Average Daily Air Temperature Research Articles

Climatic conditions of the Urals and Western Siberia post-virgin regions and field crops productivity

The purpose of these studies was to determine the current trends in the change in the meteorological conditions of the growing season of field crops in the post-virgin regions of the Urals and Western Siberia and to identify their regional characteristics and influence on the yield of spring wheat. The research object was information on the average daily air temperatures, precipitation, and spring wheat yield. When processing the digital material, the generally accepted methods of statistical analysis were used. It has been established that current trends in an increase in climate aridity are accompanied by a significant change in the growing conditions of field crops, especially in the post-virgin areas of the Orenburg region. The steppe natural and climatic zone of the Omsk region, with all the humidification conditions’ intensity, is characterized by more favorable hydrothermal indicators and their temporary stability. The most significant dependence (r = 0.75 – 0.79) of the yield of spring wheat on hydrothermal conditions was found in the Svetlinsky district of the Orenburg region, which is characterized by the least amount of precipitation (139 mm) of the active growing season. The results obtained indicate the feasibility of developing and implementing adaptive moisture-saving agricultural technologies and techniques focused on the rational use of water resources in a changing climate.

Optimization of sowing date for spring maize in China's loess plateau based on presowing temperature and soil water content.

The sowing date of spring maize in China's Loess Plateau is often restricted by the presowing temperature and soil water content (SWC). The effective measurement of the effects of presowing temperature and SWC on the sowing date is a major concern for agricultural production in this region. In this paper, we considered the average daily air temperature of ˃10 °C in the 7 days before sowing. The Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) model was used to simulate a spring maize yield under distinct combinations of SWC and sowing date for 51 years (1970-2020). Subsequently, through the cumulative probability distribution function, the contribution of presowing SWC to the spring maize yield was quantified, and the optimal sowing date of spring maize in each production location was determined. The results revealed that the daily average temperature of ˃10 °C for 7 days consecutively can be used effectively as the basis for the simulation of spring maize sowing date. The presowing SWC affected the spring maize yield but did not change the optimal sowing date. When the SWC of each study site is about 70% of the field capacity, Wenshui and Yuanping can properly delay sowing, and Lin county can sow early to obtain a higher yield. This study provides an effective approach for optimizing presowing soil moisture management and the sowing date of spring maize in the semiarid regions of the Loess Plateau. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dataset of temperature and precipitation over the major Belt and Road Initiative regions under different temperature rise scenarios

ABSTRACT Changes in temperature and precipitation have a profound effect on the ecological environment and socioeconomic systems. In this study, we focus on the major Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) regions and develop a dataset of temperature and precipitation at global temperature rise targets of 1.5°C, 2°C, and 3°C above pre-industrial levels under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 emission scenario using 4 downscaled global model datasets data at a fine spatial resolution of 0.0449147848° (~5 km) globally from EnviDat. The temperature variables include the daily maximum (Tmax), minimum (Tmin) and average (Tmp) surface air temperatures, and the diurnal temperature range (DTR). We first evaluate the performance of the downscaled model data using CRU-observed gridded data for the historical period 1986–2005. The results indicate that the downscaled model data can generally reproduce the pattern characteristics of temperature and precipitation variations well over the major BRI regions for 1986–2005. Furthermore, we project temperature and precipitation variations over the major BRI regions at global temperature rise targets of 1.5°C, 2°C, and 3°C under the RCP8.5 emission scenario based on the dataset by adopting the multiple-model ensemble mean. Our dataset contributes to understanding detailed the characteristics of climate change over the major BRI regions, and provides data fundamental for adopting appropriate strategies and options to reduce or avoid disadvantaged consequences associated with climate change over the major BRI regions. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.01850.

Роль и динамика инфильтрации в структуре влагообмена зоны аэрации орошаемого поля

