Cyber Sphere Research Articles

Norms and normalization in cyberspace: post-conventionality or lawlessness? (“Melian Dialogue” on Cyber Law)

Since the end of the 20th century, the Russian Federation has proclaimed the creation of an international information security system based on a global agreements under the auspices of the UN as one of the general directions of its policy in the field of international security. In turn, the United States put forward its own initiative to develop and adopt norms and rules for the conduct of states in the cyber sphere. The article notes that official Washington, with the support of a number of Western countries, managed to standardize its system of rules without international legitimation, using the peculiarities of the political situation and the willingness of Russia and the SCO countries to compromise, as well as replacing the global problem of information security for the post-industrial society with a question based on national interest. cybersecurity. The article concludes that, despite the fact that the issues of norms and normalization have been worked out quite deeply within world science, the argument put forward by the American expert community ignores generally accepted scientific results and promotes the ideas of post-democracy, interpreted in a specific way.

ВПЛИВ ГІБРИДНИХ ВІЙН ПРОТИ УКРАЇНИ НА ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-МЕДІЙНІ ПІДРОЗДІЛИ ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ ЛИТОВСЬКОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ (2013-2021РР.)

The article examines the activities of the information, media and cyber units of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Lithuania and its Ministry of Defense as constituent components in informing their own population, the international community and enlisting maximum support for their actions, countering information threats through mass media and cyber attacks from unfriendly countries that are trying to influence the Republic of Lithuania. The peculiarities of national legislation regarding national and information security, the functioning of the strategic communications system, the activities of the press services of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Lithuania and their mass media, methods of responding to information incidents and the formation of relevant reports are analyzed. The task and structure of the military mass media (newspapers, radio and television, Internet resources), information agencies and press services have been studied. For the first time, the activities and organizational staffing structure of the information and media structures of the Armed Forces of Lithuania were investigated; normative and legal acts on issues of strategic communications and response to information incidents have been introduced into scientific circulation. The article also examines and compares certain differences between the information and media structures of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Lithuania. In particular, staffing of military mass media with servicemen and independent civilian workers. Thestudy describes how the beginning and subsequent armed and hybrid aggression of the Russian Federation against the Ukrainian people from 2014 until the start of a full-scale war in 2022 affected the activities of the information and media structures of the Republic of Lithuania and the adjustment of the state's regulatory and legal legislation in the information and cyber sphere .

Cyber security of the “knowledge society” as an integral component of the progressive development of Ukraine in the post-war period

The article analyzes the main principles of the development of Ukraine's national interests in the cyber sphere, as well as identifies the related current problems of ensuring cyber security. It is substantiated that the regulatory and legal framework is the main prerequisite for ensuring the cyber security of the state. According to the results of the study, possible ways of solving the relevant problems and increasing the effectiveness of ensuring cyber security and the development of the knowledge society and the post-war period are determined.

СИСТЕМА ПРОТИВОДЕЙСТВИЯ УГРОЗАМ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ КНР

There can be no state sovereignty without information sovereignty. The Chinese Government understands this well and during the COVID-19 pandemic, when the whole world “went online”，adopted several laws designed to regulate the country's information policy in the media sphere. At the time of writing, China has a new legislation in the field of information security. The most crucial laws in information and cyber sphere are the Law “On Data Security”，“On Personal Data Protection”，and the Law “On Cyberspace”，the first two of which are developed to supplement and improve the application of the Law “On Cybersecurity” adopted in 2017. However, the adoption of these laws entailed a number of problems for Chinese tech-goliaths and caused a wave of international criticism. This article examines the key provisions of the new set of China's legal framework in the field of information security and analyzes the prospects for its further development. Materials and methods. Formal legal methods of analyzing Chinese legislation in the in formation and cyber spheres are involved, scientific and general scientific methods of cognition of the specifics of China's national legislation in the field of ensuring the protection of national and information security and state sovereignty are usedin this paper. Results of the study. The new information legislation of China traces the same vector of state policy aimed at protecting national sovereignty by ensuring a data security system regulated by the Chinese Government and their localization on the territory of the country. China considers the data accumulated by private companies as a national asset, the use of which should be carried out or restricted in accordance with Chinese laws. However, most of the law needs to supplement and expand some terms due to the threat of legal uncertainty and the creation of a legal vacuum for manipulation

LEGAL AND VALUE PARTICULARITIES OF THE PHENOMENON OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS AN ELEMENT OF LEGAL REALITY

