Cultural Transition Research Articles

Using picture books to support cultural transitions among college international students: Pedagogical designs for ESL classrooms

This study addressed how picture books featuring international characters could potentially support international students in their transitions to a new Western cultural and social context. Drawing on culturally sustaining pedagogy (Paris, 2012), community of practices (Lave, 1996), and reader‐response theory (Rosenblatt, 1982), this article identifies a collection of picture books, qualitatively analyzes picture books’ themes and affordance for preparing international students to join dominant social conversations through literacy practices, showcases potential pedagogical applications in college ESL classrooms, and discusses implications for ESL teacher education and professional development.

Cultural influences on the castration age of cattle in the northern Baltic Sea region during the medieval and post-medieval periods

Oxen – castrated male cattle (Bos taurus) – were used as draught animals in Finland, Estonia and Sweden for centuries. From the medieval period onwards, the wider phenomenon of oxen culture is evidenced by zooarchaeological material and historical documents, which reflect, among other things, the castration age. When males were castrated at a young age – a method used in Sweden, according to the ethnological sources – it affected the growth of the metacarpal bones; thus, the metacarpals of these oxen should be distinct from those of cows and bulls. However, when males were castrated as adults – a method used in Estonia – it had less effect on the bones, so the metacarpals of these oxen are more likely to resemble those of bulls. Documents from the early modern period indicate that in Finland, cattle were castrated as calves (as they were in Sweden), but some medieval bone finds indicate that they were castrated in adulthood (as they were in Estonia). To resolve this apparent contradiction between the zooarchaeological data and the written evidence, and to understand the cultural transitions in farming practices relating to draught oxen in the northern Baltic Sea region, we studied morphometric changes in 621 metacarpals in Finland and Estonia dating from the medieval and post-medieval periods (13th to 20th century) and compared them with previously published contemporaneous data from Sweden. To investigate the size and shape of the individuals and to distinguish oxen from bulls and cows, we applied widely used osteometric criteria, including the maximum breadth of the distal epiphysis and Mennerich indices. For a set of uncertain samples from medieval Turku, Finland, we identified the sex by amplifying the TSPY gene and X and Y chromosome-specific variations in the ancient DNA. Our results confirm that throughout the medieval and post-medieval periods, late castration was practised in Estonia and early castration was practised in Sweden. In Finland, however, we detected a temporal change in the castration age: cattle were castrated as adults in the medieval period and at a young age in the post-medieval period.

Mineral Nutrition of Samburu Adolescents: A Comparative Study of Pastoralist Communities in Kenya.

This study aimed to characterize mineral nutrition (copper, magnesium, selenium, and zinc) in Samburu pastoralist youth, in the context of differential cultural transitions due to uneven changes in educational access, herding intensity, polygyny, and access to wild, domesticated, and market-sourced foods. Whole dried blood spots were collected in a total of 161 youth (highlands, n = 97; lowlands, n = 64) to assess concentrations of: cadmium, copper, lead, magnesium, mercury, selenium, and zinc. Concentrations were determined through Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry. Dietary intakes were assessed by 24-hour recall method and calculation of probability of inadequate intakes. WHO protocols were applied to collect anthropometric measures in the youth. Nearly half of the adolescents (47.8%) fell below the reference range for zinc status, and 88.2% had low zinc-to-copper ratios. High probability of nutrient inadequacies were evident for protein, fat, vitamins A, B12, C, and E. In generalized linear modeling, lowland residence was negatively associated with zinc status and the zinc-to-copper ratio, and positively correlated with selenium and copper status. Other significant correlates were: dairy livestock ownership; wife number of the youth's mother; meat consumption; vegetable consumption; protein intake; infectious disease morbidities; BMI; and hemoglobin concentrations. In recent decades, Samburu pastoralists of northern Kenya have experienced marked dietary changes in the context of market integration, extreme drought, diminishing pasture availability, and violent civil conflict. Some children (particularly boys) successfully supplement their diets by foraging for wild foods, while others (particularly actively herding girls) may be more vulnerable.

