Amur Carp Research Articles

Study on Reproductive Behavior and Fry Nursing of Koi Carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) in Sunsari, Nepal

A study was conducted emphasizing, the induced breeding techniques, breeding behavior and nursery rearing of koi carp at Everest Aquaponics and fish farm, Sunsari, Nepal. The study was done in the hatchery Unit of EAFF for 36 days including 28 days of fry nursing from 15 May to 26 June. Ten set of brooders in the ratio of 1:2 was used. The average body weight of the female brooders was 910±164.722 gm and a female weighing one kilogram gives approximate 70,219.78 eggs in induce breeding method by hand stripping. The percentage of average fertilization rate was 68.6±3.58 %, the average hatching rate was 75.75 ± 5.9% and average survival of spawn was 66.88±5.84%. The size of the fry after hatching also varied between 2.3-3 mm whereas the fry growth varied from 17- 24mm and the average survivability from fry to fingerling was 88.9±1.59%. The mean final weight of the fry in the nursery tank was 1.0845±0.0353 gm and the average weight gain after 28 days of nursery rearing was 0.9315gm±0.013298gm. The average of the water quality values including temperature was 27.5°C, pH was 7.975, dissolved oxygen was 6.55 mg/L, NO3 concentration was 3.75 mg/L during nursery raising whereas the average water parameters during breeding were 26.75°C, pH of 7.995, DO of 6.25 mg/L, NO3 of 4.375. Successful koi farming can reduce the uncertainty and unavailability of fingerlings, can increase large-scale production for export, and can be a potential area to meet national needs and help increase revenue in foreign currencies. Current research will certainly pave the way for startups to launch commercial production and commercialization of Koi carp in the coming days.

A Study on Reproductive Behavior and Fry Nursing of Koi Carp (Cyprinus Rubrofuscus) in Sunsari, Nepal

A Study on Reproductive Behavior and Fry Nursing of Koi Carp (Cyprinus Rubrofuscus) in Sunsari, Nepal

How low can they go: A comparison between dog (Canis familiaris) and environmental DNA detection of invasive koi carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)

Carp (Cyprinus sp.) are a highly invasive fish that pose a significant threat to freshwater ecosystems worldwide. At high biomasses (i.e., ≥100 kg/ha), the benthic feeding behaviour of carp can have deleterious ecosystem effects, often changing clear, macrophyte dominant waterbodies to turbid-phytoplankton dominant ecosystems. To prevent carp from reaching ecologically harmful biomasses, early detection (i.e., before population establishment) and rapid control actions are vital. Boat electrofishing, netting, and environmental DNA (eDNA) are commonly used to survey for carp, but these methods can be expensive or time inefficient when fish densities are low. Scent-detection dogs have proven efficacious at detecting terrestrial and aquatic species and could represent an efficient method for early detection of carp invasions. Here, we investigated a dog’s sensitivity and specificity to carp scent using a multiple probe design experiment. The dog was trained to use an automated carousel independently of its handler and assessed water samples from aquaria containing either no fish scent (n = 3, non-target), goldfish (Carassius auratus) scent (n = 5, non-target) or carp scent (n = 9, target). The goldfish samples and six of the target samples were presented to the dog at a standard fish biomass concentration of 15.5 mg/L. The remaining three target samples (probes) were systematically diluted to determine the dog’s detection threshold. Results showed that the dog could detect carp housed under laboratory conditions down to a dilution equivalent biomass of 9.3 kg/ha (i.e., 0.5 mg carp/L), which is well below the likely biomass threshold of carp known to cause significant ecological impacts. The dog’s scent-detection performance was then compared with eDNA, an existing survey method. Quantitative PCR conducted on DNA extracted from laboratory aquaria filtrate revealed that the species-specific primer could detect carp at 9.3 kg/ha, but amplification rates at this dilution were low, as were all dilutions below the limit of quantification (≈160 kg/ha). These findings suggest that dogs could provide an accurate and highly sensitive method invasive fish detection. However, before deployment as a carp surveillance method, dogs’ performance on water samples collected from natural aquatic systems (i.e., lakes, ponds, rivers) needs to be evaluated. To our knowledge this is the first published study of its kind comparing a dog’s sensitivity to eDNA, and investigating the potential utility of dogs as an invasive fish detection method.

MRI of the live fish brain at 3 Tesla: Feasibility, technique and interspecies anatomic variations.