Purpose. During the research to identify problems and prospects of legal regulation of cyber security in the conditions of hybrid war and to make on this basis scientifically substantiated proposals to the national security legislation of Ukraine. Methods. The methodological basis of the research is the system of general scientific and special methods of cognition, namely, formal-logical method, logical-semantic method and method of modeling. Results. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the state policy of Ukraine in the sphere of providing cyber security in the conditions of hybrid war. After studying and analyzing the scientific research of many leading scientists in the field of administrative, constitutional and other related branches of law on cyber security issues and public policy, it is ascertained that state policy in the field of national security (cyber security) is a higher integrated element of internal and foreign Ukraine. and is a system of goals, as well as a set of principles, norms, directions and forms of activity of public authorities in the sphere of providing tion of national security (cyber security) and sustainable socio-economic development. The National Security Strategy of Ukraine, which has a national character and identifies threats to the national security (cyber security) of the state, of which the aggression of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine is a priority in the present difficult for the state administration system, is characterized. Conclusions. There is a need to introduce a system of measures, including: overcoming the declarative nature of legislation and reducing the gap between legislation and law enforcement activities in the cyber sphere, clarification of cyber security threats to Ukraine, as well as the creation of new institutions such as the National Cyber Security Coordination Center, rules of conduct in the Internet space. The article proves that some of the shortcomings and framework nature of the Doctrine of Information Security of Ukraine reduce the effectiveness and limit its scope, determine the wrong direction of the development of legislation in the cybernetic sphere and make confusion in the process of its application. The article concludes that in order to properly ensure cyber security, it would be advisable to create an appropriate system of legal relations, which, in turn, is impossible without reviewing the categorical apparatus, the doctrinal and conceptual foundations of legislation in the information field.

National interests of Ukraine in the cybernetic sphere

The article analyzes the main principles of development of national interests of Ukraine in the cyber sphere, as well as identifies related current issues of cybersecurity. It is substantiated that the legal framework is the main prerequisite for ensuring cybersecurity of the state. According to the results of the study, possible ways to solve the relevant problems and increase the effectiveness of cybersecurity are identified.

National Cybersecurity Strategy of D. J. Trump’s Administration: Contents and Expert Assessments

The article discusses the recent U.S. National Cybersecurity Strategy issued by Donald Trump administration. The author reveals new approaches and methods of the U.S. information security policy. The paper considers Donald Trump administration’s views on the following challenges and threats in the cyber sphere: the information security, the deterrence policy towards cyber adversaries, the comprehensive protection of the national interests, and the procedure and rules elaborated for dealing with national and international problems in cyberspace.

Стратегические риски и проблемы кибербезопасности

Purpose: To identify the current strategic stability problems associated with the destructive impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on the basis of analysis and systematization according to various parameters of cyber risks and threats to international security and global stability that can reduce the level of strategic stability and to develop relevant proposals that can lay the foundation for creation of a deterrence policy in the ICT domain. Research method: analysis, synthesis and scientific forecasting, expert assessment, comparative analysis of the cyber domain within the framework of a systematic approach. Result: the article presents analysis and systematization risks and threats to international security and global stability emanating from the cyber sphere according to various parameters. The article proves the impact of the accelerated development of information and communication technologies (ICT) on strategic stability, and that ensuring the cybersecurity of nuclear weapons requires special attention. The global problems of strategic stability at the current stage are posed and the conclusions are that the protection of strategic weapons, early warning systems, air and missile defense, communications, command and control over nuclear weapons from harmful ICTs are the pressing global problems of our time. Specific scenarios of cyber threats leading to a decrease in the level of strategic stability below the necessary and sufficient level have been elaborated, and proposals have been formulated to minimize the corresponding escalation threats. Proposed measures can become a basis for a deterrence policy in the ICT domain, as it was done during the period of bipolarity with regard to nuclear weapons, and become the foundation for broader international agreements on arms control in the so-called nuclear information space of the future.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ УКРАЇНИ У СФЕРІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ КІБЕРБЕЗПЕКИ В УМОВАХ ГІБРИДНОЇ ВІЙНИ

