Current Time Research Articles

The Anticipatory Capacity of Housing Design in Situation of Exception. Adalberto Libera in Tuscolano III

Exceptional situations allow us to rethink sociocultural dynamics that were previously taken for granted. Architecture is often part of these processes, anticipating with its projects situations that would only occur decades later. This is the case of the Tuscolano III housing project (Rome, 1950), by Adalberto Libera, which introduces a concept of domesticity based on the dissolution between the public and the private. In this project, inhabiting is understood as a phenomenon that occurs on a neighborhood scale; and domesticity as something that expands beyond the walls of a house, and depends on a complex network of social, spatial and political relations. In Tuscolano III Libera proposes an inclusive model of the city, embracing lifestyles that were not widespread at the time, but are so in current times, such as living alone. Through this project, the article aims to investigate the anticipatory capacity of architectural design in periods of great change, as was the period of post-war reconstruction in Italy, and as is the contemporary era, with its continuing economic, political and health crises.

Contemporary Dilemmas of International Investment Law: From the Perspective of Settlement of International Investment Disputes

The current state of international investment law consists of thousands of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) and Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanisms that create safeguards in international investment law and provide foreign investors with the means to mitigate the political risks they face in host countries. However, the number of effective international investment treaties is generally decreasing, and new investment treaties also exclude investor-state dispute settlement mechanisms. Based on past litigation, it is easy to see that the majority of investors who have successfully initiated litigation against host States have come from developed countries. Litigation against the host State by investors from the global South has been relatively few and far between, and has mostly been dismissed, and even when it has been successfully filed, it has not been successful. As a result, the dispute settlement mechanism is not inherently fair. It can be said that this mechanism is a symbol of protectionism in the post-colonial era, which is no longer suitable for the current time. This paper addresses these issues by providing a comprehensive analysis of the current state of development of international investment treaties and the current state of investor-state dispute settlement mechanisms.

Rapid processes for the production of nanocrystal yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline ceramics: ultrasonic spray pyrolysis synthesis and high-frequency induction sintering

In this study, nanocrystalline 3 mol % yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ceramic was produced by sintering with a high-frequency induction heating (HFIH) system of granular powders obtained by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) at 600 °C. The granular nano-sized powders (10-30 nm) were micron in size (average size: 700 nm), spherical in shape and amorphous. The influences of the HFIH sintering temperature (1400-1600 °C), applied current time (60-300 sec.) and the mechanical pressure (10 MPa and 20 MPa) on the final density and grain size of the products were investigated. The amorphous granular Y-TZP powders compressed with the HFIH system allow very rapid condensation in the tetragonal phase at high density and avoid grain growth. High density (relative density over 95) nanocrystalline Y-TZP ceramic with ∼70 nm size could be obtained from the simultaneous application of 20 MPa pressure and an induced current within 300 sec. of sintering time at 1500 °C. In this condition, the sample’s maximum hardness and fracture toughness values were reached at 14.9 GPa and 3.8 MPa·m1/2, respectively. Y-TZP powders produced in nano-micro structure with the USP system were sintered with the HFIH system and rapid production was achieved by preventing grain growth.

Improved dry sliding wear behavior of TA1titanium by low-temperature plasma nitriding by CCPN method

Cathodic cage plasma nitriding (CCPN) has been proven a promising technique to improving titanium’s poor wear resistance at a relatively lower temperature. Nonetheless, less attention has been paid to the performance of the treated sample at the cathodic potential by CCPN process, mostly on the sample at the floating potential. It has been demonstrated that a nitrogen diffusion layer is formed other than compound layer at the cathodic potential, which is beneficial to improve the bearing-load capacity and adhesion strength between the modified layer and the substrate. In this study, a cathodic cage in combination with pulsed-biased system has been used to realize nitriding of TA1 titanium at the cathodic potential below 660 °C. The influence of pulsed current and treatment time on the resulting surface microstructure and wear performance when sliding against Si3N4 balls were studied. Results showed that with the increasing pulsed current and prolonged processing time, the nitride layer thickness, hardness and roughness also increase. Additionally, although the anti-wear resistance is considerably improved through nitriding treatment compared to untreated TA1 titanium, and there are still differences between the samples prepared under different nitriding parameters. Lastly, the optimum pulsed current and processing time of the CCPN process that provide the best tribological characteristics are determined.

