Customs Barriers Research Articles

The Chinese Aspect of the U.S.-EU Trade and Economic Contradictions

The protectionist course of foreign policy of the Republican administration D. Trump, has received in recent years a very acute form of trade-economic rivalry of the United States with China, the introduction of Washington's new sanctions and protective customs barriers in foreign trade with a significant number of countries, including the countries-allies in NATO, has as its natural consequence of the massive contradictions between the United States and the European Union. In conditions of permanent escalating "trade war" with China, the EU finds itself in the position of a third party, which very adversely affected by the imposition of extremely complex of adverse factors, exacerbated by the pandemic coronavirus and the resulting global crisis of the world economy. D. Trump consistently implemented in the foreign economic sphere the policy of tough economic dominance in all fields under the pretext of protecting the national security of the United States, based on the stated priority of his administration "America First".

The crisis of the “Liberal International Order” and the challenges from China and Russia

The concept of “Liberal International Order” (LIO) is one of the most popular in contemporary international relations. LIO received global recognition and became a key factor of international politics after the Second World War. Studies of the LIO have gone through periods of peaks and valleys since the Second World War. Nowadays, the studies are once again at the epicenter of political discussions. Academic studies of the LIO face difficult challenges since the concept has found itself in a ‘grey zone’ between two well-established disciplines — political science and economics. Two factors, which signaled a deep crisis of the LIO are: 1) disaffection of people living in Western democracies in multiple negative effects of globalization; 2) the progressive rising of powers such as China and Russia, whose political regimes are currently defined as illiberal. For many states in different parts of the world, the LIO did not generate prosperity for a majority of their population. Rather it led to an economically painful transformation from previous socio-economic systems as well as rising inequality. Member states of BRICS and of SCO have been and still are more respectful of the principles of the traditional Liberal International Order than the USA and western European countries. China currently is promoting a non-Western version of globalization, but it is still globalization with low customs barriers and the free movement of people, services and capital.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC COMMUNICATIONS IN THE GLOBAL INTEGRATION PROCESSES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Topicality. The urgency of the problem is to stimulate the development of foreign economic relations in global integration processes. The article is devoted to the development of scientific principles and practical recommendations for stimulating the development of foreign economic relations in global integration processes and determining their impact on international relations. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to develop scientific principles and practical recommendations to stimulate the development of foreign economic relations in global integration processes and determine its impact on the international relations. On the basis of theoretical generalizations carried out in the study, it is proved that globalization of international relations and world economic relations is a natural process, which is to strengthen the interconnection and interaction of the main directions and components of the development of the world community. In the broad sense - it is multifactorial interaction of various phenomena of international life (economic, legal, social, political, ethical, religious, psychological). On the basis of the generalization of theoretical sources regarding the emergence of the globalization process, preconditions and causes of the process of globalization have been formed. Research results. It is proved that the globalization of international relations and world economic relations is a logical process, which is to strengthen the interconnection and interaction of the main directions and components of the development of the world community. In the broad sense - it is multifactorial interaction of various phenomena of international life (economic, legal, social, political, ethical, religious, psychological). The paper presents a comparative description of the consequences of globalization. A global assessment of the countries of the world according to the global competitiveness index for 2017-2018 has been carried out. It has been proved that the foreign economic relations in the global integration processes play a special role today. For the modern stage of development of world economic relations dynamism, liberalization, diversification of forms and types of foreign economic activity are characteristic. It is specified that in addition to traditional forms of foreign economic relations (foreign trade, investment cooperation), scientific and technical cooperation, industrial cooperation, monetary-financial, military-technical cooperation, tourism, etc. have been actively developed in recent years. It is argued that economic globalization is the process of formation and development of a single world economic and informational space, which accelerates the capitalization of the introduction of new ideas. Conclusion. The study made it possible to substantiate and develop scientific principles and scientific and practical recommendations for stimulating the development of foreign economic relations in global integration processes and determining its impact on the international relations. One of the current trends in the global economy is the internationalization of production, which allows transnational corporations to conquer new markets bypassing customs barriers. The study made it possible to substantiate and develop scientific principles and scientific and practical recommendations for stimulating the development of foreign economic relations in global integration processes and determining their impact on international relations.

