Cytokines In Saliva Research Articles

Altered levels of salivary cytokines in patients with major depressive disorder

ObjectiveAccumulating evidence indicate the involvement of inflammation in the pathogenesis of mental disorders. Numerous studies have shown that proinflammatory cytokines were elevated in peripheral blood of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). A few recent research have explored the possibility of using saliva as a biomarker for depressive symptoms. The objective of this study is to examine the salivary cytokine levels in patients with MDD and healthy controls. MethodsParticipants were 19 patients with MDD and 50 healthy controls. The levels of 27 cytokines in saliva were measured by multiplex bead array assay. ResultsThe Mann-Whitney U-test showed that the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-9, IL-12p70, IL-13, Chemokine CCL11 (Eotaxin), MIP-1α, RANTES, and VEGF were significantly higher in patients than controls. The quantile regression analysis showed that IL-1β, IL-12p70, CCL11, and VEGF remained significant after controlling for possible confounding factors. ConclusionThe findings were in line with previous studies that showed elevated peripheral levels of cytokines in patients with MDD. Our present data provide preliminary support for altered salivary cytokine levels in patients with MDD and suggest that salivary cytokines may serve as a novel target for elucidating the pathophysiology underlying MDD.

Severe skin inflammation leads to salivary gland atrophy and dysfunction.

Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are inflammatory skin diseases, and these patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular events and other medical complications. It has been clarified that skin inflammation affects internal organs. Additionally, dental caries tends to occur more frequently in patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of dermatitis on the salivary glands using an inflammation model mouse. Salivary secretion stimulated with pilocarpine was reduced in dermatitis mice. Histologically, dermatitis mice showed amyloid deposition, glandular atrophy, and fibrosis in the salivary glands. Expression of inflammatory cytokines in the salivary glands was higher in dermatitis mice; however, secretion of cytokines in saliva was not significantly different. Dermatitis mice showed decreased salivary secretion and histological changes, which may cause periodontal disease. Therefore, appropriate control of skin inflammation is essential.

Erratum to: Salivary Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Salivary Bacterial Challenge Effect on Dental Caries: A Clinico-Molecular Cross-Sectional Study.

Objectives: Objective of this study is to determine the correlation between salivary cytokine concentrations and cariogram value high (C1) and
 low (C2) experience in people. In this direction, saliva cytokines showed a significant correlation with the patient’s caries experience.
 Patients and Methods: Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from 38 appropriate populations of patients aged between 20 to
 57 years old. All patients’ DMF (decay/missing/filled) values were higher than 0. Twenty-one caries activity groups (C1) and 17 caries nonactivity
 groups (C2) patients were collected for this study. Procedures of the clinical evaluation were the collection of saliva samples and oral
 examination. The whole saliva from 38 patients with C1 and C2 was investigated for the existence of GM-CSF, TNFα, IFN-g, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8,
 and IL-10.
 Results: The study population consisted of 38 subjects with a mean age of 34.76 14.43 years. Likewise, there was a significant interaction
 between salivary flow rate, S. Mutans number, number of Lactobacillus, number of meals and IL-6, a significant difference in caries activity
 groups.
 Conclusion: Salivary cytokines demonstrated significant interactions to caries experience of the patient.
 Keywords: Salivary, Streptococcus mutans, Pro-inflammatory cytokines, Dental caries
 
 Erratum Reason: It has been determined there is an lack in the ACKNOWLEDGMENT section of the article ‘Pakdemirli A, Çalıbaşı Kocal G, Kılınç G, Daşkın E, Kemaloğlu H, Başbınar Y, Ellidokuz H. Salivary Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Salivary Bacterial Challenge Effect on Dental Caries: A Clinico-Molecular Cross-Sectional Study. J Basic Clin Health Sci 2020; 1:77-81.’ published in in the first issue of the fourth volume of Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences (JBACHS).
 
 The Acknowledgments section that should be included in the relevant article is presented below.
 