Enhanced degradation of ofloxacin by activation of peroxymonosulfate with biochar-FeVO4 under visible light assistance: The role of biochar in mediating charge transfer and mechanism insight

Biochar is recognized as a good medium for promoting photogenerated charge separation in photocatalysts. In this study, the FeVO4/coconut shell biochar (CSB) composites (FVC) were prepared through a cost-effective hydrothermal approach to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of ofloxacin (OFX). Incorporated CSB expanded the light absorption range of FVC by approximately 100 nm, and the band gap energy of FVC was reduced to 2.00 eV. Measurements through linear scanning voltammetry (LSV) and current–time (IT) chronoamperometric further confirmed that the accelerated electron transmission rate boosted PMS oxidation, which was attributed to the role of CSB acting as a mediator. Importantly, OFX degradation was significantly boosted by CSB, FV, and PMS synergistically. FVC had a significant OFX degradation efficiency under visible light irradiation (95.2 %) compared to FV (70.9 %), CSB (57.8 %) and PMS (30.5 %). Moreover, the h+, 1O2, ·O2–, ·OH, and SO4·− were the main active species, whose degradation pathways were explored and the toxicity of the intermediates was assessed. Furthermore, the as-obtained FVC exhibited a remarkable stability and reusability. This work provides new insights into the mechanism of biochar-mediated charge transfer for antibiotic degradation.

Smuggling under the Current Vietnamese Criminal Code and Several Solutions for the Law Reform and Law Enforcement

The provisions on smuggling in the Criminal Code 2015 (amended in 2017) have been improved to be more suitable for the country’s socio-economic situation, associated with the globalization as well as deep engagement of regional and global economy and trade. It has better met the requirements of the prevention of smuggling in current time. However, obstacles and limitations have been shown when applying provisions on smuggling in practice. In this article, the author clarifies several matters on smuggling crime prescribed in the Criminal Code for the law reform and ensuring the correct application of criminal law provisions on this crime.
 
 
 

Optimization on the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process parameters of aged AA7075/TiC metal matrix composites

The need to optimize the process parameters in Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) for aged AA7075 Metal Matrix Composites (AAMMCs) is evident as it impacts various aspects such as mechanical properties, tool wear, surface finish, integrity, precision, accuracy, process stability, process consistency, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, aluminium alloy AA7075 was chosen as the matrix material because of the need to enhance its mechanical properties. Titanium Carbide (TiC) was chosen as the reinforcing material owing to its superior mechanical properties. Therefore, TiC holds the capability to improve the mechanical attributes of AA7075. The selection of the stir cast method for the manufacturing of AA7075/TiC (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 wt.%) was based on its ease of fabrication, ability to achieve a uniform distribution of reinforcements, reduced susceptibility to oxidation and porosity, and improved control over the microstructure. This AA7075/12wt.%TiC MMC underwent an aging process at 520 °C for 180 min and was subsequently cooled within the furnace environment. The density of the aged and non-aged AA7075/TiC-based composites was determined through a density test using the Archimedes’ principle. Microhardness testing was conducted on the non-aged and aged AA7075-based MMCs employing a Vickers microhardness tester. Tensile strength and compressive strength of the aged and non-aged AA7075-based MMCs were determined by the usage of a universal testing machine (UTM) and a compression testing machine (CTM). The optimal combination of the manufactured AA7075/TiC MMCs was determined based on their mechanical properties. The most effective combination was identified as AA7075/12wt.%TiC MMC due to its superior values in hardness, tensile strength, compressive strength, and density compared to other combinations. The aging process aimed to enhance the mechanical properties without the need for additional reinforcements. EDAX and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) tests were employed to determine the weight percentage of the matrix and reinforcements and to identify the formation of precipitates in the AA7075/12wt.%TiC composites. The SEM equipment was utilized to verify the uniform distribution of titanium carbide in the matrix material AA7075. Optimization of EDM process parameters for aged AA7075/12wt.%TiC composite was carried out using Taguchi design-based Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). The selected input parameters for the optimization included the chromium concentration (g×l-1), current (amps) and pulse-on time (µs). The response parameters chosen for optimization were surface roughness (SR) and tool wear rate (TWR). The sequence of influencing EDM input parameters is chromium concentration, pulse on time and current. The optimized EDM process parameters were 8 g×l-1 chromium concentration, 5 amps current and 240 µs pulse on time and the corresponding response were 0.198 TWR and 1.56 SR.