Purpose. During the research to identify problems and prospects of legal regulation of cyber security in the conditions of hybrid war and to make on this basis scientifically substantiated proposals to the national security legislation of Ukraine. Methods. The methodological basis of the research is the system of general scientific and special methods of cognition, namely, formal-logical method, logical-semantic method and method of modeling. Results. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the state policy of Ukraine in the sphere of providing cyber security in the conditions of hybrid war. After studying and analyzing the scientific research of many leading scientists in the field of administrative, constitutional and other related branches of law on cyber security issues and public policy, it is ascertained that state policy in the field of national security (cyber security) is a higher integrated element of internal and foreign Ukraine. and is a system of goals, as well as a set of principles, norms, directions and forms of activity of public authorities in the sphere of providing tion of national security (cyber security) and sustainable socio-economic development. The National Security Strategy of Ukraine, which has a national character and identifies threats to the national security (cyber security) of the state, of which the aggression of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine is a priority in the present difficult for the state administration system, is characterized. Conclusions. There is a need to introduce a system of measures, including: overcoming the declarative nature of legislation and reducing the gap between legislation and law enforcement activities in the cyber sphere, clarification of cyber security threats to Ukraine, as well as the creation of new institutions such as the National Cyber Security Coordination Center, rules of conduct in the Internet space. The article proves that some of the shortcomings and framework nature of the Doctrine of Information Security of Ukraine reduce the effectiveness and limit its scope, determine the wrong direction of the development of legislation in the cybernetic sphere and make confusion in the process of its application. The article concludes that in order to properly ensure cyber security, it would be advisable to create an appropriate system of legal relations, which, in turn, is impossible without reviewing the categorical apparatus, the doctrinal and conceptual foundations of legislation in the information field.

Cryptocurrencies and Code Before the Courts (Blog Post)

In the rapidly developing cyber sphere of e-commerce and Fintech, dominated by cryptocurrencies and code, it is perhaps not uncommon for firms to focus on cutting-edge technological developments, leaving the law behind as an afterthought. However, the case of B2C2 Ltd v Quoine Pte Ltd (“B2C2”) may serve as a timely reminder of the importance of the legal principles supporting e-commerce and Fintech. In the first case of its kind, B2C2 raised several key questions before the Singapore International Commercial Court, seeking clarification on how the established legal concepts of breach of trust, mistake and unjust enrichment might apply in the context where an automated contract-forming software had produced unusual results. This decision represents the most comprehensive treatment by a Commonwealth court of the legal nature of cryptocurrencies and automated contract-forming software to date; a harbinger of further and more complex litigation to come, as disputes involving e-commerce and Fintech gradually start to reach the courts. In our recent case note, Cryptocurrencies and Code before the Courts (forthcoming in Kings Law Journal), we examine the decision in B2C2 and argue that while the case appeared novel, proper characterisation of the facts allowed existing legal doctrines to be applied.

Cyber Security Threat Intelligence using Data Mining Techniques and Artificial Intelligence

Threat intelligence is the procurement of evidence-based knowledge about current or potential threats. The interest of threat intelligence comprises of advancement in efficiency and boosting effectiveness in terms of analytical and prevention capabilities. Cybersecurity represents serious interest for numerous organizations because maximum of them are using Internet-connected data devices which are opening doors for cyber attackers. Outstanding threat intelligence within the cyber sphere requests for the knowledge base of threat information and a thoughtful way to represent this knowledge. This study proposes a clear rationale of significant artificial intelligence (AI) techniques used for recognizing a cyber-attack. Data analysis can be formulated to guide industries and Internet-connected systems such as smartphones or robotic factories on what to do in the appearance of an incident. AI techniques will analyze past incidents and summarize knowledge from experts and will continue to adapt or reform new branches as it reviews from the new incidents. In addition, various data mining approaches used in boosting threat truthfulness in cybersecurity data are also studied. To conclude, we discussed that; AI will robotize the collation of machine-readable external threats and will improve the efficiency and accuracy of the data for each smart organization’s specific framework.

Cryptocurrencies and Code Before the Courts

In the rapidly developing cyber sphere dominated by cryptocurrencies and code, it is perhaps not uncommon for firms to focus on cutting-edge technological developments leaving the law behind as an ...