 Acknowledgements: This work was supported by Dokuz Eylul University, Scientific Research Projects (Project Number: 2014.KB.SAG.025).

High-Throughput, High-Multiplex Digital Protein Detection with Attomolar Sensitivity.

A major challenge in many clinical diagnostic applications is the measurement of low-abundance proteins and other biomolecules in biological fluids. Digital technologies such as the digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have enabled 1000-fold increases in sensitivity over conventional protein detection methods. However, current digital ELISA technologies still possess insufficient sensitivities for many rare protein biomarkers and require specialized instrumentation or time-consuming workflows that have limited their widespread implementation. To address these challenges, we have developed a more sensitive and streamlined digital ELISA platform, Molecular On-bead Signal Amplification for Individual Counting (MOSAIC), which attains low attomolar limits of detection, with an order of magnitude enhancement in sensitivity over these other methods. MOSAIC uses a rapid, automatable flow cytometric readout that vastly increases throughput and is easily integrated into existing laboratory infrastructure. As MOSAIC provides high sampling efficiencies for rare target molecules, assay bead number can readily be tuned to enhance signal-to-background with high measurement precision. Furthermore, the solution-based signal readout of MOSAIC expands the number of analytes that can simultaneously be measured for higher-order multiplexing with femtomolar sensitivities or below, compared with microwell- or droplet-based digital methods. As a proof of principle, we apply MOSAIC toward improving the detectability of low-abundance cytokines in saliva and ultrasensitive multiplexed measurements of eight protein analytes in plasma and saliva. The attomolar sensitivity, high throughput, and broad multiplexing abilities of MOSAIC provide highly accessible and versatile ultrasensitive capabilities that can potentially accelerate protein biomarker discovery and diagnostic testing for diverse disease applications.

ОЦЕНКА КОМПЛЕКСНОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ C ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ СТОМАТО-ЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ГЕЛЯ ОРИГИНАЛЬНОГО СОСТАВА НА ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ПСИХОЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО И СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ЗДОРОВЬЯ КУР-САНТОВ ВЕДОМСТВЕННОГО ИНСТИТУТА

Subject. Dental diseases are a frequent companion of distress, since the negative impact of psychoemotional stress on the immune status of cadets is reflected in changes in the microflora of the oral cavity and periodontal [4, 9]. 
 The aim of the study is to evaluate the results of using the developed gel for the preven-tion and treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases in cadets who are under psychoemotional stress.
 Methodology. The group of examined persons consisted of 245 people-cadets of 1–4 courses of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. After the dental exami-nation, the cadets were divided into 2 groups: 26 cadets were found to have gingivi-tis/periodontitis of mild severity (group I), and 45 cadets without periodontal lesions (group II) served as a comparison group. The study included psychological testing, clarification of the state of their vegetative reactions and cortisol content in saliva, molecular genetic deter-mination of the composition of the most common periodontal pathogenic bacteria of the dentoalveolar furrow and enzyme immunoassay of the content of pro-inflammatory cytokines in saliva, cell-regulatory and immunosuppressive effects. 
 Results.The application of the gel helps to correct the phenomena of depression, while it affects the frequency of relapses of diseases.The effect of the application on the frequency of detection of periodontal pathogenic bacteria in cadets is manifested in relation to Tanerella forsythia and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in the absence of depression, but in the presence of periodontal lesions. When the phenomena of gingivitis/periodontitis of mild se-verity occurred against the background of depression, the effects of using dental gel were in the form of a decrease in the occurrence of these bacteria. There was a significant drop in the oral fluid of IL-12 in the group with depression and periodontal disease, as well as IL-10 in the group without depression, but with mild gingivitis/periodontitis.
 Conclusions. The developed dental gel is recommended both for the phenomena of de-pression and in cases of mild gingivitis/periodontitis against the background of psychoemotional stress.

