Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify inflammatory cytokines as salivary biomarkers for periodontal disease. The subjects were 33 Korean adults aged 23 to 71 years. Using a multiplexed bead immunoassay called Luminex, the levels of inflammatory cytokines related to periodontal disease were evaluated. Oral examination for periodontal disease and gingival bleeding was conducted. With these two independent variables, differences in inflammatory cytokines were analyzed by an independent t-test and age-adjusted ANCOVA. Among the subjects, 21 had periodontal disease and 12 were healthy subjects. The gingival bleeding status was classified into low and high levels. Among 13 inflammatory cytokines in saliva, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1α, and TNF-α were found to be significant biomarkers within the standard curve. The quantity of IL-1β was increased in subjects with high levels of gingival bleeding. IL-1α levels were increased in subjects with periodontal disease. After adjusting for age, the significant biomarkers for gingival bleeding and periodontal disease were IL-1β and IL-1α, respectively. Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, IL-1β was confirmed as a significant biomarker. The sensitivity and specificity of IL-1β for predicting periodontitis were 88.24% and 62.5%, respectively. Therefore, IL-1 was found to be a significant biomarker for periodontal disease, and it could be used in the diagnosis of periodontal disease using saliva.
Highlights
Many people around the world experience periodontal disease
Starting with gingivitis, which is inflammation of the gingival tissue, periodontitis can progress to an irreversible state, leading to the destruction of periodontal tissues including periodontal ligaments and alveolar bone [2]
Depending upon the periodontal disease, the subjects with periodontal pockets of 4 mm or more in more than 30% of all teeth, subjects with clinical attachment levels (CALs) of 3 mm or more, and subjects with bleeding on probing (BOP) of 30% or more were classified as having severe periodontal disease
Summary
Many people around the world experience periodontal disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently reported the prevalence of periodontitis in the United States (U.S.) at 47.2% of the adults aged 30 years and older. The prevalence increases with age, and 70.1% of adults 65 years and older have periodontal disease [1]. Chronic periodontitis progresses slowly without acute pain It gradually deteriorates the tissues around the teeth. Periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory disease, is known to be caused by Gram-negative anaerobes or a bacterial complex. These bacteria can produce various cytokines such as interleukin (IL) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), increasing polymorphonucleocyte (PMN) infiltration and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) produced by osteoclasts. As a result, it can destroy tissues around the teeth or the alveolar bone. It is important to detect and treat periodontal disease early so that inflammation caused by periodontal disease does not progress chronically
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