Performance-based pharmacy payment models: key components and critical implementation considerations for successful uptake and integration.

BACKGROUND: In the United States, the shift towards value-based health care seeks to improve patient outcomes while reducing health care spending. Although the federal government has led the implementation of performance-based models for physicians and health care systems, commercial entities have largely been responsible for the development of similar models within pharmacy. For the purposes of this study, performance-based pharmacy payment models (PBPPMs) were defined as prescription drug payment models that determine reimbursement or fees for community pharmacies based in part on measured performance. These PBPPMs incentivize pharmacies to improve patient care by linking reimbursement to performance measures. However, the design and implementation of PBPPMs lack transparency and have not been described in the literature. OBJECTIVES: To (1) describe the structure of PBPPMs in the United States and (2) identify contextual and motivational influences that need to be considered for successful uptake and integration of these models. METHODS: A search of peer-reviewed and grey literature was undertaken. In addition, semi-structured stakeholder interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 17 individuals who were community pharmacists, payers, quality measure developers and vendors, academics, and pharmacy advocacy organization leaders. Data were analyzed to understand the current structure of PBPPMs and opportunities for improvement, as well as implementation considerations that included facilitators, barriers, and key insights. RESULTS: This study identified 4 major components of US PBPPMs: attribution, performance and quality measures, incentive structures, and patient care services. A number of barriers (eg, lack of alignment) and recommendations to improve the current structure of PBPPMs (eg, the need for adequate incentives to facilitate change) were highlighted. Notable implementation considerations centered around (1) establishing common ground among stakeholders to avoid misalignment and encourage engagement; (2) the importance of a quality-driven, innovative, and flexible organizational culture with access to data infrastructure, adjusted workflows, and relevant trainings; (3) supporting the cultural transition to value-based health care; and (4) application of financial incentives at the pharmacy or pharmacist level. CONCLUSIONS: To better develop and implement PBPPMs, it is first critical to understand the key components that define these models and the needed changes to their structure. In addition, identifying the contextual and motivational factors that influence their successful integration can improve future uptake. This study illustrates the landscape of PBPPMs in the United States, as well as makes recommendations for improvement in their design. To improve future development and implementation of these models, the following recommendations are highlighted: (1) increase transparency and alignment of measures with the incentive structure; (2) embrace innovative business models; (3) carefully plan and use roadmaps that outline successful uptake and implementation; and (4) foster culture of quality at all levels of health care. DISCLOSURES: This study was sponsored by Pharm-Alliance, an alliance between the pharmacy schools of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Monash University, and University College London. Urick reports consulting fees from Pharmacy Quality Solutions and Cardinal Health, unrelated to this work. The other authors have nothing to disclose. This study was a podium presentation under the title "What Makes Performance-Based Pharmacy Payment Models Work?" at AMCP Nexus Virtual, October 2020.

Revisiting the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic archaeology of Gruta do Caldeirão (Tomar, Portugal).