Advances in aquatic animal medicine and continued growth of the fish hobbyist and aquaculture communities have led to a developing interest in antemortem diagnostic imaging of aquatic species. The aims of this prospective, pilot study were to determine whether advanced neuroimaging can be safely achieved in live fish using clinically available equipment, to optimize imaging parameters, and to develop a comparative MRI atlas of a few fish species of economic or research value. Two each of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) of at least 30 cm in length were individually anesthetized for 3 Tesla (3T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. All fish achieved an adequate anesthetic level for prolonged immobilization during imaging. Diagnostic quality images were obtained for all subjects; however, the spatial resolution was maximized with larger fish. Imaging protocols were optimized for standard neuroimaging sequences. Additionally, inversion times for fluid-attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences were adapted to the naturally high protein content of fish pericerebral fluid. Following imaging, the fish successfully recovered from anesthesia, were humanely euthanized, and were immediately processed to assess brain histopathology. Necropsy confirmed the sex and health status of each fish. A limited comparative MRI atlas was created of the brains of these species for clinical reference. Findings from the current study supported the use of 3T MRI as an adjunct diagnostic test for fish with suspected neurologic disease and provided a limited anatomic atlas of the teleost brain for use as a reference.

Quality Evaluation of Kohaku Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) Using Image Analysis

Quality evaluation of koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) is essential to the koi industry. However, the community has a lack of knowledge about the quality evaluation of koi and about features of koi which are valuable. During the “All Japan Nishikigoi Show” competition, a quality evaluation of koi was conducted by authoritative experts. In the present study, photos of participants of this competition were used for analysis to discover features affecting the quality of the Kohaku variety of koi. The HSVA color model was used to define and extract from image red and pale red coverage rates in Kohaku body coloration. Body aspect ratio, body proportions, red coverage rate, and pale red coverage rate were extracted using tools written in Python programming language. Analyses of the extracted data revealed the significant impact body aspect ratio (p < 0.001) and pale red coverage rate (p < 0.001) on Kohaku quality. A low body aspect ratio has a positive impact on Kohaku quality, while a high pale red coverage rate has a very strong negative impact on Kohaku quality. This study and its results can be an important foundation for further research about koi quality.

Penambahan Tepung Wortel (Daucus carota L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Peningkatan Warna Ikan Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)

Ornamental fish is a live fish commodity that has many different types. Judging from the color, ornamental fish can be said to be attractive if the colors are contrasting. Efforts to get a bright color that is evenly distributed in fish can be done by providing a source of carotenoids in fish. The most effective and dominant type of carotenoids for fish coloring is carrot flour carotenoids because natural sources of beta carotene can improve the quality and color brightness of ornamental fish such as koi fish. The research design used a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments (Carrot Flour 0%, 15%, 30% and 45%) and three replications. The feed was tested on Koi fish measuring + 2-5 cm and weighing + 1.5 grams which were kept in an aquarium measuring 25x25x30 cm3. Parameters observed were daily growth rate, absolute weight growth rate, absolute length growth rate, survival rate, feed conversion ratio, proximate test, feed efficiency and color increase in Koi fish. The results showed that the addition of 15% carrot flour affected the color brightness of Koi fish (Cyprinus rubrofuscus).

Ameliorative effects of dietary Vitamin‐C on growth performance and hemato‐biochemical response of sodium fluoride‐intoxicated Amur Carp, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus

This study aimed to assess the ameliorative dietary effect of vitamin-C against sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced toxicity on growth and haemato-biochemical parameters in Amur carp. A total of 150 fish (average body weight 169 ± 0.69 g) were randomly distributed into five groups (with three triplicates) including G1 (control); G2 (NaF exposure @100 ppm); G3 (vitamin-C supplemented diet @100 ppm); G4 (both NaF exposure @100 ppm and vitamin-C supplemented diet @100 ppm) and G5 (NaF exposure @100 ppm for 60 days and then vitamin-C supplemented diet @200 ppm for last 30 days). Results revealed that growth and hemato-biochemical profile was best in G3 in comparison with G1, whereas groups G2, G4 and G5 have shown retarded growth, a decrease in Hb, TEC, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Serum-biochemical parameters were found optimum in G3 as compared with G1 and in groups of G2, G4 and G5, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, and triglyceride levels decreased significantly, whereas creatinine, AST and ALT levels increased significantly. In G4, toxicity was less severe in comparison with G2, whereas in G5, after the dietary supplementary of vitamin-C, parameters have shown a bend towards the normal values. Thus, it can be concluded that vitamin-C has ameliorative action against fluoride toxicity in fish.