State-based opacity of labeled real-time automata

State-based opacity is a special type of opacity as a confidentiality property, which describes whether an external intruder cannot be sure whether secret states of a system have been visited by observing its generated outputs, given that the intruder knows complete knowledge of the system's structure but can only see generated outputs. When the time of visiting secret states is specified as the initial time, the current time, any past time, and at most K observational steps prior to the current time, the notions of state-based opacity can be formulated as initial-state opacity, current-state opacity, infinite-step opacity, and K-step opacity, respectively. In this paper, we formulate the four versions of opacity for labeled real-time automata which are a widely-used model of real-time systems, and give N2EXPTIME verification algorithms for the four notions by defining appropriate notions of observer and reverse observer for labeled real-time automata that are proven to be computable in N2EXPTIME.

Analysis of Spotify's Audio Features Trends using Time Series Decomposition and Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Model


 Streaming is the most popular music consumption method of the current times. As the biggest streaming platform based on subscriber number, Spotify stores miscellaneous information regarding the music in the platform, including audio features. Spotify’s audio features are descriptions of songs features in form of variables such as danceability, duration, and tempo. These features are accessible via Application Programming Interface (API). On the other hand, Spotify also publishes their own charts consisting of 200 most streamed songs on the platform (based on regions) which are updated daily. By combining Spotify’s song charts and the songs’ respective audio features, this research conducted analysis on musical trends using time series modelling. First, the combined data is decomposed to extract the trend features. Second, a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model is built and followed by forecasting of the audio features. Lastly, the performance of forecasted values and the actual observations is evaluated. As a result, this research has proven that musical trends can be forecasted in the future for a short period by using VAR model with relatively low error. 

Prevalence of smoking and its changes over time in Russia: data from the ESSE-RF study

Aim. To analyze the prevalence of smoking according to the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation-3 (ESSE-RF3) study, and compare these data with the previous two stages.Material and methods. Data from following three cross sections of the ESSE-RF study were used: 2013-2014, 2017, 2020-2022. At the first stage, the prevalence and probability of smoking was assessed according to ESSE-RF3 data in 2020-2022 (n=28628, 35-74 years). At the second stage, an analysis was carried out over time using data from all three ESSE-RF sections (n=43804, 35-64 years).Results. In the overall ESSE-RF3 sample, the prevalence of smoking was 17,0% (men — 27,7%, women — 7,6%). Smoking probability varies significantly by sex, age, education level and income. Over time, the standardized prevalence of smoking increases from 25,0% in 20132014 to 26,2% in 2017, and then decreases to 21,5% in 2020-2022. Women are characterized by the same direction of trends, while men had consistent decrease in prevalence from 41,3 to 37,0 and 34,3%, respectively. The probability of smoking in 2017, relative to 20132014, decreases only in some socio-demographic categories of the population. In 2020-2022, a decrease in the probability of smoking is typical for both the general sample and all subgroups of the population.Conclusion. The results obtained characterize the current situation and time trends of the last decade and contain important information on smoking epidemiology in Russia.

BEST PRACTICE LITERASI DIGITAL NURUL IMAN “LIDI NURIM”

This best practice was aimed to convey the author's experience in applying digital literacy to create a culture of literacy among students in grades 4, 5 and 6 at SD IT Nurul Iman. The strengthening of character education through a culture of digital literacy among students needed to be developed from an early age. The students who dominate elementary school now are Z generation and alpha generation, they are connected to the digital world in their daily lives. This motivated teachers to continue to transform and innovate so that the learning process is in line with the current generation's times. There are 2 instruments used in this best practice, namely observation sheets and questionnaires. There are two observation sheets, including: (1) Observation sheet to obtain data about the teacher's activities and role in implementing "Lidi Nurim" digital literacy, (2) Observation sheet to obtain data on activities carried out by students during the digital literacy process. Meanwhile, the questionnaire instrument used was a Likert scale questionnaire. This type of measurement scale has a gradation from very positive to very negative. The questionnaire would be used before and after the implementation of digital literacy so that the target's attitudes towards literacy and technology were known before and after. The validity of the instrument could be reached by carrying out the validity test. The test used expert judgment techniques, the opinion of experts, namely the school principal. Based on the overall results of observations and data analysis, it could be concluded that after implementing digital literacy "Lidi Nurim", the children have a positive culture of liking literacy. Apart from that, the students would be wiser in using technology, especially using smartphones at home. Another accompanying impact was the increase in the score of Indonesian Language and ICT subjects