Gruta do Caldeirão features a c. 6 m-thick archaeological stratification capped by Holocene layers ABC-D and Ea, which overlie layer Eb, a deposit of Magdalenian age that underwent significant disturbance, intrusion, and component mixing caused by funerary use of the cave during the Early Neolithic. Here, we provide an updated overview of the stratigraphy and archaeological content of the underlying Pleistocene succession, whose chronology we refine using radiocarbon and single-grain optically stimulated luminescence dating. We find a high degree of stratigraphic integrity. Dating anomalies exist in association with the succession’s two major discontinuities: between layer Eb and Upper Solutrean layer Fa, and between Early Upper Palaeolithic layer K and Middle Palaeolithic layer L. Mostly, the anomalies consist of older-than-expected radiocarbon ages and can be explained by bioturbation and palimpsest-forming sedimentation hiatuses. Combined with palaeoenvironmental inferences derived from magnetic susceptibility analyses, the dating shows that sedimentation rates varied in tandem with the oscillations in global climate revealed by the Greenland oxygen isotope record. A steep increase in sedimentation rate is observed through the Last Glacial Maximum, resulting in a c. 1.5 m-thick accumulation containing conspicuous remains of occupation by people of the Solutrean technocomplex, whose traditional subdivision is corroborated: the index fossils appear in the expected stratigraphic order; the diagnostics of the Protosolutrean and the Lower Solutrean predate 24,000 years ago; and the constraints on the Upper Solutrean place it after Greenland Interstadial 2.2. (23,220–23,340 years ago). Human usage of the site during the Early Upper and the Middle Palaeolithic is episodic and low-intensity: stone tools are few, and the faunal remains relate to carnivore activity. The Middle Palaeolithic is found to persist beyond 39,000 years ago, at least three millennia longer than in the Franco-Cantabrian region. This conclusion is upheld by Bayesian modelling and stands even if the radiocarbon ages for the Middle Palaeolithic levels are removed from consideration (on account of observed inversions and the method’s potential for underestimation when used close to its limit of applicability). A number of localities in Spain and Portugal reveal a similar persistence pattern. The key evidence comes from high-resolution fluviatile contexts spared by the site formation issues that our study of Caldeirão brings to light—palimpsest formation, post-depositional disturbance, and erosion. These processes. are ubiquitous in the cave and rock-shelter sites of Iberia, reflecting the impact on karst archives of the variation in climate and environments that occurred through the Upper Pleistocene, and especially at two key points in time: between 37,000 and 42,000 years ago, and after the Last Glacial Maximum. Such empirical difficulties go a long way towards explaining the controversies surrounding the associated cultural transitions: from the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic, and from the Solutrean to the Magdalenian. Alongside potential dating error caused by incomplete decontamination, proper consideration of sample association issues is required if we are ever to fully understand what happened with the human settlement of Iberia during these critical intervals, and especially so with regards to the fate of Iberia’s last Neandertal populations.

Late Holocene Climate Changes in the Altai Region Based on a First High‐Resolution Biomarker Isotope Record From Lake Khar Nuur

AbstractThe Late Holocene marks a substantial cultural and economic transition in the eastern Eurasian Steppe and Altai Region with the dispersal of nomadic pastoralism. So far, paleoclimate conditions during this time remain unclear and controversial. Here, we present a high‐resolution 4.2 ka paleoclimate record from Lake Khar Nuur in the Mongolian Altai that is based on lake sediment proxies and biomarker compound‐specific δ2H analyses. Our results document increased aridity before ∼3.7 cal. ka BP, followed by two pronounced phases of warm and wet conditions from ∼3.5–2.8 to ∼2.3–1.5 cal. ka BP, and a strong increase in aridity since ∼1.5 cal. ka BP. Phases of warmer and wetter conditions coincide with a negative North Atlantic Oscillation, which has been responsible for advecting moisture into the region by more southerly‐displaced Westerlies and possibly favored the expansion of mobile nomadic pastoralism in the region.

Climate-driven early agricultural origins and development in the Nile Delta, Egypt

Long-standing arguments regarding the early cultural transition, the domestication of plants and the impacts of climate change on past Egyptian societies remain contentious. In this paper, we demonstrate that grazing started at our study site, Kom El-Khilgan in the NE Nile Delta, ca. 7000 years ago, which was several hundred years prior to crop farming. We examined pollen-spores and non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP) in a 1-m-deep sediment profile (KH-1) in the study site, defined archaeologically as the Pre-Dynastic (>5.9 ka) in age. Our results show that before ca. 7.0 ka, major floods prevailed in the Nile Delta, as highly-concentrated Podocarpus and Polypodiaceae were transported from the East African highlands and Cyperaceae of higher Nile flow indication. This humid phase was succeeded by a brief period of drying climate ca. 7.0–6.6 ka, allowing the entry of the first settlers who commenced grazing their animals on previously inundated wetlands. This change is indicated by the remarkable increase in fungal spores (Cercophora, Sordaria, Coniochaeta cf. Ligniaria) from accumulations of animal dung. At ca. 6.6 ka, the abrupt appearance of domesticated cereal pollen (Poaceae >35 μm) and cereal grass pathogens (Pericornia and Sorosporium) suggests an amelioration of the climate that allowed the introduction of cereal crops and related water management activities. Grazing and cropping co-existed for the remainder of the record during the time when there occurred a mega-tendency of climate drying towards recent time. A drought event recognized ca. 4.2 ka led to the collapse of the Old Kingdom.