Purpose: scientific and technical substantiation of the water balance components of an irrigated field in the particular case of connecting an aquifer and an aeration zone through a capillary fringe. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at Pobeda LLC, Bagaevsky district, Elkin farmstead, in 2018 and 2019. When organizing the research, an integrated approach was used: stationary and experimental sites were used. The climatic conditions of the research objects correspond to the semi-arid steppe zone, the soils are southern chernozems. Results. As a result of processing data from field experience, it was determined that with infiltration varying from 0.183 to 1.915 mm: the average daily water supply ranged from 0.8 to 7.33 mm/day; relative moisture reserves – from 0.61 to 1.20; average daily air temperature – from 8.0 to 23.0 °C; average daily air humidity deficit – from 2.1 to 12.0 mbar; average daily evaporation – from 1.3 to 7.34 mm/day. The correlation analysis determined that, according to the correlation coefficient, the infiltration value has the greatest correlation – 0.86 and 0.63 with water supply (M + P) and relative moisture reserves (W0), respectively; the smallest – 0.28; 0.38 and 0.37 with temperature (t), air humidity deficit (dφ) and evaporation (Eω), respectively. In turn, the multifactor correlation analysis determined that the formation of the infiltration runoff volume in the system of vertical moisture exchange of an irrigated field has the greatest connection with a paired change in the values of water supply and relative moisture reserves. Conclusions: infiltration of irrigation water and atmospheric precipitation beyond the root layer is determined by the obtained empirical dependence, is observed when the moisture reserves of this layer exceed the moisture reserves corresponding to the minimum moisture capacity and water supply, and has the greatest close relationship according to the coefficient of multiple determination (R²) 81 % (multiple correlation coefficient R = 0.899) with changes in these two factors.

INFLUENCE OF WEATHER CONDITIONS ON FIELD GERMINATION OF WINTER WHEAT SEEDS

Winter wheat is the main grain crop in Ukraine, but in recent years its yields have been declining and grain quality has been deteriorating. A significant amount of winter wheat grain does not meet the requirements for food grain, which in turn affects the quality of flour and bread. The main factor for obtaining highly productive winter wheat crops is to improve their structure, which depends on the sowing time, seeding rate, field germination of seeds, plant survival in winter, etc. The yield and quality of winter wheat seeds are formed during the period of their cultivation, where both the genetic potential of the variety and soil, climatic and agronomic conditions play an important role [4]. Therefore, creating favourable conditions for high field germination of seeds is one of the priority tasks in growing grain crops. The aim of the study is to determine the influence of weather factors on the field germination of winter wheat seeds. The research programme envisages determining the impact of weather conditions - average daily temperatures, the sum of active temperatures, precipitation during sowing and germination, and productive soil moisture reserves at a depth of 0-10 cm - on the field germination of winter wheat seeds. Laboratory and field studies were conducted at the experimental farm of the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics during 2016-2020. Varieties of different maturity groups - medium early and medium early - were used for the study. Field germination was calculated as the ratio of the number of seedlings to the total number of sown germinating seeds. Studies of the influence of weather conditions on the field germination of winter wheat seeds have shown that in 2016 the temperature regime of this period was lower, the sum of active temperatures was 117,5 ºC, the average daily temperature was 11,8 ºC, and the amount of precipitation for three decades was only 5,4 mm, with a moisture deficit of 88,0%. Such conditions did not contribute to the accumulation of productive soil moisture and its preservation, which led to a decrease in the percentage of field germination of seeds to 76%. With a high sum of active temperatures during the third decade of September 2017 of 141,1 oC and 2,2 mm less precipitation in September, the productive moisture content of the sowing soil layer (0-10 cm) was 23 mm, which is below the optimal level (30 mm), and the average field germination rate of the varieties' seeds was 77%. The period of sowing and germination in 2018 was characterised by sufficient moisture supply, with precipitation at the level of the long-term average of 57,7 mm (36,5 mm in the first decade and 21,2 mm in September), which was 28,2% higher than the long-term average, and productive soil moisture of 34 mm, which ensured field germination at 82%. The periods of sowing and germination in 2019 and 2020 were also favourable for seed germination. The average daily air temperature, which was at the level of the long-term average in 2019 and 2,8 °C higher than the long-term average in 2020, and sufficient precipitation, which contributed to the accumulation of productive moisture in the soil (37 mm in 2019 and 35 mm in 2020, which is 7-5 mm more than optimal), ensured field germination of seeds at the level of 86% and 83%, respectively. The study of the influence of varietal characteristics on the field germination of seeds revealed that with almost the same laboratory germination of sown seeds, there was no significant difference between varieties in field germination of both medium early and medium early varieties. On average, for medium-early ripening varieties, the field germination of seeds over five years was 81% with variation by variety from 80 to 82%, and for medium-ripening varieties also 81% with variation by variety from 80 to 83%. Over the years of research, there was also no significant difference in field germination of seeds depending on varietal characteristics, it changed only depending on weather conditions during sowing and germination.