Study Regarding the Respect of Professional Ethics and Deontology in the Promotion of Accounting Services in Romania

Abstract The change of the current economic environment due to the globalization of the economy and the unhindered circulation of products and services, the removal of national customs barriers, the evolution of information technology and the diversification of marketing techniques have led to a change in the financial and accounting services market. In the context in which the promotion of accounting services is a very complex activity, which involves a large number of decisions that have to be taken in accordance with the ethical and deontological norms imposed by the code of ethics in order not to affect the reputation of the accounting profession, study on how professional accountants promote their services and the extent to which the rules of professional ethics and deontology imposed by the National Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants in Romania are respected. In this respect, we conducted a survey based on a questionnaire, applied to the professional accountants CECCAR members Dâmboviţa branch. The questions were formulated in such a way that the reality regarding the promotion of accounting services in relation to the rules of ethics and deontology of the profession is meaningful through the significance of the answers received.

The role of Supply Chain in improving competitiveness

Abstract The international economic environment is witnessing a series of radical transformations, particularly in the marketing field. The liberalization of markets and the international marketplace integration have led to qualitative developments of the economic entities at various levels especially from the technological point of view. These transformations have affected most of the modern world, and Algeria is no exception to that phenomenon. Its economy is witnessing several modifications in order to move towards a modern market economy compliant with the current definition of freedom of exchange. This is the goal that Algeria seeks to reach by adhering to the World Trade Organization, whose rules are based on concept of free market, lawful competition as well as the lifting of major customs barriers. Companies have to exploit all the possibilities and strategies to improve their productivity, management and overall workflow in order to rise above the challenge and succeed in establishing themselves strongly in such a market. In this instance, the supply chain becomes the main symbol of the link between production sites and consumption locations thus making supply chain management one of the most progressive forms of dynamic and integrated management and is considered a main driver of competitive. In this paper, we attempt to prove the importance of the aforementioned concept of supply chain management under the form of a case study that assess the competitiveness of the AURAS mills in Algeria to determine the various elements that are the main contributors to the improvement of the overall position of the company on the market as well as the drivers behind the continuous progress and innovation in management of the dynamic components of the company. We expect to prove that a shift in the structure of the company towards the creation of an autonomous supply chain department will improve the competitiveness of AURAS mills as well as provide a clear development and amelioration path for the overall functioning of the company.

IRAN ON THE WAY TO INTEGRATION WITH CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES

The purpose of this article is develop of trade between Iran and the countries of Central Asia, iden- tifying trends in economic integration and potential problems. Research methodology - this scientific study used the general scientific principles of knowledge of economic phenomena: systems, expertise, synthesis, and economic and statistical analysis, methods of deduction and induction, as well as practical empirical methods. The relevance of the article is the dynamics of the development of the economic partnership of Iran with the countries of Central Asia, mutually beneficial trading and investment plans. This article is devoted trade relations between Iran and the countries of Central Asia, the integration processes of economic relations and its advantages and opportunities for the region. Indeed, one of the features of globalization - regional convergence, integration and membership in international organizations will be aimed at the globalization of trade and the interaction of states in order to eliminate various customs barriers. The relations of the countries of the region with the Islamic Republic of Iran, which have grown significantly in the region after independence of the Central Asian states, including trade and economic ties, are also considered. The main areas of cooperation were the conclusion of certain invest- ment agreements with investors and Kazakhstan transnational companies, which provided for specific measures of state support for the largest and priority investment projects, as well as further measures to develop these projects. These events, along with the economic potential of the two countries, have a strong influence on regional and global economic growth. This is evidenced by the words of our Presi- dent N. A. Nazarbayev: “The absolute priority in ensuring national security will be given to our foreign policy, our foreign economic relations and the solid position of Kazakhstan with its neighbors, countries of the region and the leading nations of the world.” Key words: regional, transnational, regional convergence, regional integration.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ РОЗВИТКУ КОНКУРЕНТНОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА В УМОВАХ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ У СВІТОВУ ЕКОНОМІКУ