Мобилизационная экономика и максимально быстрое обучение

The current situation in the world and the economy, as well as the goals facing the country, require a rapid in-crease in production efficiency, building new supply chains, and developing new types of activities. Traditional approaches to training and development of specialists, relevant for the “slow” existence of business, are not sufficient to accelerate all processes to achieve set goals. For the current time, new approaches to fast and ef-fective learning are needed, which can be summarized as a methodology for maximally rapid learning (MRL). The aim of the research is to study different methodologies and tools of fast and effective learning, generaliza-tion of which will make it possible to form the author’s methodology for the fastest learning possible. Document analysis and generalization methods were used in this work. The results of the research made it possible to formulate a basic understanding of the methodology for maximally rapid learning, associated with a set of measures and tools for the implementation of educational tasks.

Evaluation of High-Intensity Precipitation Prediction Using Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory with U-Net Structure Based on Clustering

Recently, Asia has experienced significant damage from extreme precipitation events caused by climate change. Improving the accuracy of quantitative precipitation forecasts over wide regions is essential to mitigate the damage caused by precipitation-related natural disasters. This study compared the predictive performances of a global model trained on the entire dataset and a clustered model that clustered precipitation types. The precipitation prediction model was constructed by combining convolutional long short-term memory with a U-Net structure. Research data consisted of precipitation events recorded at 10 min intervals from 2017 to 2021, utilizing radar data covering the entire Korean Peninsula. The model was trained on radar precipitation data from 30 min before the current time (t − 30 min, t − 20 min, t − 10 min, and t − 0 min) to predict the precipitation after 10 min (t + 10 min). The prediction performance was assessed using the root mean squared error and mean absolute error for continuous precipitation data and precision, recall, F1 score, and accuracy for the presence or absence of precipitation. The research findings indicate that, with sufficient training data for each precipitation type, models trained on clustered precipitation types outperform those trained on the entire dataset, particularly for predicting high-intensity precipitation events.

Efficiency of electrocoagulation for simultaneous treatment of As and Mn in neutral mine water

Despite the efficiency and ease of implementation of electrocoagulation (ECG), its industrial application for the treatment of contaminated mine water is limited due to high energy and electrode consumption. The main objective of the present study was to identify the most performant ECG conditions using Fe–electrodes for the simultaneous removal of As(III) and Mn(II) from synthetic and surrogate neutral mine water, while limiting energy and electrode consumption. Treatability tests were performed on i) single synthetic effluents containing only 3.5mg/L As (SAs) or 4.5mg/L Mn (SMn), ii)binary synthetic effluents containing both As and Mn (SAs+Mn), and iii) surrogate mine water (Elow and Ehigh). The effect of current density (CD), ionic strength, and retention time were first evaluated for the treatment of SAs, SMn, and SAs+Mn. Then, the most performant conditions were used to treat Elow and Ehigh. The toxicity to Daphnia magna of Elow and Ehigh was evaluated before and after ECG treatment. The results showed that the increase of CD from 0.25 to 10 mA/cm2 greatly improved the removal of Mn and to a lesser extent of As, as well as energy and electrode consumption. Despite a negligible effect on the removal efficiency of As and Mn, the ionic strength (from 0.25 to 2.5mS/cm) and inter-electrode distance (from 10 to 50 mm) strongly affected the energy consumption. Results showed that ECG efficiently removed As (>97 %) from SAs at low CD (0.5 mA/cm2), while Mn required a 3.3-fold higher CD to achieve satisfactory removal (>60 %) from SMn. For the treatment of SAs+Mn, As removal was more efficient and faster than Mn removal (99 vs. 60 % and 20 vs. 60 min, respectively) at a CD of 2.0 mA/cm2. Moreover, the simultaneous removal of As and Mn at 2.0 mA/cm2 produced a volume of sludge 3.3 times greater than at 0.5 mA/cm2. Lastly, high As (99 %) and variable Mn (40–57 %) removal efficiencies were obtained after Elow and Ehigh treatment, with potential positive effect of the presence of Ca2+ and Cl- on the removal of As, while SO42- may have negatively affected the removal of Mn. After ECG treatment, no addition of toxicity to D. magna was observed for Elow and Ehigh. The outcomes of this study may provide promising insights for the application of ECG for simultaneous removal of metal(loid)s from contaminated mine water.