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ЦИТОКИНОВ РОТОВОЙ ЖИДКОСТИ И ПАРОДОНТОПАТОГЕННОЙ МИКРОБИОТЫ В РАЗВИТИИ ГИНГИВИТА НА ФОНЕ ПСИХОЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО СТРЕССА У КУРСАНТОВ ВЕДОМСТВЕННОГО ИНСТИТУТА

Subject. Such a cytokine as transforming factor β (TFRß) deserves special attention in stress-induced gingivitis, since there are observations indicating its ability to stimulate the differentiation of myofibroblasts, which results in an increase in collagen production, the development of fibrous changes in the gum, which ultimately lead to tooth loss.
 Goal. The aim is to determine the relationship between the development of signs of depression, the frequency of detection of periodontal pathogenic bacteria and the spectrum of cytokines that play a likely role in the pathogenesis of gingivitis in cadets of the departmental institute under conditions of psychoemotional stress.
 Methodology. Psychological testing, clinical dental and laboratory examinations of 71 cadets of the departmental institute (41 women, 30 men) aged from 18 to 23 years were conducted. The detection of depression was carried out using the A. Beck scale, reactive and personal anxiety — Ch. Spielberger — Y.L. Khanin. To assess the periodontal condition, traditional hygienic and periodontal indices (OHI-s, RNR, PMA) were used. Identification of the marker DNA of periodontal pathogenic bacteria was carried out using a polymerase chain reaction using a test kit "Multident-5" manufactured by NPF GenLab (Russia). The content of cytokines in saliva was determined by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. For the detection of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IFNu, TNFa, sets of NPO "Vector Best" (Russia) were used, for the cytokine TFRß — from Biosource (Canada).
 Results. It was found that the development of depression and gingivitis is accompanied by changes in the cytokine status, the main pathogenetic significance is IL-1β and TFRß, and the auxiliary is IL-12 and TNFa. At the same time, the cytokines IL-1β and TNFa are associated with the severity of the course of gingivitis. 
 Conclusions. A correlation was established for the cytokines IL-1β, TNFa and TFRß with the first-order periodontopathogenic species A actinomycetemcomitans and T. forsythia.

Alterations in Saliva and Plasma Cytokine Concentrations During Long-Duration Spaceflight.

Long-duration spaceflight is known to cause immune dysregulation in astronauts. Biomarkers of immune system function are needed to determine both the need for and effectiveness of potential immune countermeasures for astronauts. Whereas plasma cytokine concentrations are a well-established biomarker of immune status, salivary cytokine concentrations are emerging as a sensitive indicator of stress and inflammation. For this study, to aid in characterizing immune dysregulation during spaceflight, plasma and saliva cytokines were monitored in astronauts before, during and after long-duration spaceflight onboard the International Space Station. Blood was collected from 13 astronauts at 3 timepoints before, 5 timepoints during and 3 timepoints after spaceflight. Saliva was collected from 6 astronauts at 2 timepoints before spaceflight, 2 timepoints during and 3 timepoints following spaceflight. Samples were analyzed using multiplex array technology. Significant increases in the plasma concentration of IL-3, IL-15, IL-12p40, IFN-α2, and IL-7 were observed during spaceflight compared to before flight baseline. Significant decreases in saliva GM-CSF, IL-12p70, IL-10 and IL-13 were also observed during spaceflight as compared to compared to before flight baseline concentrations. Additionally, plasma TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 concentrations tended to be consistently higher during spaceflight, although these did not reach statistical significance. Overall, the findings confirm an in-vivo hormonal dysregulation of immunity, appearing pro-inflammatory and Th1 in nature, persists during long-duration orbital spaceflight. These biomarkers may therefore have utility for monitoring the effectiveness of biomedical countermeasures for astronauts, with potential application in terrestrial research and medicine.