У статті досліджуються принципи та методи державного регулювання розвитку конкурентного середовища в умовах інтеграції у світову економіку. Досліджено розвиток конкурентного середовища в умовах інтеграції у світову економіку. У зв’язку з активізацією процесів формування глобального економічного простору та глобального суспільства в цілому, що сприяють стиранню кордонів держав і регіонів у держави, виникають особливі функції. Вона повинна набувати нових рис, що адаптують її до реальностей ХХІ століття – нових економічних зв’язків, інтернаціоналізації торговельних, фінансових, соціальних взаємовідносин.

Trade relations of Kazakhstan with the countries of Central Asia: dynamics and development prospects

The article discusses the current state and the main problems of foreign trade relations of Kazakhstan with the countries of Central Asia. The purpose of the study is to determine the significance for the Republic of Kazakhstan of trade with neighboring countries in the region, the barriers to mutual trade and its growth opportunities that exist today. The most important factor influencing the trade relations ofKazakhstan with the countries neighboring the region is the orientation of their foreign trade and, aboveall, of Kazakhstan itself to trade with countries outside the region. This situation has developed due tothe high availability of virtually all Central Asian countries with natural resources, primarily mineral resources.The methodology of the study is based on classical and modern theories of international trade,the theory of “new regionalism”, which allows to determine the causes, benefits, types of internationaltrade and barriers to its path. These theories make it possible to identify the economic and historicalbackground and growth opportunities of Kazakhstan’s trade with the countries of Central Asia. The mainresults of the study include the definition of the dynamics (over the last ten years) and the commoditystructure of trade of Kazakhstan with the countries neighboring the Central Asian region. The articlepresents indicators that make it possible to identify the significance of the republic’s foreign trade relationswith all countries of this region as a whole and separately with each of the countries: Uzbekistan,Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. The practical significance of the study lies in the analysis andassessment of the current state of Kazakhstan’s trade with the countries of its region, justifying the needand opportunities for its growth in the future. In order to ensure further development of Kazakhstan’strade relations with Central Asian countries, it is proposed to eliminate customs barriers, corruptionrelated to them, reduce transport costs by modernizing the transport system and, in general, developeconomic cooperation based not only on government agreements, but also on agreements between nongovernmentalorganizations and enterprises.