To the Question of Determination of Maintenance of Concept «Informative Relations»

Today's society is at a new historical phase of development based on information where crucial role played by information technology, and the production and use of information is the main way of activity in all areas of society. Information activities expanded both the scope that existed in society (political, economic, social, scientific, technical, international, etc.) and the areas where appearance is a result of this activity — is the sphere of information technologies and cyber sphere. Information impact on the state, society and the citizen is now more effective than political, economic and even military. Information becomes a real, almost physically palpable force. The category of «information» is one of the most important factors of public relations and is the basis of the origin and functioning of individual groups of these relations — relations information. Sphere of informative relations, for today, not only is one of major spheres of any society but also informative relations became inalienable part of any sphere of vital functions of man. Generalizing the different going of scientists near determination of informative relations, we can draw conclusion, that having regard to a novelty and not investigationalness of these relations exists two diametrically different going near this question. However, to our opinion, the representatives of both approaches assume a error, namely, they do not take into account that unlike other public relations that exist only in the real measuring, informative relations exist both in the real and in virtual space. Informatively-virtual relations are a new type of informative relations as public relations that arise up change and cease in relation to the appeal of information in a cyberspace. It is needed to acknowledge relations that does not touch motion of information directly inalienable part of informatively-virtual relations, however, exactly they form optimal terms for an informative communication as process of transmission and receipt of information. Exactly relations tangentially the cyberbuck of culture, cyberbuck of moral and cyberbuck of education can provide the civilized development of informatively-virtual relations.

Filling in the Gaps: Remembering the 1965 Killings in Indonesia

After more than fifty years, Indonesia remains muted in its acknowledgement of the killings and disappearances of nearly one million suspected leftists in the anti-Communist pogroms of 1965. While the downfall of Indonesian strongman Suharto had opened up a larger space for democracy, the Indonesian state remains reticent in facing accusations of mass human rights violations that have taken place during his rule. Although many former dissidents and political detainees have come forward with their stories in an effort to “straighten istory,” they continue to face harassment from right wing groups as well as the state’s intelligence apparatus. Nevertheless, with the advent of the Internet, human rights activists as well as historical “revisionists” have begun to use the cyber sphere as way to fill in the “gaps” in terms of Indonesia’s narrative concerning the killings of 1965. This paper investigates the dynamics behind the use of this medium in transmitting this dark episode to a younger generation of Indonesians. It looks specifically at Ingat 1965, a website that utilizes “private memory” as a way to “resist” as well as reinvent the narrative, which has so long been dominated by the state. This paper also includes an investigation into how Indonesia is beginning to deal with its past.

Probing the Interplay Between the Public Sphere and Cyber Sphere Saga for Political Mobilization Among the Youth Community in Ethiopia

Probing the Interplay Between the Public Sphere and Cyber Sphere Saga for Political Mobilization Among the Youth Community in Ethiopia

Probing the Interplay Between the Public Sphere and Cyber Sphere Saga for Political Mobilization Among the Youth Community in Ethiopia

DOI : 10.7176/NMMC/79-01 Publication date : April 30 th 2019 I. INTRODUCTION Over a period of time, human communication has gone through a lot of advancement. As literatures point out, the advancement has shown a gigantic development from oral tradition to written culture through scripting, printing, and to the electronic world through wired electronic communication, wireless electronic communication and to today’s digital communication the so called the New Media. The recent information and technological revolution has changed the way in which People interact, communicate and share information; to this end Auer explained it as “vehicles that allow ordinary people to enter and influence many arenas of public life” (Auer, 2011:709). With regards to the newness in new media, the key differentiating factor in terms of these new media is their highly interactive quality. The original uses of the internet include the more traditional web page format which allows users to only access information. These are referred to as unidirectional platforms and they are similar to traditional media such as newspapers and television. Social media platforms on the other hand are multi-directional or interactive Internet has been transforming the use of traditional media and providing a new and interactive system of communication. Regarding to the fundamental influence the new media has on human Communication process Croteau and Hoynes (2003:322) states that the new media has: • Altered the meaning of geographic distance. • Allowed for a huge increase in the volume of communication. • Provided the possibility of increasing the speed of communication. • Provided opportunities for interactive communication. • Allowed forms of communication that was previously separate to overlap and interconnect. With regards to the strong interdependence between politics and the new media in this digital era, Polat (2005: 435) examines it interms of three facets: i.e the internet as an information source, a communication tool and a virtual public sphere. It is obvious that the new media has been serving as an information source quite more than any other communication out lets. There is no doubt that too it is a tool of communication. A huge academic effort will be made in this particular study to emphasize the third facet, which is its role as a virtual public sphere. The hyper-textual, interactive, immediacy and other peculiar characteristics of the new media have made it a suitable public sphere (cyber sphere). Since this study principally focuses on the role of the new media on political mobilization, it’s imperative to look into literatures associated to it. Consequently, According to Enjolras, Steen-Johnsen, & Wollebaek, (2012:17) political mobilization refers to “the process by which candidates, parties, activists, and groups induce other people to participate in politics to win elections, to pass bills, to modify rulings and to influence policies”. Hence,the term political mobilization can be defined as the process through which citizens or activists induce one another through the medium of the internet and social media to participate in politics and specifically with the intention of influencing politics.