ДИНАМИКА ЦИТОКИНОВОГО ПРОФИЛЯ У ОНКОБОЛЬНЫХ С ХИМИО-ЛУЧЕВЫМ ОРАЛЬНЫМ МУКОЗИТОМ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ

Relevance. According to the WHO scale, mucositis of 3-4 degrees is a severe injury among patients receiving high-dose radiation and chemotherapy for the head and neck region, the frequency of which reaches 85%. Dental treatment of such patients is extremely important, more often it is symptomatic and is aimed at improving their well-being and limiting the spread of the process, particularly oral mucositis. The aim of this study was to increase the effectiveness of the prevention of oral mucositis in patients with COR cancer against the background of systemic chemoradiation treatment.
 Material and methods. We examined 89 patients with a diagnosis of oral mucosa cancer (C00-C06, C10, C13, C14) according to ICD-10) II and III stages (T2-3, N0-1, M0), aged from 55 to 67 years, who received chemo-radiation therapy for the head and neck area. To rate immune status, in particular the mechanisms of regulation of protective reactions at the local level, patients with mucositis in the oral fluid were examined and it was determined by the content of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory interleukins (IL), the concentration of cytokines in saliva was determined by ELISA. Depending on the method of treatment, patients were divided into two groups: comparison (traditional treatment) and main (developed method). 
 Results. The concentration of proinflammatory IL-1b in the saliva of patients before starting treatment averaged 126.14 ± 45.01 pg/ml and anti-inflammatory IL-10 at 94.96 ± 44.20 pg/ml. Laetrile has a short-term local effect, which slightly affects the cytokine profile of saliva, the concentration of IL-1 increases by the 5th day, and IL-10 decreases 2.2 times. The concentration of cytokines before treatment was 64.55 ± 22.85 pg/ml and tended to gradually increase by the 7th day. For IL-10, the values were also low. Thus, a significant individual difference in the content of these cytokines was revealed, reflecting the sensitivity to both radiation and local therapy.

The Potential Impact of Salivary IL-1 on the Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease: A Pilot Study.

The aim of this study was to identify inflammatory cytokines as salivary biomarkers for periodontal disease. The subjects were 33 Korean adults aged 23 to 71 years. Using a multiplexed bead immunoassay called Luminex, the levels of inflammatory cytokines related to periodontal disease were evaluated. Oral examination for periodontal disease and gingival bleeding was conducted. With these two independent variables, differences in inflammatory cytokines were analyzed by an independent t-test and age-adjusted ANCOVA. Among the subjects, 21 had periodontal disease and 12 were healthy subjects. The gingival bleeding status was classified into low and high levels. Among 13 inflammatory cytokines in saliva, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1α, and TNF-α were found to be significant biomarkers within the standard curve. The quantity of IL-1β was increased in subjects with high levels of gingival bleeding. IL-1α levels were increased in subjects with periodontal disease. After adjusting for age, the significant biomarkers for gingival bleeding and periodontal disease were IL-1β and IL-1α, respectively. Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, IL-1β was confirmed as a significant biomarker. The sensitivity and specificity of IL-1β for predicting periodontitis were 88.24% and 62.5%, respectively. Therefore, IL-1 was found to be a significant biomarker for periodontal disease, and it could be used in the diagnosis of periodontal disease using saliva.

Differential activation of neuroinflammatory pathways in children with seizures: A cross-sectional study

PurposeInflammation plays a crucial role in epileptogenesis. We analyzed inflammatory cytokines in plasma and saliva from children with seizures and healthy controls and measured their associations with HHV6 and EBV infection. MethodsWe analyzed plasma from 36 children within 24 h of seizures (cases) and 43 healthy controls and saliva from 44 cases and 44 controls with a multiplex immunoassay. Saliva from all controls and 65 cases and blood from 26 controls and 35 cases were also analyzed by PCR for viral DNA. Primary outcome was cytokine levels in cases vs. controls. Secondary outcomes included detection of HHV-6 and EBV viral DNA in cases vs. controls and viral loads in cases vs. controls. Statistical analysis included the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, Fisher's exact test, ANOVA, and Spearman correlation. ResultsCompared to controls, patients had higher levels of CCL11 (p = 0.0018), CCL26 (p<0.001), IL10 (p = 0.044), IL6 (p<0.001), IL8 (p = 0.018), and MIP1β (p = 0.0012). CCL11 was higher with 3 or more seizures (p = 0.01), seizures longer than 10 min (p = 0.001), and when EEG showed focal slowing (p = 0.02). In saliva, febrile seizures had higher levels of IL-1β (n = 7, p = 0.04) and new onset seizures had higher IL-6 (n = 15, p = 0.02). Plasma and saliva cytokine levels did not show a correlation. The frequency of HHV-6 and EBV detection was similar across groups and not different than controls. We found no correlation between viral load and cytokine levels. ConclusionsWe showed differential activation of neuroinflammatory pathways in plasma from different seizure etiologies compared to controls, unrelated to viral infection.