THE HEAT STRESS INFLUENCE REDUCTION ON MILK PRODUCTIVITY

The article presents the results of research on the reduction of the negative influence of heat stress on the milk productivity of cows in the second half of lactation due to the use of a protein feed additive with protected protein and starch. One of the factors of effective milk production with intensive management of the industry is the creation of comfortable conditions for keeping animals on the farm. Highly productive cows are quite demanding on the conditions of maintenance and microclimate. The study of the productive action of the complex drug Bypass protein + passable starch under the influence of temperature stress was carried out by us for the first time. The influence of the thermal factor of the environment on the productivity of cows is well described in the literature and the mechanisms of such an effect are described. The main consequence of the reaction of cows to temperature stress is a decrease in the consumption of dry matter of feed. This factor becomes the main factor in reducing productivity due to energy and protein deficiency. The same reaction was observed in our studies, both in the control and experimental groups. But we confirmed for the first time that the actions of compensation of temperature stress can be controlled due to the configurations of protein and energy entering the body by bypassing the scar. In our research, it has been proven for the first time that even in the conditions of reduced feed consumption, this way of providing cows with protein and energy is a reliable way of managing the productivity of cows and stabilizing their homeostasis during the period of temperature conditions that are dangerous for the existence of animals. It was established that the decrease in daily milk yield by 1.3 kg is a consequence of the negative influence of the temperature factor, when the daily air temperature in the summer period was at the level of +24.5-36.4 oС. The proof of this is the decrease in the rate of decline in the level of milk productivity of the cows of the experimental groups in August, when the average daily air temperature dropped to +24-26 °C. Modernization of the feeding ration of high-yielding cows by increasing the content of non-degradable protein in the rumen to the norm during temperature stress contributed to better adaptation of animals to productivity and quality indicators of milk. Keywords: protected protein, cows, milk productivity, protein supplement, heat stress.

Сохранение клона дерева Закхея (Ficus sycomorus L.) В Ставропольском ботаническом саду

The purpose of the study is to preserve the plant-clone of the Fig tree Zacchaeus in the greenhouse of the Stavropol Botanical Garden. The current changed ecological situation and a large anthropogenic load have led to the deplorable state of the plant. To preserve it, the current members of the IOPS (Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society) and Russian scientists were tasked with preserving and reproducing Ficussycomorus L. The age of Ficussycomorus was determined – about 2000 years, the plant needs special therapeutic and preventive measures for its further preservation. Agrotechnical measures aimed at activating growth processes in the fig tree were carried out. For preservation, the evergreen biennial fig tree plant Zacchaeus was transferred to the Stavropol Botanical Garden named after V.V. Skripchinsky in 2016. The object was a clone of Ficussycomorus L. Phenological observations were carried out according to the generally accepted method. The plant is kept in the greenhouse of the Stavropol Botanical Garden with an average annual air temperature of plus 24.3°C. The highest average daily air temperatures of more than plus 27 to 30°C are observed from May to August, the lowest – in October, November plus 16 … 21°C. For the period 2016-2022 it increased its size from 30 cm to 82 cm, the number of lateral trunk branches from 3 to 20 pcs. A distinctive feature of the plant is a slowdown in growth in the autumn-winter period, partial fall of leaves and a decrease in their length (about 10% of the leaf mass remains on the tree), but syconia are constantly formed, regardless of the length of daylight hours.

Real-time tree physiology monitoring system

Electronic devices have been developed to operate in real time with an alarm on the streets of Diptychs. The devices are IoT-platforms based on the ESP-32 microprocessor, equipped with a LoRa transceiver to transmit data to a module that collects tree data and sends it to the cloud using GSM/GPRS. Pilot implementation will take place in 2023 on the territory of the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University (Republic of Karelia, Russia). The work was carried out with the aim of studying the seasonal dynamics of Malus domestica under growing conditions in the extreme territories of Northern Russia. The research results show that on May 16-18, during the characteristic phenological phase «The beginning of reddening of leaves» (ВВСН 11) at an average daily air temperature of +5.7°C, a sum of temperatures of 487°C and an average daily temperature of 325°C. The phenophase «Beginning of flowering» (ВВСН 61) was noted on May 28 at an air temperature of +13.3 °C. The phenophase «Beginning of fruit ripening» (ВВСН 81-86) was noted on August 16. The beginning of the increase in trunk diameter, according to the distant number, was noted on June 15-20, the growth lasted until July 20-25 and amounted to about 3 mm. The research results showed that the species Malus Domestica may be preferable for introduction into the culture of northern fruit growing.