Investigation of the effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum as a probiotic on liver function enzymes due to exposure to E.coli O157H7 in Koi fish (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)

Investigation of the effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum as a probiotic on liver function enzymes due to exposure to E.coli O157H7 in Koi fish (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)

Investigation of the effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum as a probiotic on liver function enzymes due to exposure to E.coli O157H7 in Koi fish (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)

Investigation of the effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum as a probiotic on liver function enzymes due to exposure to E.coli O157H7 in Koi fish (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)

Efficacy of emamectin benzoate in controlling natural infestations of ectoparasites in economically important fish species of India

Efficacy of in-feed administration of emamectin benzoate (EMB) was evaluated in commercial culture farms of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer), grey mullet (Mugil cephalus), pearlspot (Etroplus suratensis), Indian major carp (Labeo rohita), goldfish (Carassius auratus) and koi carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) in different parts of India. Fish naturally infested with Caligus minimus, Argulus quadristriatus, Argulus siamensis, Lernanthropsis mugilii and Lernaea cyprinacea were administered medicated feed for 7–10 consecutive days (@ 50 μg kg−1 body weight day−1). Efficacy of the treatment was monitored by recording the parasitic intensity (PI). The study revealed PI was zero on head and gills within four days while parasites remained on trunk and fins till six days both in seabass and pearlspot. However, zero PI was achieved on 6th day on head and gills, and on 8th day on trunk and fins in seabass and Indian major carp. Treatment with EMB for seven days was effective against C. minimus, A. quadristriatus, A. siamensis and L. mugilii in E. suratensis, L. calcarifer, L. rohita and M. cephalus, respectively while L. cyprinacea infestation in seabass, goldfish and koi carp needed an extended treatment up to 10 days. In all the cases no recurrence was observed for 60 days post medication. Study revealed that there is a need for integrated pest management (IPM) program for effective prevention and control of parasitic infestation in commercially important food and ornamental fish cultures.

Differential impact of monsoon and late monsoon season on embryonic development of Amur Carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)

The embryonic development of Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) throughout the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons is compared in this research work. During the regular and late breeding seasons, the study identifies the most critical features of the monsoon season that affect Amur carp embryonic development. The effects of temperature changes on embryonic development were evaluated by observing the morphological characteristics of the embryos and identifying the embryonic stages that eventually determined the impacts of temperature changes on embryonic development. According to present study, the development stages of eggs in the regular season are shorter than in the late monsoon season. Initially, eggs grow at the same time, but late monsoon eggs require more time to develop.

The Effectiveness of Addition of Tapioca Flour in Artificial Feed on The Growth of Koi Carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)

Growth is the process of increasing the number of cell protoplasm in an organism accompanied by an increase in size, weight and number of cells that cannot return to their previous state. One of the factors that influence the growth of koi carp is feed. Good feed is feed that can meet the nutritional needs of the koi carp. The addition of tapioca flour in the feed formula, which contains artificial feed, tapioca flour, and water in the koi carp feed, is one of the proper steps because of the increase in carbohydrate doses that can support the growth of the koi carp. This study aims to determine the benefits of adding tapioca flour to the artificial feed of the koi carp ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus ) and to determine the effect and the most appropriate dose of adding tapioca flour to the artificial diet of the koi carp ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus ). The research method used is a quantitative research method accompanied by direct observation and analysis of research data, which is also accompanied by a literature study method from previous studies to support the findings in the research results. The results showed that the more feed formula was given, the faster the growth of the koi carp produced. But must be accompanied by the right dose, which is 8 grams of feed formula once a day. While the benefits of adding tapioca flour in carp feed are increasing carp production, prolonging goldfish life expectancy, increasing efficiency and nutritional content in carp feed, increasing carp appetite accompanied by increased growth. Keywords: Goldfish Koi, Growth, Feed, Carbohydrates, Tapioca Starch

Selection and breeding work with a modern population of Sarboyan carp

Carp breeding in Western Siberia has been going on for about 1960. Here two breeds of Sarboyan and Altai mirror carp were bred and put into economic use. The Sarboyan carp is a cross with 1/8 of the blood of the Amur carp. The Sarboyan carp has now disappeared in the fish farm, there are its descendants who have not been subjected to selection for 4 generations. To work on the selection of a new intra-breed type, specimens corresponding to classes 1 and 2 were selected from the head reservoir of the fish farm. Specimens of class 1 accounted for 2.6% of all selected fish. The analysis of the exterior showed that as a result of the lack of selection and mating disorderly, the physique of the fish changed. It deviated and is closer to the wild Amur carp. In males, the length index increased by 21.30%, the body became longer and smaller. In females, the same changes are observed in exterior, in addition, there is a decrease in fertility, since in the studied population the correlation between progenity and fecundity is 0.42-0.72. The relative growth of the main exterior features has decreased.