Методы формирования основ православного сознания у студентов технических вузов (на примере учебно-методического комплекса «Основы российской государственности»)

The article undertakes a theoretical analysis of the possibilities of including elements of Orthodox culture and Orthodox values in the subject field of the new educational and methodological complex "Fundamentals of Russian Statehood", created for students of natural science and engineering specialties. The development of this course took place within the framework of the Project "DNA of Russia", implemented with the support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. A significant event for teachers of humanities in September 2023 was the release of textbooks and methodological manuals "Fundamentals of Russian Statehood". The course differs in content and functionality from the generally accepted complex of humanitarian subjects in higher school. There are still disputes between philosophers, historians, political scientists, economists about its information content, but all experts agree on the recognition of the need to update the content and revise the principles of teaching social and humanitarian disciplines, which are read not only in the humanities, but also in technical universities. The challenges of the current time in the field of education require an adequate response from the academic community of higher education - the use of new forms of comprehension of factual material and the organization of cognitive activity of students, filling these forms with new meanings, including educational spiritual and patriotic potential. The purpose of this study is to comprehend the prospects for the formation of students' ideas about the formation of Russian statehood through the prism of Christian ideals. Studying the materials of the course "Fundamentals of Russian Statehood", it can be noted that its content is already largely based on Orthodox values, but this fact does not exclude the need for a more detailed development of this topic.

Electrochemical method of deposition of an alumina coating on carbon fiber

Electrochemically produced oxide coatings have a wide range of potential applications. Despite this, works on the electrochemical deposition of aluminum oxide can be counted on the fingers of one hand, and carbon fiber has not previously been used as a substrate. This work aimed to test and study the mentioned method of depositing aluminum oxide coatings, examine the structure of the resulting coatings, and investigate the possibility of using carbon fiber as a substrate. In this work, we proposed a new method for electrochemical deposition of aluminum oxide coatings from an aqueous electrolyte. The method permitted obtaining uniform and continuous coatings with a thickness of about 300 nm on flat glassy carbon substrates. The effect of current density, deposition time, and electrolyte composition on the thickness and uniformity of the coating was studied. The proposed method was successfully applied to the deposition of the coating on carbon fiber. In addition, the coatings had sufficient continuity, and their thickness reached 100 nm.

Modeling of forced-vibration systems using continuous-time state-space neural network

Dynamic analysis of forced-vibration systems in civil engineering could be computationally inefficient or even hard to converge if the systems are stiff or highly complicated. Rapid advances in machine learning make it possible to formulate surrogate models for forced-vibration systems using neural networks. The widely used neural networks such as the convolutional neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), etc., usually require a constant sampling rate and data length, thus they are difficult to be implemented for real-time calculation of the dynamic system with varying sampling rates. Recently, the continuous-time state-space neural network (CSNN) has shown the capability to lift these restrictions and has been drawing growing attention from the community. In this paper, we propose a generalized CSNN model for various forced-vibration systems (linear and nonlinear). The CSNN model comprises two sets of independent neural networks aiming to compute the state derivative and system response, respectively. Both neural networks adopt linear and nonlinear layers in parallel, instead of only fully connected nonlinear layers as adopted in the literature. This configuration is aimed to enhance the CSNN model with its capability to recognize the linear and nonlinear behaviors of systems. Additionally, the bias options in the CSNN model are all turned off to improve the stability of the model in the long-term time-series forecast, premised on the assumption that the forced-vibration systems are dissipative systems without drift, which is the most common case in civil engineering. Integration on the state derivative at the current time step is executed to obtain the state at the next time step using the explicit 4th-order Runge–Kutta method. Both numerical and experimental illustrative examples are provided, demonstrating that the CSNN model can achieve high performance and training efficiency with a few hyper-parameters, and thus is highly promising for engineering applications.