The Dynamics of Cultural Transition

The article is based on a 1991-92 research, published in Sole senza Sole (1998). In his book Colangelo retraced the journey and life of 110 Italian women, residing in Toronto. He followed the stages of their lives, successes and difficulties, including those arising from their retirement onwards. For these women the greatest difficulties began just when they could relax with their husbands and enjoy the well deserved retirement. After the death of their spouses these women often lived alone; they did not know how to drive; their children were adults and independent; they did not interact much with their neighbours: they lived in a neighborhood far from shops, supermarkets, churches, etc. This situation created an existential void, isolation and solitude, aggravated by long, unnerving climatic conditions and a silence that it is not golden nor a “blessed solitude!” In this article, Colangelo reflects on the dynamics of the cultural transition of the emigrant-immigrant, who encompasses two different experiences: first as one who leaves his country, and second as one who enters the country in which he or she has decided to settle.

COVID-19 and Spanish flu-18: review of medical and social parallelisms between two global pandemics.

SummaryThe intrusion of infectious diseases in everyday life forces humans to reassess their attitudes. Indeed, pandemics are able catalyze rapid transitions in scientific knowledge, politics, social behaviors, culture and arts. The current Coronavirus diesease-19 (COVID-19) outbreak has driven an unprecedented interest toward the influenza pandemic of 1918. The issue is whether history can shed light on the best preventive response and future scenarios. The aim of this review is to highlight the parallelism between the two pandemics. Starting from epidemiology and clinical features, but further focusing on social and cultural issues, it is possible to unreveal great similarities. Their outbreak pattern lead to hypothesize a similar duration and death burden in absence of effective vaccines or innovative treatments for COVID-19. Thus, then as now, preventive medicine represents the first and most effective tool to contain the course of the pandemic; being treatments available only supportive. At the same time,both pandemics shared the same pattern of narration (e.g. scapegoating) and the same impact on minorities in high-income countries. Furthermore, visual art responded to pandemic issues in 2020 in the form of Graffiti art, while similar role was ruled by Expressionism movement during the Spanish flu. Photography also was capable to document both catastrophic scenarios. Thus, it is possible to find a lot of clinical and social similarities between the two pandemics. Nevertheless, if the Spanish flu was not unforseen, COVID-19 spillover was partially predictable and its global impact will hopefully not be overshadowed by a major crisis such as World War I.

The Presence of Populism in the Two Decades After the War in Kosovo

The rise of an extreme movement, which has consistently produced violence and hatred in Kosovar society for more than fifteen years, undoubtedly increases the curiosity of any researcher of social problems to deal with the study of this issue. Of course, the study of social problems is extremely complex, especially in this time of globalization and extraordinary social mobility, therefore, each time, the opportunities for debate remained open. The paper addresses a very problematic topic, but that belongs to the social topicality, and not only in Kosovar society as one of the societies in transition, but also quite prominent in the most developed countries, and with a long democratic tradition. It should be noted that Kosovo is not only going through an economic transition, but more than that, the political and cultural transition has taken a special place. It should be noted that society's approach to the state and politics is crucial and has a tremendous impact on the process of economic transition. The paper deals precisely with the tools and methods that Kosovar political parties have used and are using to seize power, where the focus is on populism and the spirit of hatred created during the two decades after the war in Kosovo.