Weather Conditions and Biostimulants Influence Nitrogen Acquisition from Different Sources by Soybean Plants

This study aimed to determine the influence of weather conditions (air temperature, precipitation and insolation) on the quantity of nitrogen taken up by soybean plants whose cultivation included an application of two biostimulants: Asahi and Improver, which have been approved for sale. An isotopic dilution method was used which involved an application of mineral fertilisers enriched with the isotope 15N (5%) to detect the quantity of nitrogen fixed from the atmosphere, acquired from the soil and taken up from the fertiliser. Microplots of 1 m2, organised to form larger units, were planted with soybean. The impact of meteorological conditions on the amount of nitrogen fixed by plants as influenced by the experimental biostimulants was estimated using regression trees based on the C&RT algorithm in STATISTICA 13.3. This procedure yielded regression trees which revealed that, irrespective of the test biostimulant, the quantity of nitrogen fixed from the atmosphere was mainly influenced by the air temperature in July, as indicated by the first and most significant branching of the tree. The poorest fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in plants was observed when the average 24-h air temperature in July was higher than 20.9 °C, the quantities being 20.61, 31.33 and 30.49 kg, respectively, in the control, Asahi- and Improver-treated plots. The superior nitrogen uptake from fertiliser, from 10.64 (for the control) to 14.98 kg (in the Improver-amended units), was found when the air temperatures recorded in July and June did not exceed, respectively, 20.9 and 13.15 °C, and the daily rainfall in July was up to 5.65 mm. The regression tree model associated with the quantity of nitrogen acquired by soybean plants from soil indicates that, just like atmospheric nitrogen and nitrogen taken up from fertiliser, the average daily air temperature in July was the major factor determining the first branching of the tree. When this temperature went beyond 20.9 °C, the lowest uptake of nitrogen from soil was found for control plants.

Influence of climatic elements on the reproductive traits of Romanov sheep in the Bilogora region, Croatia

The study aimed to determine the influence of air temperature, amount of precipitation and sunlight duration on the reproductive traits of the Romanov sheep in the Bilogora region, Croatia.Animals were kept in a fenced rotating pasture with access to stables during the night. Sheep were naturally mated. During three consecutive years (2019-2021), reproductive performance data were collected for four sheep flocks (n=26-57). Data on air temperature, sunlight duration, and daily precipitation volumes were obtained from the Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service (CMHS), Zagreb, Croatia, from the nearest meteorological recording station, located within 5-15 km of farms. A total of 425 ewes were mated, of which 399 successfully conceived and 851 lambs were born, with an average litter size of 1.63. The average fertility during the study was 93.88%. Lambing distribution was not equally distributed throughout the year as 73% of all lambs were born during winter and spring (winter 51.88%; spring 21.31%; summer 13.53% and autumn 13.28%). Sexual activity was lowest from the end of March to May, while the peak of sexual activity was from the end of August to October. There was a positive or negative correlation (P<0.0001 (Kruskall-Wallis)) between air temperature, sunshine duration and amount of precipitation with certain reproductive traits (number of pregnant and non-pregnant ewes). Daily average air temperatures were highest in summer but drop suddenly at the start of the breeding season in early autumn. Also, the day begins to shorten, and night begins to become longer which is crucial for shortday breeder species such as sheep and goats. Other factors, such as relative humidity and rainfall, can also directly or indirectly impact sexual activity and significantly affect fertility. The results indicate that air temperature, amount of precipitation, and sunlight duration during different months or seasons could influence the reproductive traits of Romanov sheep in Bilogora region, Croatia.