Probiotic supplements as an alternative medicine; investigation the Effect of Lactobacillus casei on liver function of Koi Fish (Cyprinus rubrofuscus L.) in exposure to pathogen as an animal model

Probiotic supplements as an alternative medicine; investigation the Effect of Lactobacillus casei on liver function of Koi Fish (Cyprinus rubrofuscus L.) in exposure to pathogen as an animal model

Инновации в создании кроссов карпа с высокими товарными признаками

The tendency of increasing the use of aquatic products in human nutrition, as the most valuable suppliers of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6, has been substantiated. The main directions in the development of high-intensity technologies for the production of fish products in the Republic of Belarus are given. A generalized analysis of the situation on conducting selection and breeding work with carp breeds of Belarusian, foreign selection and Amur carp of the Khanka population is carried out. The article presents innovative trends in fish farming in Belarus for obtaining highly productive commercial crosses with improved commercial characteristics and the results of morphological studies of three-year-old mirror crosses obtained on the basis of crossing of female imported breeds and male carp of Belarusian selection. The separate stages of carrying out fish-breeding techniques and preventive measures with the aim of growing high-quality fish products in OJSC "Experimental fish farm "Selets" are considered.

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of fish pathogens: A new approach of emerging the bacterial resistance through biofilm formation in in-vitro condition.

The ability of many bacteria to adhere on the host surfaces and forming biofilms has major implications in a wide variety of industries including the food industry, where biofilms may create a persistent source of contamination. In the same environmental condition, the multiple bacterial species can closely interact with each other and may easily enhance their drug resistance capability, which finally increases the multi-drug resistant (MDR) attribute of the species. The present study examined whether the mixed-species biofilm possesses any impact on the enhancement of the antibiotic resistance of the planktonic or single-cell bacterial isolates present in the fish samples. In this regard, Cyprinus rubrofuscus (Koi), Heteropneustes fossilis (Shing) and Mystus vittatus (Tengra) fishes were collected and subjected to form an in vitro biofilm by shaking condition into the wise bath. The drug-resistant pattern was determined by the Kirby Bauer technique. All the samples exhibited a huge array (up to 107 cfu/ml or g) of bacteria such as E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Vibrio spp., Salmonella spp., Proteus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. The isolates from both the bulk samples and their corresponding biofilms were subjected to antibiogram assay using antibiotics such as Ampicillin (10µg), Erythromycin (15μg), Streptomycin (STP 10μg), Oxacillin (10µg), Nalidixic acid (30µg). Before biofilm formation, few of the isolates were found to be sensitive and few were resistant against the antibiotics. But when the species were isolated from the biofilm the sensitive one acquired drug resistance and resistant strain unveiled more resistance towards the same antibiotics. The present study revealed extensive bacterial contamination in fish samples among those some were resistant against the supplied drugs. After the formation of multi-species biofilm, the isolates became more resistant against the same drugs that is alarming for consumers and major obstacles to maintain sustainable health.

Genetic contribution of domestic European common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) to the wild Vietnamese carp population as revealed by ddRAD sequencing

At least three subspecies of the common carp, namely, Cyprinus carpio carpio, C. carpio haematopterus, and C. carpio viridiviolaceus, have been described to date. These subspecies natively inhabit Ponto-Caspian and Far Eastern regions, as well as northern Vietnam, but they have also been introduced into aquaculture in almost every region of the world where the environmental conditions are suitable. Moreover, common carp is one of the most widely cultured freshwater fish species in the world. In northern Vietnam, common carp fisheries and aquacultural production are of great economic importance. Investigation of the subspecies distribution among aquacultured and wild common carps is important for understanding the impact of human economic activity, such as aquaculture production, on the environment. In the present study, double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) was used to estimate the genetic impact of aquaculture carps on the wild common carp populations of northern Vietnam. Our work reveals that a part of wild carp populations has a significant contribution to farmed fish ancestry. For some populations, this contribution exceeds 25% of the population ancestry, but the ancestry value is distributed across most specimens of the populations, whereas pure aquaculture specimens are quite uncommon for wild habitats.

Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) Seek Out Tactile Interaction with Humans: General Patterns and Individual Differences.