Assessment of Some Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Saliva of Dental Caries

Assessment of Some Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Saliva of Dental Caries

Association between metabolic and hormonal profile, proinflammatory cytokines in saliva and gingival health in adolescent females with polycystic ovary syndrome

BackgroundResearch studies indicate that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may increase susceptibility to periodontal disease. The mechanisms that link both conditions are not entirely understood. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the impact of hormonal and metabolic disturbances on the gingival health and salivary levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL1-β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in adolescent girls with PCOS.MethodsThirty-one patients with PCOS and twenty-eight healthy age-mates (as the control group) were enrolled in the study. Individuals with PCOS underwent blood tests for the determination of hormonal and metabolic parameters. Saliva samples were collected to measure salivary testosterone and proinflammatory cytokines in both studied groups. Calibrated dentist assessed oral hygiene and gingival health of all subjects.ResultsSalivary testosterone was significantly higher in the study group (p = 0.0007). The groups did not differ significantly concerning periodontal parameters. Patients with PCOS revealed higher levels of salivary cytokines (p < 0.0001). Gingival index (GI) and the percentage of sites bleeding upon probing (BOP%) were positively correlated with the plaque index (PI) in both groups (rs ≥ 0.60, p < 0.001), and negatively correlated with salivary testosterone level in the PCOS group (rs = − 0.44, p = 0.0138 and rs = − 0.37, p = 0.0424, respectively). BOP% was also positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) in the control group (rs = 0.40, p = 0.0368) and index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the study group (rs = 0.48, p = 0.0068). Salivary testosterone was positively correlated with TNF-α in the control group (rs = 0.41, p = 0.0321), while in the study group, total testosterone (TT) was positively correlated with IL-6 (rs = 0.37, p = 0.0400) and free androgen index (FAI) with TNF-α (rs = 0.36, p = 0.0491).ConclusionsGingival health of the examined population was associated primarily with oral hygiene and, to a lesser extent, with the hormonal and metabolic profile. Despite similar periodontal parameters in the both studied groups, patients with PCOS revealed significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in saliva, which might be the manifestation of the systemic low-grade inflammation associated with PCOS.

Immune Responses after Heavy Alcohol Consumption: Cytokine Concentrations in Hangover-Sensitive and Hangover-Resistant Drinkers.

This study investigated immunological changes during an alcohol hangover, and the possible difference between hangover-resistant and hangover-sensitive drinkers in terms of immune reactivity. Using a semi-naturalistic design, N = 36 healthy social drinkers (18 to 30 years old) provided saliva samples on a control day (after drinking no alcohol) and on a post-alcohol day. Hangover severity was rated directly after saliva collection. Cytokine concentrations, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and hangover severity were compared between both test days and between hangover-sensitive and -resistant drinkers. Data from N = 35 drinkers (17 hangover-sensitive and 18 hangover-resistant) were included in the statistical analyses. Relative to the control day, there were significant increases in saliva IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations on the post-alcohol day. No significant differences in cytokine concentrations were found between hangover-sensitive and hangover-resistant drinkers, nor did any change in cytokine concentration correlate significantly with hangover severity. In line with previous controlled studies assessing cytokines in blood, the current naturalistic study using saliva samples also demonstrated that the immune system responds to high-level alcohol intake. However, further research is warranted, as, in contrast to previous findings in blood samples, changes in saliva cytokine concentrations did not differ significantly between hangover-sensitive and hangover-resistant drinkers, nor did they correlate significantly with hangover severity.