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF THE INCENTIVE SYSTEM FOR SMALL AND MEDIUMSIZED ENTERPRISES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Thearticlehighlightstheissueoftheinstitutionalstructureofsmallandmedium-sizedbusinessesintheRepublicofKazakhstan.Inparticular,theessenceoftheinstitutionalenvironmentofentrepreneurshipisdeterminedanditsdefinitionisproposedbasedontheanalysisofscientificsources.ThestructureofthesystemofstateregulationandstimulationofentrepreneurshipintheRepublicofKazakhstanisanalyzed.EstimatesoftheentrepreneurialclimateoftheRepublicofKazakhstanasanobjectofstateinfluencefortheformationoffavorableconditionsforthedevelopmentofsmallandmediumsizedbusinessesaregiven.Authornotestheimportanceofasystematicapproachtotheformationofthestatepolicytostimulateandsupportsmallandmediumsizedbusinesses.Thearticlerevealsthefeaturesofmanagementandstimulation,aswellasdeterminesthemainprioritydirectionsandtargetparametersforthedevelopmentofsmallandmediumbusinessfortheRepublicofKazakhstan.Purpose:themainobjectiveofthisarticleistostudytheinstitutionalframeworkfortheoperationofsmallandmedium-sizedbusinessesintheRepublicofKazakhstanandtoassesstheimpactoftheinstitutionalworkingenvironmentonthedevelopmentofsmallandmediumsizedbusinesses.Toachievethispurpose,thefollowingtasksweresolved:todeterminetheessenceoftheinstitutionalenvironmentofentrepreneurship;tostudythestructureofthesystemandthemechanismofstateregulationandstimulationofentrepreneurshipintheRepublicofKazakhstan;toanalyzetheactualstateoftheinstitutionalenvironmentofentrepreneurshipintheRepublicofKazakhstan;todeterminethetargetcriteriaforthedevelopmentofSMEsintheRepublicofKazakhstan.Methods:thisarticleisbasedonthemethodsofstructuralanalysisandofthesystemapproach.Results:today,smallandmediumsizedbusinessesarethemostpromisingactorsinthedevelopmentofapostindustrialeconomy,whereadvancedtechnologiesandinnovativesolutionsareapriority.Smallandmediumsizedbusinesses,bypropertyoftheirmobilityandflexibility,arethemostsusceptibletoinnovationandcanbeprovidersofhightechnology.Inaddition,theadaptabilityofsmallandmediumsizedbusinessesisafactorofrapidandtargetedresponsetotheslightestchangesinmarketortechnologicalconditions.Atthesametime,smallandmediumbusinessesareanimportantfactorinreducingunemployment(especiallystructuralandcyclical).Butatthesametime,smallandmediumsizedbusinessesneedprotectionfromthestate,sinceasmallamountofcapital,aswellasarelativelysmallamountofproductionofeachindividualsubjectofsmallandmediumsizedbusiness,causesinsecurityintheeventofamarketexpansionoflargebusinesses.Errorsinthesystemofstateregulationofbusiness(tighteningoftaxation,inexpedientlystringentregulations,etc.)cansignificantlyslowdownorevencauseareductionintheexpansionofentrepreneurialinitiative.Thus,thesearchforwaystoorganizethemostfavorableinstitutionalandmarketenvironmentforsmallandmediumsizedbusinesses(inparticular,priorityfortheimplementationofstateeconomicpolicy)isaprioritytaskofthestateregulatorysystem.Conclusionsandrelevance:theresearchcarriedoutwithintheframeworkofthesubjectofthisarticleshowsthattheinstitutionalenvironmentfortheoperationofsmallandmediumsizedbusinessesintheRepublicofKazakhstanisquitefavorable,becausethestateimplementsapolicyofmaximumfavortothedevelopmentofentrepreneurialinitiativeinthecountry.Moreover,bymaximizingitseffortstocreateaneffectivemechanismforstimulatingandsupportingsmallandmediumsizedbusinesses,theinstitutionalenvironmentisconstantlyimproving.Thisbringsitsresults,intheformofimprovingthegeneralbusinessenvironment.Atthesametime,therearecertainaspects,suchascustomsbarriers,thedificultyinobtainingvariouskindsofpermits(oftenthisisduetocorruptoficials).Therefore,theincentivesystemforsmallandmediumsizedbusinessesshouldincludeaneffectivemechanismtoensurecompliancewithrightsandprotectentrepreneurs.

Adapting The Outputs Of Education And Training To The Actual Needs Of Reality And Aspirations

The human element is the main pillar in the implementation of economic development programs, and therefore the countries have been keen to take care of its rehabilitation within the human resources development progress programs focused mainly on educational curricula.
 Education and training has become an effective and influential tool in the science of development, since the human element is the means and purpose of the movement of progress and development. Countries are comparing and measuring their progress not with their natural resources and wealth in the ground or outside, but measured by their ability to exploit these resources to meet the requirements Its population. As an example, a country like Japan does not possess natural resources such as oil, gas or gold, and it does not have important agricultural resources, but possesses the educated and qualified human element that enabled it to be one of the most advanced countries. Despite its natural wealth, its human wealth and quality have been at the core of its growth and progress. Our country is characterized by a wealth of human resources and, in particular, a high proportion of young people compared to direct countries, It puts pressure on resources to productive energy by developing their productive capacities and competencies and providing them with the skills, expertise and renewable knowledge through continuous training.
 The lack of coordination between the quality of the outputs of education and vocational and technical training and the skilled requirements of the labor market, and the lack of attention and awareness among graduates towards self-employment through the establishment of small enterprises due to the lack of guidance and guidance, the low levels of skills and lack of funding, And to activate and activate the role of the private sector in terms of effective partnership in the effective governance of the system of vocational and technical education and training or in the management of the vocational training system.
 Today, we face a great challenge to adapt ourselves in the face of the urgent and imminent economic changes represented by the fall of customs barriers, borders and the ease of labor mobility. Recent global developments, developments in the economic arena, and the global markets have caused serious disruptions and severe recession, Change the economic outlook and keen attention to local economic conditions and self-reliance to the maximum degree to get out of the cycle of loss between the welfare of the major countries.
 It has been proven from the practical reality that relying solely on education is not enough for the graduates to meet the requirements of the jobs and professions that the labor market needs. This requires training as a means to meet the skills required to practice professions and jobs, especially if it is planned and designed by closely linking to the reality of the market the work .