Cryptocurrencies and Code Before the Courts

In the rapidly developing cyber sphere dominated by cryptocurrencies and code, it is perhaps not uncommon for firms to focus on cutting-edge technological developments leaving the law behind as an afterthought. B2C2 Ltd v Quoine Pte Ltd (“B2C2”) may serve as a timely reminder of the importance of the legal principles supporting e-commerce and Fintech. In the first case of its kind, B2C2 raised several key questions before the Singapore International Commercial Court (“SICC”), seeking clarification on how the established legal concepts of breach of trust, mistake and unjust enrichment might apply in the context where an automated contract-forming software had produced unusual results. This decision represents the most comprehensive treatment by a Commonwealth court of the legal nature of cryptocurrencies and automated contract-forming software to date; a harbinger of further and more complex litigation to come, as disputes involving e-commerce and Fintech gradually start to reach the courts.

Jihadist war or a challenge of disintegration?

In this paper we introduce some relevant research results about the role of social embeddedness and social resources in the sphere of social conflicts and violence. In accordance with the actual state of the investigation process the outcomes presented in this analysis are focusing on the activities of the so called ‘Islamic State’or ISIS – considered to be a rather effective terrorism exporter recently. After briefly outlining the broader – global – context of terrorist organizations, the particular characteristics of the activities of ISIS and some elements of the conceptual frame, the study highlights empirically two potential explaining factors of the success of the terrorist organization. On the one hand the influencing network – primarily linked to the cyber sphere – of the Islamic State is explored, demonstrating a notable focus on the developed countries of Europe. On the other hand the paper summarizes the main conclusions from a case study on the recruitment base of the militants in Brussels of the terrorist organization investigating the relationship between the territorial distribution of the ISIS foreign fighters in city and the extent of segregation of the Islamic population in the different districts, including also certain socio-demographic factors to shed light on the significance of the broader – unfavourable – social context.

Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) in libraries and museums

PurposeThis edition of this study aims to focus on augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) in libraries and museums, as seen from the internet cyber sphere including blogs. It takes a look at the first quarter of 2018 and analyzes the trending issues within the period, highlighting examples of some institutions that make use of VR and AR. The advantages of the use of VR, AR and sometimes mixed reality are also pointed out.Design/methodology/approachLibraries, archives and museums are increasingly using AR/VR technologies in their service delivery because it is trending. The year 2018 is expected to be huge for VR technology.FindingsFacebook is the largest investor in AR and VR, and because Facebook is also extremely popular, many are opportune to have a go at VR and AR through the use of the Facebook social media platform.Originality/valueVR “involves using 3D graphics and advanced interactions to immerse a real-world user in a simulated environment”, by the description of the University of Indiana University, Bloomington’s Blogspot. AR stands for extended reality and actually, in technical terms, means a combination of virtual and real reality (UWS, 2018). Both VR and AR, 3D printing and other technologies have altered how people live and work.

Tantangan Intelijen dalam Kontra-Terorisme di Indonesia: Suatu Pandangan

Serangan 11 September 2001 di Amerika Serikat menjadi titik balik bagi dunia, baik dari bagaimana aktor-aktor terorisme beroperasi secara global melalui jaringan-jaringan, hingga bagaimana negara dan aktor-aktor hubungan internasional merespons aksi-aksi teror. Tulisan ini mengenai tantangan intelijen dalam kontra-terorisme di Indonesia dan aksi preventif yang diperlukan terutama pada penggunaan teknologi informasi, sebagai suatu upaya deteksi dan peringatan dini bagi kewaspadaan terhadap aksi-aksi teror. Melalui telaah kepustakaan, ditemukan bahwa pada praktiknya kegiatan intelijen Indonesia cenderung tidak terkoordinasi dengan baik antara satu lembaga dengan lainnya yang disebabkan oleh adanya trust-deficit, tumpang tindih aktivitas akumulasi dan akurasi intelijen, serta ketiadaan aksi konkret untuk mengeliminasi ancaman di ranah cyber. Disimpulkan bahwa dibutuhkan suatu upaya komprehensif dan integratif dalam mengelola intelijen di Indonesia. Selain itu, suatu strategi nasional counter-terrorism dalam ranah cyber melalui penggunaan teknologi informasi yang menyeluruh dalam ranah cyber.