions for ACS in an ER in Taichung City, Taiwan. A longitudinal study was conducted and assessed the correlation the average daily temperature and variation of daily temperature to ACS admissions to the ER of the city's largest hospital. Daily ER admissions for ACS and ambient temperature were collected from January 1, 2000 to March 31, 2003. The Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) model was used in the analysis. After adjusting for the effects of holiday, season, and air pollutants, the results showed that there was a negative significant association between average of daily temperature and ACS admissions. The mean daily temperature played an important role in ACS morbidity. ACS admissions to the ER increased 30% to 70% when mean of daily temperature was lower than 26.2°C. A positive association between variation of daily temperature and ACS admissions was also noted. The ACS admissions increased 15% when variation of daily temperature was over 8.3°C. The data indicate that patients with cardiovascular disease must be made aware of the increased risk posed by lower temperature and larger temperature change. Hospitals and ERs should take into account the increased demand of specific facilities during colder weather and larger temperature variation.

Desenvolvimento de gemas férteis em videiras cv. Itália no estado de São Paulo

Vários trabalhos descrevem a época ou o estádio fenológico em que ocorre a formação de primórdios de inflorescência em gemas de videiras. No entanto, os relatos são bastantes diversos sobre esse assunto, possivelmente, devido às diferenças de condições climáticas entre as regiões produtoras. Neste contexto, foi desenvolvido um experimento no período de agosto de 2002 a fevereiro de 2003, com o objetivo de determinar como ocorre a formação de gemas férteis em videiras cv. Itália, nas regiões de Jales e Jundiaí (SP). A cada período de 15 dias após o início da brotação, foram amostrados cinco ramos de cada vinhedo para as avaliações. Até o 15.º nó de cada ramo, as gemas foram dissecadas e examinadas sob estéreo microscópio quanto à presença de primórdios de inflorescência. A partir destas avaliações, foram obtidas as seguintes variáveis: porcentagem de gemas férteis a partir do estádio 5 (E5), porcentagem de gemas férteis com primórdios completamente maduros no estádio 7 (E7) e coeficiente de fertilidade dado pela relação entre número de primórdios de inflorescência/número total de gemas. A partir dos resultados, verificou-se que o início da formação dos primórdios de inflorescência (E5) ocorreu aos 30 dias após a brotação. Verificou-se a formação de primórdios de inflorescência totalmente maduros (E7), principalmente, entre 45 e 75 dias após a brotação, correspondendo aos estádios fenológicos de floração e "grão-de-ervilha" respectivamente. Na região de Jales, houve maior porcentagem de gemas férteis, independentemente da época de amostragem, possivelmente devido às maiores temperaturas médias diárias.