A Correlation Between the Outputs of Education and Training and the Actual Needs of Reality and Aspirations

The human element is the main pillar in the implementation of economic development programs, and therefore the countries have been keen to take care of its rehabilitation within the human resources development progress programs focused mainly on educational curricula.
 Education and training has become an effective and influential tool in the science of development, since the human element is the means and purpose of the movement of progress and development. Countries are comparing and measuring their progress not with their natural resources and wealth in the ground or outside, but measured by their ability to exploit these resources to meet the requirements Its population. As an example, a country like Japan does not possess natural resources such as oil, gas or gold, and it does not have important agricultural resources, but possesses the educated and qualified human element that enabled it to be one of the most advanced countries. Despite its natural wealth, its human wealth and quality have been at the core of its growth and progress. Our country is characterized by a wealth of human resources and, in particular, a high proportion of young people compared to direct countries, It puts pressure on resources to productive energy by developing their productive capacities and competencies and providing them with the skills, expertise and renewable knowledge through continuous training.
 The lack of coordination between the quality of the outputs of education and vocational and technical training and the skilled requirements of the labor market, and the lack of attention and awareness among graduates towards self-employment through the establishment of small enterprises due to the lack of guidance and guidance, the low levels of skills and lack of funding, And to activate and activate the role of the private sector in terms of effective partnership in the effective governance of the system of vocational and technical education and training or in the management of the vocational training system.
 Today, we face a great challenge to adapt ourselves in the face of the urgent and imminent economic changes represented by the fall of customs barriers, borders and the ease of labor mobility. Recent global developments, developments in the economic arena, and the global markets have caused serious disruptions and severe recession, Change the economic outlook and keen attention to local economic conditions and self-reliance to the maximum degree to get out of the cycle of loss between the welfare of the major countries.
 It has been proven from the practical reality that relying solely on education is not enough for the graduates to meet the requirements of the jobs and professions that the labor market needs. This requires training as a means to meet the skills required to practice professions and jobs, especially if it is planned and designed by closely linking to the reality of the market the work

The European Market: Success or Obstacle to Integration?

The single market is one of the greatest achievements of the European Union. The restrictions on trade and free competition between Member States have been progressively eliminated, which has led to an increase in the standard of living. The Treaty establishing the European Economic Community was the one that made it possible to eliminate customs barriers within the Community and establish a common customs tariff that would apply to goods from non-EU countries. The single market has not yet become a unique economic space. Some sectors of the economy (public services) are still subject to national laws. The Member States of the EU still assume most of the powers in taxation and social welfare. The single market is supported by a series of related policies, established by the EU over the years. These policies help to ensure that the liberalization of markets is beneficial for as many companies and consumers as possible.