Changes in Inflammatory Cytokines in Saliva after Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To determine the diagnostic value of inflammatory cytokines in periodontal disease, we performed a systematic review of the changes in inflammatory cytokines after non-surgical periodontal therapy and a meta-analysis of the utility of interleukin (IL)-1β and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 as salivary biomarkers. All available papers published in English until 20 August 2020, were searched in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Population, intervention, comparison, and outcome data were extracted from the selected studies, and the roles of IL-1β and MMP-8 were assessed in a meta-analysis. Eleven studies, including two meta-analyses, were assessed in the systematic review. Biomarkers showing high levels in periodontal disease were salivary IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, MMP-8, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2, and those in the controls were tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-32. Biomarkers that decreased after scaling and root planning (SRP) and oral hygiene instruction (OHI) in periodontitis patients were IL-1β, MMP-8, MMP-9, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and TIMP-2. The pooled standardized mean difference of IL-1β and MMP-8 was −1.04 and 35.90, respectively, but the differences between periodontitis patients and healthy controls were not significant. Although the changes in salivary IL-1β and MMP-8 levels after non-surgical periodontal therapy were not significant, salivary cytokines could be used to confirm the effect of periodontal therapy or diagnose periodontal disease.

Changes in the spectrum of salivary cytokines in recurrent stomatitis in children

The concentration of the level of cytokines in saliva depends on the form of stomatitis, which is confirmed by the presence of a relationship between the concentrations of TNFα and IL-1β, and this relationship is direct and varies depending on the form of stomatitis, which indicates a violation of immunoregulatory mechanisms in chronic recurrent forms of stomatitis.

The Association of Saliva Cytokines and Pediatric Sports-Related Concussion Outcomes.

This study aimed to explore cytokine alterations following pediatric sports-related concussion (SRC) and whether a specific cytokine profile could predict symptom burden and time to return to sports (RTS). Sports Medicine Clinic. Youth ice hockey participants (aged 12-17 years) were recruited prior to the 2013-2016 hockey season. Prospective exploratory cohort study. Following SRC, saliva samples were collected and a Sport Concussion Assessment Tool version 3 (SCAT3) was administered within 72 hours of injury and analyzed for cytokines. Additive regression of decision stumps was used to model symptom burden and length to RTS based on cytokine and clinical features. RRelieFF feature selection was used to determine the predictive value of each cytokine and clinical feature, as well as to identify the optimal cytokine profile for the symptom burden and RTS. Thirty-six participants provided samples post-SRC (81% male; age 14.4 ± 1.3 years). Of these, 10 features, sex, number of previous concussions, and 8 cytokines, were identified to lead to the best prediction of symptom severity (r = 0.505, P = .002), while 12 cytokines, age, and history of previous concussions predicted the number of symptoms best (r = 0.637, P < .001). The prediction of RTS led to the worst results, requiring 21 cytokines, age, sex, and number of previous concussions as features (r = -0.320, P = .076). In pediatric ice hockey participants following SRC, there is evidence of saliva cytokine profiles that are associated with increased symptom burden. However, further studies are needed.