Современные агроклиматические условия горных ландшафтов Северного Кавказа

Introduction. For the first time, the problem of global warming was officially announced in 1976 by the World Meteorological Organization. The most complete picture of ongoing climate change, causes, consequences and response strategies can be obtained from the reports of the IPCC (intergovernmental group of experts). There are many works devoted to regional climate changes, including those in the North Caucasus. However, these works do not reflect the modern agro-climatic conditions of the mountainous landscapes of the North Caucasus which occupy 27% of the territory and are actively involved in agriculture. Aim - analysis of modern agro-climatic conditions of the mountain landscapes of the North Caucasus in a changing climate. Materials and research methods. To assess agro-climatic conditions, traditional agro-climatic indicators were used, such as annual and average monthly air temperatures; sums of active temperatures exceeding 5 and 10°С; dates of stable transition of the average daily air temperature through 0, 5 and 10°C in spring and autumn; the duration of the period with an average daily temperature of 0, 5, 10 ° C, the average temperature of the coldest and warmest months of the calendar year, annual precipitation, hydrothermal coefficient. The processing of the material was carried out by methods of mathematical statistics using Excel spreadsheets. Processed data on temperature and precipitation in the period from 1961 to 2020 for six meteorological stations. Research results. For the period from 1961 to 2020, within the mountain landscapes of the North Caucasus, there is an increase in annual air temperature compared to the previous period by an average of 0,5 °C. Against the background of an increase in annual temperature, such agro climatic indicators as the sum of active temperatures increased, exceeding 5o and 10oC by 6 and 13%, respectively. The stable transition of the average daily air temperature through 0, 5, 10°C has also undergone changes. In spring, on average, this happens 5, 1, 6 days earlier. Whereas in autumn, on the contrary, 3, 1, 5 days later. The duration of the period with an average daily temperature of 0, 5, 10 °C increased by an average of 10, 3, 13 days, respectively. Precipitation increased at all meteorological stations, with the exception of the Klukhorsky cross, by an average of 45 mm. The hydrothermal coefficient, which characterizes precipitation during the growing season, remained within the limits of natural fluctuation, except for the Klukhorsky cross, where it decreased due to a decrease in precipitation during the warm period. Discussion. The analysis of the agro-climatic conditions of the mountain landscapes of the North Caucasus for 1961-2020. revealed trends in the growth of annual temperature and precipitation, however, the moisture supply of the active vegetation period, estimated using the HTC, remained unchanged. Our results correlate with the official data of Rosgydromet, published in the Report on the peculiarities of the climate of the Russian Federation for 2021. Conclusion. The study allows us to state that in the mountainous landscapes of the North Caucasus, climatic changes proceed according to the scenario of an increase in air temperature and precipitation. As a result, agro-climatic indicators have changed: the sum of active temperatures has increased, exceeding 5o and 10oC and the duration of the period with an average daily temperature of 0, 5, 10oC, the dates of a stable transition through 0, 5, 10oC have changed, precipitation has increased, but the HTC has remained within the natural fluctuation . The stability of the HTC indicator indicates the stability of landscape boundaries, despite the observed changes in agro-climatic indicators. Resume. The observed climatic changes within the mountain landscapes of the North Caucasus contribute to an increase in the productivity of agricultural production by improving the conditions for heat and moisture supply to the territory. Suggestions for practical application and direction for future research. The results of the study can be useful for updating the schemes of agricultural zoning of the mountainous territories of the North Caucasus, as well as for developing land use schemes based on contour farming, which reduces the risks of adverse natural phenomena, including those caused by climate change.

Испытание нового сорта козлятника восточного «Еля-ты» (Galega orientalis) в условиях Ненецкого автономного округа

The paper deals with the adaptive properties of the new fodder culture of Eastern galega, variety‘ Elya-Ty”, its influence on the productivity, nutritional value and botanical composition of haying hytocenoses for the research period of 2003-2022. The natural and climatic conditions are favorable for Eastern galega breeding as evidenced by the ecological test data of its biopotential in the floodplain ecosystem of the Lower Pechora River. The area differs by temperature regime (average daily temperatures of 8.6–16.2 °C) and moisture conditions from arid to excessively moist (hydrothermal coefficient 0.6–3.9) with the production of 80–294 centners/ha of green mass without fertilizer. By the correlation analysis, economic characters of the cultivar moderately to strongly depend on the deficiency coefficient of active (˃10 °S) and average daily air temperatures. The productivity of galega is characterized by a moderate type of fluctuation. By the data obtained, the productivity increase is mean stable (p = 0.391) with high dependence on random meteorological factors during the vegetation period and in winter time (JR = 0.7571). 1 kg of feed contains 0.70 feed unit, 9.3 MJ exchange energy, nitrogen-free extractable substances - 45.1, raw protein - 19.5, raw fiber - 27.6, raw fat and ash - 1.86 and 5.9, respectively, and sugar - 9,5 %.

