Cultural Adaptation Procedures Research Articles

Adaptation and psychometric properties of a brief version of the general self-efficacy scale for use with artificial intelligence (GSE-6AI) among university students

BackgroundIndividual beliefs about one’s ability to carry out tasks and face challenges play a pivotal role in academic and professional formation. In the contemporary technological landscape, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is effecting profound changes across multiple sectors. Adaptation to this technology varies greatly among individuals. The integration of AI in the educational setting has necessitated a tool that measures self-efficacy concerning the adoption and use of this technology.ObjectiveTo adapt and validate a short version of the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE-6) for self-efficacy in the use of Artificial Intelligence (GSE-6AI) in a university student population.MethodsAn instrumental study was conducted with the participation of 469 medical students aged between 18 and 29 (M = 19.71; SD = 2.47). The GSE-6 was adapted to the AI context, following strict translation and cultural adaptation procedures. Its factorial structure was evaluated through confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA). Additionally, the factorial invariance of the scale based on gender was studied.ResultsThe GSE-6AI exhibited a unidimensional structure with excellent fit indices. All item factorial loads surpassed the recommended threshold, and both Cronbach’s Alpha (α) and McDonald’s Omega (ω) achieved a value of 0.91. Regarding factorial invariance by gender, the scale proved to maintain its structure and meaning in both men and women.ConclusionThe adapted GSE-6AI version is a valid and reliable tool for measuring self-efficacy in the use of Artificial Intelligence among university students. Its unidimensional structure and gender-related factorial invariance make it a robust and versatile tool for future research and practical applications in educational and technological contexts.

Culturally adapted safer sex skills building: development andinitial testing ofan HIV prevention intervention forBlack women using substances inthe United States.

Black women who use substances in the United States face unique human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk factors. However, interventions addressing cultural factors relevant for preventing HIV risk behaviors among Black women are limited. This project aimed to develop and initially test the effectiveness of a culturally adapted version of safer sex skills building (SSSB), an evidence-based HIV prevention intervention for reducing HIV risk among Black women who use substances. The cultural adaptation procedures involved (i) review of existing literature, (ii) use of Delphi process and theater testing to generate an adapted version, (iii) theater testing of the culturally adapted version and (iv) initial testing. Forty-eight Black women recruited from a substance use treatment clinic in the United States participated in three 2.5-h sessions of a culturally adapted or a generic version of the intervention. More (48%) women in the culturally adapted version self-reported condom use with casual partners compared to women in the generic (29%) version at a 6-week follow-up. The two groups did not differ on self-reported condom use with main partners. The culturally adapted SSSB offers a promising intervention for sexual risk reduction among Black women who use substances. Moreover, the findings advance the field by illustrating a concrete methodology for cultural adaptation.

Translation and validity of the Multidimensional Individual and Interpersonal Resilience Measure.

to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Multidimensional Individual and Interpersonal Resilience Measure to Brazilian Portuguese. after initial translation, the pre-final version underwent rigorous cultural adaptation procedures. As a result, the final adapted version was submitted to a validity study. adaptation procedures provided equivalence between the pre-final and the original versions in semantic, idiomatic, experiential and conceptual terms. A total of 187 older adults were included in the validity study. Exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) generated a model of five factors ((RMSEA = 0.030; TLI = 0.959; X2 = 151.590 p> 0.05). Final version showed adequate consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.705) and test-retest reliability (ICC=0.835). No statistically significant correlation was found between resilience and sociodemographic and epidemiological variables assessed in this study. EMRII-BR is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring resilience in Brazilian older adults.

An Early-Modern Counseling Initiative Against Tobacco Addiction: Duhan Treatises

Spreading rapidly among the peoples of Eurasia after the discovery of America, tobacco entered the Ottoman Empire at about the same time. This brought the conservative attitude of the state and society towards tobacco and tobacco consumers. In this age, when people grasped the universe in its religious integrity, tobacco users were also accused of religion for using an innovation that was not present in human life before. This article is specifically about tobacco treatises written in the Ottoman Empire. The main view that I will argue in the article is that tobacco treatises are based on shaping people's lives and guiding them. The vast majority of treatises state that tobacco is religiously forbidden and emphasize its negative aspects on health and home economics. For this reason, while the main factors in proving the ideas are thoughts on the harms of tobacco in social and individual terms, the tools used are primarily the Qur'an and hadiths. While the aim is human health, the preservation of traditions and the prevention of waste, it is the religious debates that seem to be at the forefront. However, neither these treatises nor the intervention of the states could stop the spread of tobacco. A rather subjective reasoning was made in the works, and therefore the result of convincing the other side rarely took place. Excessive expressions, on the other hand, basically have content that can lead people to this because of the insulting style they have, instead of warning them and directing them to stay away from tobacco. This article is intended to be a reading of all these debates and cultural adaptation procedure.