T helper 17 cell-related cytokines in serum and saliva during management of periodontitis

AimT helper (Th)17 cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This study investigated the effect of periodontal management on fifteen Th17-related cytokines in serum and saliva in periodontitis patients. Materials and methodsPeriodontal parameters, serum and saliva were collected from 40 healthy controls and 54 periodontitis subjects before treatment, and 3-, 6- and 12-months post-treatment. Cytokine concentrations of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, IFN-γ, sCD40L and TNF-α were determined by Luminex assay. ResultsIL-1β, IL-6, sCD40L and TNF-α in serum, and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-25 and IL-31 in saliva were significantly higher at baseline compared to health and decreased with treatment. In contrast, serum IL-31 was significantly lower at baseline compared to health and increased with treatment. In addition, salivary IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-23, IL-33, IFN-γ and TNF-α also displayed treatment-related reduction. Correlation networks showed that cytokines in saliva displayed a higher number of correlations compared to serum in periodontitis. ConclusionTreatment generally decreased cytokine concentrations except for serum IL-31 which showed a treatment-related increase. Serum cytokine concentrations may not be reflective of salivary cytokines. Saliva may be a better medium for cytokine detection compared to serum. Serum IL-31 and salivary IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were significant predictors for mean probing depth and may be potential biomarkers of interest in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.

Severity of odontogenic phlegmons affects local mucosal immunity

Safe methods for examining phlegmon of the maxillofacial area (MFA) have been extensively sought for, and assessing cytokine profile in the patient mixed unstimulated saliva may be used to control its development. There were enrolled 102 patients with maxillofacial phlegmon aged 25 to 75 years as well as age-matched 30 healthy subjects. Concentration of IL-1β, TNFα, TNFβ, IL-17, IFNγ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-22, TGF-β1 и TGF-β2 in mixed unstimulated saliva was measured. We found that patients with MFA inflammation vs. control group had significantly increased level of almost all cytokines except IFNγ. Additionally, we analyzed changes in saliva cytokine profile of patients with maxillofacial phlegmon, subdivided into groups by age, gender, and spread of the disease. It allowed to find that amount of IL-1β, TNFα, IL-17, IL-10, IL-22, TGF-β1 directly correlated with spread of the process, whereas level of IL-4, IFNγ, TGF-β2, on the contrary, was decreased with aggravated disease severity.

Alteration of cytokines in saliva of children with caries and obesity.

Caries and obesity are multifactorial diseases with inflammatory components, whose processes involve cells and molecules, such as cytokines. Therefore, the objective of this work was to compare the concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, and IL-18 in the salivary samples of children with caries and obesity. The study was carried out with 80 children: 43 with a normal weight and 37 with obesity. The diagnosis of caries was carried out using the ICDAS system. Salivary samples were used to measure the cytokine levels via the ELISA technique. Our results show that children with obesity and dental cavities have high levels of IL-6 and IL-15. Similarly, obese children have elevated levels of these two cytokines, while children with cavitated carious lesions presented alterations in their concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8. In conclusion, our data suggest that IL-6 has a significant effect on both obesity and caries, although IL-8 is more related to caries, and IL-15 is more related to obesity.

Design of electrochemical immunosensors using electro-click chemistry. Application to the detection of IL-1β cytokine in saliva

Electro-click methodology was employed to prepare an electrochemical immunosensor for the cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β). The strategy involved binding of ethynylated IgG to azide-MWCNTs modified electrodes by Cu(I) catalyzed-cycloaddition reaction where the catalyst was electrochemically synthesized. This electro-click protocol is significantly faster and greener than the methods for catalyst generation through chemical reduction. The oriented immobilization of the capture antibody onto IgG-MWCNTs conjugates allowed the preparation of a sandwich-type immunosensor using biotinylated anti-IL-1β as detector antibody labeled with alkaline phosphatase-streptavidin (AP-strept). Differential pulse voltammetric transduction through the 1-naphthylphosphate/1-naphthol system was carried out. The analytical characteristics achieved with the electrochemical immunosensor showed a calibration curve exhibiting two linear ranges between 10 and 200 pg mL−1 (r2 = 0.998), and from 200 to 1200 pg mL−1 (r2 = 0.998), and a LOD value of 5.2 pg mL−1, an improvement compared with those claimed for commercial ELISA kits. In addition, the assay time was at least one hour shorter. Excellent performance was observed in the determination of IL-1β in saliva with no need for sample treatment, and by simple interpolation using a calibration plot constructed with standard solutions of the target cytokine.