Role of Lipids of the Evergreen Shrub Ephedra monosperma in Adaptation to Low Temperature in the Cryolithozone

Lipids are the fundamental components of cell membranes and they play a significant role in their integrity and fluidity. The alteration in lipid composition of membranes has been reported to be a major response to abiotic environmental stresses. Seasonal dynamics of membrane lipids in the shoots of Ephedra monosperma J.G. Gmel. ex C.A. Mey. growing in natural conditions of permafrost ecosystems was studied using HPTLC, GC-MS and ESI-MS. An important role of lipid metabolism was established during the autumn-winter period when the shoots of the evergreen shrub were exposed to low positive (3.6 °C), negative (-8.3 °C) and extremely low temperatures (-38.4 °C). Maximum accumulation of phosphatidic acid (PA), the amount of which is times times greater than the sum of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (PC + PE) was noted in shoots of E. monosperma in the summer-autumn period. The autumn hardening period (3.6 °C) is accompanied by active biosynthesis and accumulation of membrane lipids, a decrease of saturated 34:1 PCs, 34:1 PEs and 34:1 PAs, and an increase in unsaturated long-chain 38:5 PEs, 38:6 PEs, indicating that the adaptation of E. monosperma occurs not at the level of lipid classes but at the level of molecular species. At a further decrease of average daily air temperature in October (-8.3 °C) a sharp decline of PA level was registered. At an extreme reduction of environmental temperature (-38.4 °C) the content of non-bilayer PE and PA increases, the level of unsaturated fatty acids (FA) rises due to the increase of C18:2(Δ9,12) and C18:3(Δ9,12,15) acids and the decrease of C16:0 acids. It is concluded that changes in lipid metabolism reflect structural and functional reorganization of cell membranes and are an integral component of the complex process of plant hardening to low temperatures, which contributes to the survival of E. monosperma monocotyledonous plants in the extreme conditions of the Yakutia cryolithozone.

Application of hurdle Poisson model to predict the abundance of toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis in reservoirs

The blooming of toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis in eutrophicated reservoirs causes serious difficulties for water supply worldwide. For the appropriate management of such reservoirs, a prediction model of toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis can be a useful tool. Therefore, this study aims to develop a Bayesian hurdle Poisson model for statistical prediction of toxic Microcystis from only two predictors, air temperature and trophic state index (TSI) calculated from chlorophyll-a. The gene copy number of the mcyB gene was used as a surrogate of toxic Microcystis cell density. The data on mcyB gene and chlorophyll-a were collected from 20 reservoirs in Nagasaki Prefecture (Japan). The daily average air temperature was downloaded from the local meteorological stations and a mean for 30 days before sampling date was calculated. The results showed that higher temperature and larger TSI accelerate the growth of toxic Microcystis. Furthermore, this model successfully predicted mcyB gene copy number as a surrogate of toxic Microcystis cell density for different conditions of air temperature and TSI with sufficient accuracy. Therefore, the proposed model has the potential to be a useful prediction tool for toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis in the integrated management of reservoirs.

Цифровое сканирование роста и развития древесных растений

The paper presents a photometric device and a procedure for quickly recording the characteristics of organs or parts of woody plants during their growth in the field conditions with maximum detail and accuracy. The procedure was tested in the study of seasonal dynamics of Viburnum lantana L. introduced in Middle Taiga and a species of local flora V. opulus L. The research results show that there are differences in the species seasonal dynamics rhythm associated with the influence of the current and previous environmental conditions. Air temperature explains the greatest dependence of the beginning of growth and the majority of phenodates. It was found that early beginning and end of vegetation is typical for V. opulus. The growth and development of the introduced V. lantana occur in a warmer environment. Shoots of V. opulus begin to grow on May 18–21, after 11 days growth is observed in V. lantana. The earliest terms of shoot growth cessation were found in V. opulus (June 19); V. lantana shoot growth ends 7 days later. The longest shoots of the current year (101 mm) were formed in V. lantana, which is 26 mm longer than in V. opulus. The beginning of shoots growth in V. opulus is observed at +4.7 °C average daily air temperature and the sum of positive temperatures 187 °C, in V. lantana this process begins at +8.8 °C and 308 °C, respectively, and the species requires 6 days with average daily temperature above +10 °C to start growing. Thus, the studied Viburnum species can be conditionally divided into 2 groups: early (V. opulus) and late (V. lantana) beginning and ending seasonal development. Cultivated in the taiga zone V. lantana belongs to the highly promising introduced species, so it can be recommended for introduction into cultural cenoses and landscaping of settlements in the taiga zone. Acknowledgments: The research was supported by the Karelia Innovation Business Startup MVP within the framework of the Program for Support of Applied Research and Development of Students and Postgraduate Students of the Petrozavodsk State University. For citation: Kabonen A.V., Gavrilova O.I., Kishchenko I.T. Digital Scanning of Woody Plant Growth and Development. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2022, no. 6, pp. 55–70. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-6-55-70