Simple SummaryTo assess the possibility of forming stable and trusting relationships between humans and fishes, we documented the interactions between a familiar human experimenter and seven koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus). Analyses of video data shows that overall, koi spent more time than expected in close proximity to the human and even sought out physical contact. Moreover, individual fish displayed unique interaction patterns, with some frequently engaging in tactile interaction and others only periodically or rarely doing so. By demonstrating that koi will voluntarily interact with humans and that individual differences play an important role in interaction style, this study provides the first evidence that individuated human–fish relationships may be possible, which has powerful implications for how we think about, treat, protect, and provide care for fish.The study of human–animal interactions has provided insights into the welfare of many species. To date, however, research has largely focused on human relationships with captive mammals, with relatively little exploration of interactions between humans and other vertebrates, despite non-mammals constituting the vast majority of animals currently living under human management. With this study, we aimed to address this gap in knowledge by investigating human–fish interactions at a community garden/aquaponics learning-center that is home to approximately 150 goldfish (Carassius auratus) and seven adult and two juvenile koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus). After a habituation period (July–September 2019) during which time the fish were regularly provided with the opportunity to engage with the researcher’s submerged hand, but were not forced to interact with the researcher, we collected video data on 10 non-consecutive study days during the month of October. This procedure produced 18~20-min interaction sessions, 10 during T1 (when the experimenter first arrived and the fish had not been fed) and eight during T2 (20–30 min after the fish had been fed to satiation; two sessions of which were lost due equipment malfunction). Interactions between the researcher and the seven adult koi were coded from video based on location (within reach, on the periphery, or out of reach from the researcher) and instances of physical, tactile interaction. Analyses revealed that overall, koi spent more time than expected within reach of the researcher during both T1 (p < 0.02) and T2 (p < 0.03). There were also substantial differences between individuals’ overall propensity for being within-reach and engaging in physical interaction. These results show that koi will voluntarily interact with humans and that individual koi display unique and consistent patterns of interaction. By providing quantitative data to support anecdotal claims that such relationships exist around the world, this research contributes to the ongoing discoveries highlighting the profound dissonance between how humans think about and treat fish and who fish actually are, thereby emphasizing the necessity of stronger moral and legal protections for fishes.

Recent changes of water level in Lake Khanka and their consequences for its fisheries resources

Interannual variation of the water level in Lake Khanka is considered on satellite altimetry data; its extreme rising in recent years is noted, with the maximum in 2016. Using a simple balance model, contribution of the main components of its water balance to the modern rise is determined, as precipitation in its basin, evaporation, and water discharge through the Sungacha River. Growth of summer precipitation is defined as the main reason of the level rising. However, the water income to the lake does not correlate with the precipitation volume since 2010 that confirms the hypothesis about artificial influence on the water balance of Lake Khanka by its connection with the Mulin River (China) and worsening of the outflow through the Sungacha. As the result, the lake got additionally about 1.3 km3in 2014–2015 that promoted the level rise to the highest mark. But before and after this period, the water inflow was lower than its expected values, obviously because of its redistribution. Positive influence of the anomalous water level growth on total abundance of commercial fish species is shown. The high level is favorable for reproduction of phytophilic species (Cyprinus rubrofuscus), whereas abundance of pelagophilic species (Chanodichthys erythropterus) declines.

A new strain group of common carp: The genetic differences and admixture events between Cyprinus carpio breeds.

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) has an outstanding economic importance in freshwater aquaculture due to its high adaptive capacity to both food and environment. In fact, it is the third most farmed fish species worldwide according to the Food and Agriculture Organization. More than four million tons of common carp are produced annually in aquaculture, and more than a hundred thousand tons are caught from the wild. Historically, the common carp was also the first fish species to be domesticated in ancient China, and now, there is a huge variety of domestic carp strains worldwide. In the present study, we used double digestion restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing to genotype several European common carp strains and showed that they are divided into two distinct groups. One of them includes central European common carp strains as well as Ponto–Caspian wild common carp populations, whereas the other group contains several common carp strains that originated in the Soviet Union, mostly as cold‐resistant strains. We believe that breeding with wild Amur carp and subsequent selection of the hybrids for resistance to adverse environmental conditions was the attribute of the second group. We assessed the contribution of wild Amur carp inheritance to the common carp strains and discovered discriminating genes, which differed in allele frequencies between groups. Taken together, our results improve our current understanding of the genetic variability of common carp, namely the structure of natural and artificial carp populations, and the contribution of wild carp traits to domestic strains.