Military acculturation and readjustment to the civilian context.

Attitudes and beliefs related to immersion in military culture can affect postseparation transition to the civilian setting. The etiology and complexity of these reactions are often overlooked by mental health providers, which can result in negative consequences for treatment. This qualitative study examined veterans' perceptions of military culture and the impact of military service on veterans' values, beliefs, and behaviors. The goal of this research was to identify aspects of military culture that are important for health care providers to consider as they care for veterans and to inform culturally sensitive mental health care for veterans. Fifty-two military veterans completed a self-report survey and participated in semistructured focus groups. Participants reported diverse military experiences, and many endorsed a high level of continuing identification with aspects of military culture. Seven broad themes related to military culture emerged from qualitative analyses: (a) military values, beliefs, and behaviors; (b) relationships; (c) occupational habits and practices; (d) acquired skills; (e) communication; (f) affiliation; and (g) psychological health and well-being. This thematic analysis elucidated strategies to improve mental health services for veterans, using a nuanced model that encourages providers to better distinguish aspects of cultural transition from psychopathology. Results underscored the importance of training mental health providers to ensure sensitivity to military culture. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Transition and Exchanges of Bronze Dagger Culture in North Korea~Central Region

북한과 중부지역은 한반도 청동기문화의 성립과 변천을 이해하는 데 중요한 공간이므로, 이 일대의 청동기 조합 변천상에 집중할 필요가 있다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 이 지역의 청동단검문화를 두고, 무기류 청동기가 등장하기 이전 즉 소형청동기가 출현하는 시기부터의 변화 과정을 살펴보았다. 1단계는 청동단검문화가 성립되기 이전의 소형청동기만 확인되는 시기로서, 크게 서쪽의 관서지역 중부~해서지역까지와 동쪽의 관북지역 북부와 영동·영서지역으로 대분된다. 동쪽의 청동기는 연해주에서 동해안을 따라, 서쪽은 요서-요동과의 교류를 통하여 유입된 것으로 추정된다. 2단계는 초기 비파형동검을 비롯한 비파형동모와 동촉 등 청동제 무기류가 등장한다. 관서지역 남부와 해서지역에서는 초기비파형동검과 비파형동모, 동촉 등 다종 다양한 청동 무기류가 확인되는 것에 반해 중부지역에서는 수량도 적고 기종 또한 동검과 동촉만이 확인된다. 청동기들은 요서-요동지역과의 교류를 통하여 유입되었으며, 슴베와 검신의 재가공 등 재지화 되는 현상이 뚜렷하다. 3단계는 전형비파형동검과 변형비파형동검을 표제로 하며, 공구류인 선형동부의 등장과 확산이 특징적이다. 변형비파형동검은 관서지역 중부와 남부, 해서지역을 중심으로 분포하며, 비파형동모과 선형동부가 중심인 관북지역 남부와는 청동기 조합상의 차이가 명확하다. 2단계와 동일하게 요동-요서지역과 밀접한 교류 속에서 재지적인 청동기가 제작된다. 4단계는 각 지역별로 지역화 된 세형동검의 등장과 함께 한반도에서 전형화 된 세형동검이 등장한다. 영서·영동지역의 청동기는 감소하며 관서-관북-호서·호남지역 간의 교류로 인하여 경기지역에 청동기가 증가하는 양상을 보인다. 앞 단계에 비하여 각종 청동기의 형식과 조합에서 중국 동북지역 과의 차이가 명확해진다. 마지막으로 기원전 108년 한사군의 설치를 기점으로 북한~한반도 중부지역에서 청동단검문화가 철기문화로 변화한다. 청동단검문화의 중심이 영남지역으로 변화함에 따라 경기지역과 관북 남부지역에 영남의 청동기가 일부 확인되는 점이 특징적이다.

Beliefs About Transitional Events: The Effect of Experience and Life-Script Consistency.