Агроклиматические условия на территории Республики Татарстан в период 1966–2021 гг.

The state of agroclimatic resources in the Republic of Tatarstan during 1966–2021 is considered. Using daily meteorological observations at 13 meteorological stations located on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan and reanalysis data, the radiation characteristics (direct, total, and photosynthetic radiation), the sum of positive temperatures of the active phase of the growing season (the period average daily temperatures above 10 °C), the dates of 10°C average daily temperature crossing in spring and autumn (for Kazan СGMS station, the dates of 0, 5, 10 and 15°C average daily temperature crossing), the duration of the growing season are calculated. The characterization of the degree of aridity and waterlogging of the region is given using the Budyko dryness index, Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, and Sapozhnikova moisture index. An assessment of the biological effectiveness of the climate is given. A significant trend toward the aridity growth in the republic since 1976 has been revealed. Keywords: solar radiation, average daily air temperature, growing season, sum of positive temperatures, climate change trend, dryness and waterlogging indices

Effect of Selected Meteorological Factors on the Growth Rate and Seed Yield of Winter Wheat—A Case Study

Recent years have seen a significant increase in weather anomalies in Central Europe (51°22′ N, 22°64′ E), which makes it more difficult to predict yields of winter wheat and to estimate prices on world exchanges. Eight-year (2007–2015) field observations of winter wheat cv. Turnia were carried out in order to determine the relationship between selected meteorological indicators (e.g., the values of average daily air temperature, daily sums of precipitation, and the number of days with precipitation) and the biometric traits and seed yield of winter wheat. In addition, an attempt was made to identify the meteorological parameters that determine an increase in stem elongation during the growing season. The relationship between yield parameters and biometric parameters was evaluated using Spearman’s non-parametric correlation coefficients. The regression models for analysis of the dependence of yield parameters and biometric parameters on meteorological elements (temperature, precipitation totals, and days with precipitation) in each development period was used. The study showed that from the beginning of vegetative growth to the flowering stage, growth and development were most advanced in plants for which the average temperature was about 8–9 °C, and the number of days with precipitation was about 41. During generative growth, spike length is 80% determined by the precipitation total. Grain weight is 68% negatively determined by the temperature during dormancy (the higher the temperature during dormancy, the lower the weight of the kernel). A positive relationship was shown between yield and the precipitation total during the period from sowing to the onset of dormancy (r = 0.37). Winter wheat yield was 69% dependent on the density at harvest (the greater the density, the higher the final yield). On the basis of the 8-year results of the study, we conclude that the weather is highly variable from year to year, and therefore breeders should direct their research towards creating variants with much greater plasticity and high tolerance for unfavourable weather patterns.

Quality of Hungarian clover (Trifolium pannonicum Jacq.) seeds of Snezhok variety