Six gaps in Whitehall’s Brexit analysis

The Whitehall Briefing (leaked in January but only officially released this month) is not the last word on the potential long-term economic impact of Brexit, despite claims from others that it ‘proves’ GDP will be lower in ‘all’ scenarios. As the report itself says, it is only ‘draft analytical thinking with preliminary results’, with many gaps and uncertainties. In particular, officials had not attempted to quantify the outcome that the government is actually seeking to achieve, including a new and comprehensive free trade deal with the EU that minimises both tariff and non-tariff barriers. Instead, the Briefing only looks at three alternative trade scenarios based on existing precedents. It does suggest that the UK might land somewhere in-between. But the outcome will depend on talks with the EU that have not yet even begun, as well as future policy choices to be made by HMG alone. For example, the Briefing recognises that the impact of leaving the Customs Union on customs barriers between the UK and EU could be anywhere between ‘high’ and ‘none’, depending on what new arrangements are agreed. Here, some have argued it is wrong to model something that the EU may not be willing to accept. But the purpose of scenario analysis is to look at a range of possible outcomes, not to close options down. Elsewhere, the Briefing includes only skimpy assessments of the scope for new trade deals with the rest of the world and for regulatory optimisation, and is too quick to dismiss the budget savings on payments to the EU. Overall, the ‘Cross Whitehall Briefing’ is an honest attempt to improve on the analysis published by the Treasury in 2016. But it is far from conclusive, and anyone claiming otherwise should read it again.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ПЕРШИХ "ІСТОРИЧНО ПРАВИХ" УРЯДІВ КОРОЛІВСТВА ІТАЛІЯ (1861-1876 рр.)

This research analyses the economic policies peculiarities of the “historical right” governments of the Kingdom of Italy from the first stage of the unification of this country into a single nation state and rise of the “historical right” governments to power till the transfer of power to the “historical left”. It also specifies the main directions of economic reforms in a certain period of time and their impact on the further development of the state. The research establishes that the liberal economic model for country’s development chosen by its leadership at the very beginning allowed to quickly create the domestic market of goods and services, establish fruitful foreign economic relations with the greatest economic powers of that time and attract foreign investments into the Kingdom, promoting the development of the Kingdom’s agricultural sector and accumulating a substantial capital within the country. However, given the significant economic backwardness of the states of the Apennine peninsula before the unification and the actual abolition of customs barriers in trade with more powerful European countries after 1861, it had a negative impact on the country’s weak industry and deepened the distortion of development along the north-south line. The undeniable achievement of the "historical right" governments in the fiscal policy was the overcoming of the huge deficit of the state budget before 1876.

The economic dimension of the EU cooperation with the Maghreb countries

The present article discusses the collaboration between the Maghreb countries (the region is defined in broad terms, including the member states of the Union Arab Maghreb – Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania and Tunisia) and the European Union in terms of economic development. Of essential importance is the year 1995, when the countries signed the Barcelona Declaration. One of its priorities was “(…) the creation of a free trade area, the aim of which is the gradual elimination of customs barriers (tariff and non-tariff) in relation to the trade of manufactured products. Partners also provide for progressive liberalization of trade in agricultural products and services (…)”. The Union for the Mediterranean and the European Neighbourhood Policy evolved gradually. The article examines bilateral documents (in particular in terms of financial assistance) and economic indicators such as the Index of Economic Freedom.

Free Trade Agreements and Access to Medicines: Need for Regulation

TRIPS Agreement was entered into by WTO members as a means to create a unified Intellectual Property regime across the world. The provisions of TRIPS act as a minimum standard which has to be followed by the member countries. TRIPS provisions had forced the developing and least developed countries to create and follow an IP regime which was not suitable for their technology and needs. One of the severe impacts of following such a regime was on the public health sector. Before TRIPS came into being, a large number of countries had refused to grant patents for pharmaceutical products and even if the same was granted the countries provided for a flexible compulsory licensing procedure, enabling the growth of generic drug industries, thus allowing the manufacture of essential drugs at a cheaper cost. This flexibility was taken away by the TRIPS agreement which hampered the capability of the developing and least developed countries to provide for an effective public healthcare system. This disparity led to the Doha Declaration and WTO Para. 6 decision in 2003, allowing more flexible provisions regarding compulsory licensing and thereby to some extends resolving the issues. While these measures were being adopted which were lauded by organs of UN and WHO, the developed countries went on with TRIPS plus provisions in their countries. Recent years have shown the world a new trend amongst the developed countries, wherein they, through the Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with the developing countries, impose TRIPS Plus Intellectual Property Standards. The Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) and Bilateral Trade Agreements envisaged under GATT Agreement, had been negotiated mainly for favourable tariff rates and lower customs barriers in the initial stage acting as an exception for the MFN Rule. But recently as mentioned earlier these Agreements are including within them Intellectual Property chapters involving TRIPS Plus provisions. Unlike the GATT and GATS Agreements, TRIPS Agreement does not include any provisions which exempt the application of MFN principle for the Intellectual Property provisions in FTAs. Thus the inclusion of IP chapters in these FTAs results in an increase of the Intellectual Property standards prevailing around the globe. This practice is defeating all the efforts taken by the developing countries including India in Doha to ensure access to medicines for the people of the developing countries and least developed countries (LDCs) and is nullifying the flexibilities under Doha Declaration. If such a policy is allowed to be followed, the flexibilities and the safeguards under TRIPS will remain as a mere scarecrow and in near future itself the TRIPS will lose its significance.

INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENT POLICY FRAMEWORKS FOR THE AGRICULTURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

Investments are of great importance to agriculture, which has a special role and place in the overall economic development of the Republic of Serbia. Analyses show unfavorable agricultural credit conditions, which are not in accordance with its role and its importance. The principal aim of this research is to contribute to designing optimal measures of investment policies in the Republic of Serbia. The current economic and financial crisis during the transition process and the European Union accession process caused lower foreign direct investment inflows. It is necessary to sustain agricultural competitiveness, because it will face reduction of customs barriers and fierce competition in the free European market at the moment of becoming a member of the European Union. This requires institutional support while creating attractive conditions for foreign investments, in other words more favorable credit conditions and bigger budget for investments in agriculture which offers a huge production and export potential. EU accession processes include the liberalization of the agricultural produce market, and at the same time require a secure government support for agriculture in the tradition of developed countries. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically and continuously remove the obstacles during the harmonization process of our agricultural policy and that one of the European Union countries which is characterized by its highly subsidized agricultural production. At the end of this document are given conclusions of conducted research and recommendation for improvement investments to agriculture of Serbia. .

Foreign Investment Laws in the Republic of Turkey: A Model for Reform

Turkey's laws regulating foreign investment were radically altered during its last two Five Year Plans. The purpose behind these changes was to move away from a policy of import substitution and centralized control, effected by strict customs barriers and bureaucratic regulations which discouraged foreign investment. Historically, the prior policies of public enterprise and government planning were based on a suspicion of foreign investment dating from the founding of the Republic and were, in part, a reaction to centuries of quasi-colonial status imposed upon the Ottoman Empire by European powers. On January 24, 1980, the Turkish government announced that it had taken various measures to liberalize the economy and encourage foreign investment. At the center of this change was a policy which favored private investment over governmental, free trade over protectionism, and foreign investment over economic nationalism. One purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze those changes in legislation relevant to lawyers representing foreigners interested in investing in Turkey.A second purpose of this paper is to examine, in economic terms, how well the Turkish experiment has worked. The policies of public ownership, protectionism, and economic nationalism found in Turkey prior to 1980 were similar to those held by most developing and east bloc nations until the withdrawal of the Soviet Union from Eastern Europe and their perceived failure in developing countries. Now lawmakers in many countries are being asked to structure reforms which will promote economic growth. Because the Turkish economic reform process has lasted a decade, it represents a working model of the type of legislation which nations similarly situated might adopt.

‘Differences … in Dealing with The Australian Public’: Australia as A Foreign Market in the 1920s

‘Differences … in Dealing with The Australian Public’: Australia as A Foreign Market in the 1920s

Customs Barriers in the Way of Progress in Biotechnology

Scientific research in the field of Life Sciences is impossible without international cooperation, which means that no research is possible without foreign equipment, reagents, laboratory animals and biological materials. Yet, customs regulations in the field of biotechnology are raising more and more questions from scientists. Passing customs control takes up a lot of time, energy and funds. Can these bureaucratic procedures be simplified for the international transportation of goods for scientific research?