The present study examined the beliefs about two types of important life transitions: transitions that are consistent with the cultural life script (e.g., getting married) and transitions that diverge from it (e.g., relocating). Data were collected from two conditions: individuals in the experienced condition only responded to transitions they had experienced; individuals in the hypothetical condition provided ratings only for transitions they had not experienced. Participants rated the likelihood and typical age of occurrence, importance, transitional impact, and valence for an individualized set of condition-appropriate events. We found that script-consistent events were considered more normative and positive than script-divergent events. The two types of events, however, differed little in terms of importance or transitional impact. We conclude by arguing that although script-consistent and script-divergent transitions have much in common from a mnemonic perspective, the distinction is still warranted in the context of lifetime planning and evaluation.

Mystery and multiculturalism: Should the musterion of Ephesians 3 encourage multiculturalism in South African churches?

The objective was the examination of the musterion of Ephesians 3, whether it encouraged multiculturalism in South African churches. The knowledge gap was to find further biblical direction for churches experiencing cultural transitions and demographic changes. The research method was a qualitative analysis of biblical texts, as applied specifically in a South African setting, with global implications. The significance would be the cultural transitions of churches from homogeneous, local churches into culturally heterogeneous, local churches. Further questioning the homogeneous unit principle (HUP) in the light of Scripture, especially Ephesians. The results found that the musterion in Ephesians 3 pointed to the Holy Spirit’s original intension for multicultural local churches. This mystery was found to be the witness of the church in this world and cosmically, to allay fear and prejudice. Further research is recommended into addressing the fears of globalisation in local churches. The contextual context affected local churches in post-Apartheid South Africa and many local churches around the world experiencing globalisation. These findings affect possible blind spots in theological studies in the New Testament, cross-cultural care in Practical Theology, Missiological findings for church growth and church planting, along with sociological findings in multiculturalism.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The article deals with concerns for New Testament, missiology and practical theology. It challenges the homogenous unit principle in the light of Pauline discourse and synthesises research to form a contextual response to the need for multiculturalism in South African churches.

Analysis of Psychometric Properties and Validation of the Personal Learning Environments Questionnaire (B-PLE) in Higher Education Students

We are living through a cultural transition, characterized by technological disruption and the erosion of the modern ideology, which are redefining the behavior of citizens in their physical and digital spaces. Virtuality emerges as a new human dimension, making it necessary to rethink social and educational paradigms for a new two-dimensional citizen. In this context, the psychometric features and validation procedure of an instrument (B-PLE) for analyzing Personal Learning Environments (PLE) in students of higher education institutions in the Biobío Region of Chile are described. There were four phases to the validation method: (i) content validity, as determined by six experts in education and ICT; (ii) pilot test, with a non-probabilistic sample of 327 subjects; (iii) principal components analysis (PCA); and (iv) confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results of the dimensional analysis made it possible to define the structure of the new instrument, explaining 72% of the total variance. The reliability analysis yielded an alpha coefficient of 0.92. The confirmatory factor analysis showed fit indexes that support the proposed theoretical model. In conclusion, the instrument was composed of three latent variables: Open learning (OL), with six questions, Information management (IM), with two questions, and Knowledge creation and transfer (KCT), with three questions.

The Articulation of Migrant Spatiality in Kureishi’s Cinema: Revisiting My Beautiful Launderette