The article presents the results of many years of research (2011-2021) on determining the quality of Hungarian clover (Trifolium pannonicum Jacq.) seeds of Snezhok variety obtained in the conditions of Kirov region (North-East of the European part of Russia). The weight of 1000 seeds averaged 4.16 g with changes over the years from 3.83 to 4.60 g and depended on the amount of precipitation (r = 0.71), the hydrothermal coefficient during the flowering period of grass stands (r = 0.69), average daily and daytime air temperatures during the "flowering-the beginning of maturation" period (r = -0.70). On average, the length of the seeds was 2.45 mm, width – 1.93 mm; thickness – 1.40 mm. According to the ratio of these parameters, the seeds had an ovoid and ellipsoid (elongated) shape. The size of the seed material (integral indicator) did not exceed 2.0 mm. In years with greater moisture availability (98-189 % to the norm) large seeds were formed (from 1.92 to 2.00 mm), with insufficient moisture (64-81 %) ‒ small seeds (1.78 mm). According to the initial germination indicators, all seed material met the requirements of GOST R 52325-2005 and was classified as "original seeds". Germination and germinating energy were 86.7-99.5 and 80.0-97.0 %, respectively, they depended on the average daily air temperature during the "budding-seed ripening" period (r = 0.66 and 0.68) and remained at a high level for the first three to four years of storage. The seed material had mainly a low content of hard seeds (1.5-7.0 %). In some years, the "hard-seeding" of freshly harvested seeds reached 20.0-36.0%, however, after the post-harvest ripening period, it significantly decreased. The freshly harvested seeds had a yellow color, which gradually changed to beige-brown or brown-beige during storage. Regression analysis showed a strong relationship between the color of seeds of different storage periods and germination rates. The presence of a large number of yellow seeds in the batch indicated to their high germinating energy (r = 0.98) and germination (r = 0.95). the predominant content of brown seeds indicated to the loss of seed sowing qualities (r = -0.94 and r = -0.91, respectively).

The strategy of the genesis of the male generative sphere of the winter‐flowering shrub <i>Jasminum nudiflorum</i> Lindl. (Oleaceae) under the conditions of the Southern coast of Crimea

Aim. Analysis of the dynamics of growth and development of anthers of the winter‐flowering shrub Jasminum nudiflorum in the conditions of the Southern coast of Crimea in connection with the determination of an adaptive strategy for the genesis of the male generative sphere of the species.Material and Methods. The stages of genesis of Jasminum nudiflorum anthers were determined during the weekly analysis of temporary and permanent preparations of buds collected from June to December 2018–2020. The dynamics of the growth of anthers was determined by calculating the relative growth rate (R), based on the actual data of their lengths.Results. The genesis of J. nudiflorum anthers takes 6–7 months and is characterized by alternating periods of decreasing and increasing growth intensity. A high positive correlation was established between the lengths of J. nudiflorum anthers and their development stages (r=0,94). The premeiotic period lasts from the 2nd decade of June to the 3rd decade of August. In it, it is possible to distinguish the resting phase, which falls on the 3rd decade of July – I decade of August, after which the growth and differentiation of anther tissues is activated. During the period of microsporogenesis (1st – 2nd decades of October), the growth intensity reaches its maximum values. The average daily air temperature during this period is +16...+18°C. In the post‐arctic period (2nd decade of October – 3rd decade of December), when the differentiation of the gametophyte occurs, there is a decrease in the relative growth rate of anthers. In winter, the anthers are at the stage of vacuolated microspores, which can tolerate short‐term freezing without reducing the quality of pollen.Conclusions. The strategy of the genesis of the male generative sphere in the winter‐flowering shrub is characterized by alternating periods of increase and decrease of the intensity of their growth, which are timed to certain stages of development and seasons of the year and are adaptive in nature, aimed at reducing the influence of stress from meteorological and climatic factors, which is important for the production of a fertile gametophyte.

Effect of Grafting Compatibility on Fruit Yield and Quality of Cantaloupe in a Mediterranean-Type Climate

Grafting is effectively used worldwide to overcome abiotic and biotic factors impacting yield, including soil temperature. Field studies were conducted in 2020 and 2021 in a cool Mediterranean climate (average daily air temperature range of 12.8–17.1 °C) to identify suitable rootstock combinations for grafted cantaloupe (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus) and evaluate fruit yield and quality. Cantaloupe cultivars Sugar Rush (SR), Goddess (G), and Athena (A) were compatible with interspecific hybrid squash (Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata) rootstock cultivars Super Shintosa (SS) and Carnivor (CN) but were incompatible with ‘Carolina Strongback (CS)’ (Citrullus amarus) and ‘Pelop (P)’ (Lagenaria siceraria) rootstocks. Nongrafted cultivars exhibited vine decline at harvest in 2020 but not in 2021, and grafting tended to delay harvest by 15–18 days. Overall, while grafting with interspecific hybrid squash rootstocks may have delayed fruit harvest, fruit quality was not compromised. Further, yield was increased for ‘Goddess’ and ‘Athena’, but not ‘Sugar Rush’. ‘A/CN’ had the highest fruit yield/ha and number per plant. The grafted treatments of each cantaloupe cultivar with interspecific hybrid squash rootstocks met the U.S. fancy grade criteria.