Activation Processes for Electrodeposition on Passive Nickel Surfaces

Electrodeposited layer systems consisting of nickel and chromium are commonly used for decorative applications and to protect components against corrosion. Sometimes, already deposited chromium layers have to stripped again to do rework on technical parts. As a result passive layers can form at the surface of the nickel layer. This often leads to poor adhesion of subsequent layers. To prevent such adhesion problems nickel layers have to be activated to allow subsequent deposition of chromium. The thickness of the passive layers depends on the current density and treatment time during chromium stripping, as well as on the properties of the chromium layer to be removed. In summary, process fluctuations in all steps lead to an impairment of the activation effect and thus to adhesion problems.This work will discuss recent results from a project within the framework of the Central Innovation Program for SMEs (ZIM) of the AiF. The aim of the project is to optimize the electrolyte composition and the individual treatment stages. Furthermore, the focus is on establishing measuring techniques for the various process parameters and developing a process model for the implementation of a controlled activation process in a large-scale plant. To achieve these ambitious goals, different parameter settings such as current density and treatment time were studied during the activation process and the effect of these parameters on the subsequent nickel and chromium deposition was evaluated.

Development of Electrodeposited Hierarchical Dendritic Wick Structure for Ultra-Thin Vapor Chamber Applications

Compact and light-weight electronic systems have posed stringent dimensional criteria for heat-dissipation components such as heat pipes and vapor chambers. An ultra-thin vapor chamber (UTVC) with an overall thickness below 1 mm requires an interior capillary wick structure less than 100 μm. The capillary wick layer provides a flow path for fluid circulation in an operational UTVC. The maximum UTVC heat transfer rate normally depends on liquid permeability (K) and capillary pressure (∆P) of the wick structure. Large K and ∆P values are rarely realized in typical homogeneous porous structure. In this study, a novel hierarchical dendritic copper wick was prepared to achieve large K and ∆P simultaneously by one-step electrodeposition and thermal sintering process. The effects of electrodeposition parameters, such as current density, deposition time, and solution conditions on the capillary performance of the dendritic copper wicks were investigated. The results indicate that the wicking capability is modulated by the dendritic morphology of Cu deposits. Moreover, a post-deposition sintering process can improve further the structural integrity of the Cu dendrites and the capillary performance of the electrodeposited wicks. An optimal dendritic copper wick of 30 μm in thickness possesses a promising capillary performance K/R eff of 0.811 μm, which is the thinnest wick reported in the literature.

Electrochemical Monitoring of Super-Engineering Polymer Depolymerization: A Rapid and Simple Approach

The mechanical properties and processability of polymers are strongly influenced by their molecular weight, underscoring the critical importance of controlling depolymerization during storage in polymer synthesis and application. However, conventional methods of determining molecular weight, including viscosity measurements, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, typically necessitate substantial quantities of polymer samples and protracted measurement times. Moreover, certain polymers may undergo continuous degradation post-polymerization, rendering depolymerization analysis via traditional means highly challenging. Hence, there is an imperative need to develop novel analysis techniques that overcome these limitations and facilitate comprehensive depolymerization characterization.To surmount these challenges, we have developed a novel electrochemical method utilizing cyclic voltammetry to facilitate polymer depolymerization measurement. For measuring degree of depolymerization, we used thermal depolymerization process. As the polymer's molecular weight diminishes because of thermal depolymerization, the solution viscosity decreases correspondingly, thereby enabling unimpeded redox species diffusion and a proportional increase in steady-state current. By constructing a calibration curve of current versus thermal depolymerization time for a polymer, we can swiftly and accurately determine its molecular weight tendency in solution. Our investigations indicate that this electrochemical technique is more efficient and cost-effective as it necessitates smaller sample volumes and shorter measurement times than conventional methods, and it exhibits excellent potential for analyzing and maintaining polymer properties across various industries.[1] Kim, J. W., Kim, S. J., Song, I. Y., Lee, W. E., Heo, K., Kim, S. Y., ... & Kim, B. K. (2022). Simple and rapid electrochemical monitoring for depolymerization of polyamic acid. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1233, 340489.