As a legacy of colonization, the Third World’s fantasy of the West as a utopia of welcoming melting pot with innumerable wealth had nurtured identifications of drastic immigrant influx to metropolitan centers. But their quest for unique spatiality in the Centre was often challenged by catastrophic ordeals that expatriates happened to undergo there. In this context, this paper argues that Hanif Kureishi as a Pakistani cinematographer with tangible experiences has been able to successfully depict the migrants’ quest of a new spatiality in ‘My Beautiful Launderette’ (1989). This literary analysis is qualitative in nature and it deploys theoretical interpretations of Mitchel Foucault and Henry Lefebvre to discover the nature of that spatiality. According to findings of the study, immigrants’ quest of spatiality with their geographical dislocation from the periphery to the Centre had been challenged by their fluctuation in between the native territory and the host locale. The dual existence amidst the migrant turbulence upsized multiple spatiality that immigrants have entrapped within varied trajectories of the ideological shift of Pakistani expatriates within the socio – cultural transition. The controversial socio-political upheavals under Margret Thatcher had not only undermined immigrants’ inclinations to find a unique identity and space with wealth accumulation and embracing western notions but greatly disturbed their fantasy of progress. Expatriates’ incapability to locate themselves in the center owing to prevalent racial polarizations had intensely traumatized their psychology to embrace traditional values. Similarly, such psychological dislocation can be ubiquitously relatable to the Sri Lankan sphere.

Political Socialization and Citizenship Education in Chile: An Analysis from a Gender Perspective

Facing a socio-political scenario of increasing disaffection with politics, systematic decline of the credibility of institutions and diversification of the forms of political participation, the issue of citizenship education emerges with special interest in recent years. Nevertheless, the analysis of political socialization processes and citizenship education in Chilean school contexts has not been addressed looking at the gender differences that may exist in beliefs and forms of participation, nor at the education that, in this regard, students receive at school.This research seeks to identify and to characterize gender differences and biases existing in political socialization and citizenship education of Chilean secondary school students. Using quantitative and qualitative evidence, the results suggest a cultural transition towards strengthening the relationship between female students and the socio-political domain. However, at the same time, in their school education, traits of the cultural pattern that identify politics mainly as a masculine domain remain.

Musik bukan Pekerjaan: Distingsi dan Transgresi dalam Karier Bermusik Musisi Metal Ekstrem Yogyakarta

This article focuses on the separation between music and work that has been done by Yogyakarta’ extreme metal musician. Along with a deeper explanation of youth cultural practices in Yogyakarta, this article also provides a gap bridge between youth culture and youth transition perspective. In order to obtain those purposes, this article utilizes youth culture perspective and youth transition perspective approach, together with field and doxa. Regarding the research method, this article uses qualitative ethnographic approach and has been done through six months data collecting. This research approach was chosen in order to capture the concrete reality that has been experienced by research informants. Based on the findings analysis, which has been done both textually and interpretively, the separation between music and work among informants, on the one hand could be understood as a strategy to maintain informants' pride within the extreme metal scene. On the other hand, this separation also could be defined as a strategy to maintain informants' social position, especially as Indonesian middle class.

„Sztuka” nauczania-uczenia się: nauczyciel czy uczeń jako homo hubris w przestrzeni medialnej?

Dynamic cultural, economical, or scientific and technical transitions enforce transformation in educational processes. Currently, teaching study skills cannot be considered as simple field and certainly not a pleasant one. Nowadays, learning process does not consist in executing an educational programme rigidly, but in responding to emerging problems and in ability to create the right conditions to resolve them.

Did Human Culture Emerge in a Cultural Evolutionary Transition in Individuality?

Evolutionary Transitions in Individuality (ETI) have been responsible for the major transitions in levels of selection and individuality in natural history, such as the origins of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, multicellular organisms, and eusocial insects. The integrated hierarchical organization of life thereby emerged as groups of individuals repeatedly evolved into new and more complex kinds of individuals. The Social Protocell Hypothesis (SPH) proposes that the integrated hierarchical organization of human culture can also be understood as the outcome of an ETI—one that produced a “cultural organism” (a “sociont”) from a substrate of socially learned traditions that were contained in growing and dividing social communities. The SPH predicts that a threshold degree of evolutionary individuality would have been achieved by 2.0–2.5 Mya, followed by an increasing degree of evolutionary individuality as the ETI unfolded. We here assess the SPH by applying a battery of criteria—developed to assess evolutionary individuality in biological units—to cultural units across the evolutionary history of Homo. We find an increasing agreement with these criteria, which buttresses the claim that an ETI occurred in the cultural realm.