Content validation using Aiken methodology through expert judgment of the first Spanish version of the Eppendorf Schizophrenia Inventory (ESI) in Peru: A brief qualitative report

BackgroundThe main objective of this study was the validation through the expert judgment of the first Spanish version of the Eppendorf Schizophrenia Inventory (ESI-Sp). Materials and methodsA translation and cultural adaptation procedure as a first stage was carried out, which was evaluated by four psychiatrists with clinical experience. In a second stage, we recruited a group of clinical psychiatrists to evaluate the translated instrument by judging the items’ clarity and relevance. Content validity was performed using the Aiken methodology (Aiken's V). ResultsFor the first stage, we did not find any items that needed alteration during translation and adaptation. Concerning the raters’ stage, 30 clinical psychiatrists (47.07±13.62 years) completed the rating of the ESI-Sp. Of them, the majority worked in an institute (10/30; 33.33%) and had “15 or more” years of experience (12/30; 40.00%). The null hypothesis was rejected for all items and demonstrated the content validity of each item. Similar results were found for the factors of the ESI. Finally, the total Aiken's V for the ESI did not include the values of the null hypothesis in the confidence intervals (V=0.78; CI95 [0.70; 0.85]), demonstrating content validity. ConclusionsESI-Sp is a valid and representative instrument to determine subjective experiences in patients with a high risk of schizophrenia. The construct validation of the ESI-Sp is pending, which our research group will carry out after this first step.

Developing guidelines for the translation and cultural adaptation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: scoping review and qualitative synthesis.

Ethnic minorities in countries such as the UK are at increased risk of dementia or minor cognitive impairment. Despite this, cognitive tests used to provide a timely diagnosis for these conditions demonstrate performance bias in these groups, because of cultural context. They require adaptation that accounts for language and culture beyond translation. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is one such test that has been adapted for multiple cultures. We followed previously used methodology for culturally adapting cognitive tests to develop guidelines for translating and culturally adapting the MoCA. We conducted a scoping review of publications on different versions of the MoCA. We extracted their translation and cultural adaptation procedures. We also distributed questionnaires to adaptors of the MoCA for data on the procedures they undertook to culturally adapt their respective versions. Our scoping review found 52 publications and highlighted seven steps for translating the MoCA. We received 17 responses from adaptors on their cultural adaptation procedures, with rationale justifying them. We combined data from the scoping review and the adaptors' feedback to form the guidelines that state how each question of the MoCA has been previously adapted for different cultural contexts and the reasoning behind it. This paper details our development of cultural adaptation guidelines for the MoCA that future adaptors can use to adapt the MoCA for their own languages or cultures. It also replicates methods previously used and demonstrates how these methods can be used for the cultural adaptation of other cognitive tests.

Italian version of the cornell musculoskeletal discomfort questionnaire (CMDQ-I): Translation, cultural adaptation and validation.

Almost 25%of workers in the European Union suffer from back pain, and 23%complain of muscle pain. Sixty-two percent of workers carry out repetitive operations with their hands or arms, 46%work in painful or tired positions and 35%carry or handle loads. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Italian version of the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ-I). Translation and cultural adaptation procedures followed international guidelines. Participants were recruited from among the personnel components of the Italian Air Force, who were between 18 and 65 years old. Cronbach's alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated to assess internal consistency and stability, respectively. The CDMQ-I was administered together with the Visual Analogic Scale (VAS), and the validity was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. All CDMQ-I items were either identical or similar in meaning to the original version's items. The scale was administered twice with a retest after seven to 10 days to 66 participants. Cronbach's alpha was higher than 0.761, and the ICC ranged between 0.737 and 0.952. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed positive and significant correlations (p > 0.01). The study produced an Italian version of the CMDQ with good reliability and validity. This scale is a useful tool to investigate the frequency and intensity of musculoskeletal disorders in various categories of workers.

Adaptation, Validation and Preliminary Standardisation of the Frontal Systems Behaviour Scale - Apathy Subscale and the Dimensional Apathy Scale in Vietnamese Healthy Samples.

Apathy, the reduction of motivation and goal-directed behaviour, is a ubiquitous behavioural syndrome in many neurological disorders. However, apathy measures are limited in non-English speaking countries. The present study aimed to develop a culturally appropriate version of the Vietnamese Frontal Systems Behavioural Scale-Apathy subscale (V-FrSBe-A) and Dimensional Apathy Scale (V-DAS), examine their internal reliability and construct validity (i.e., factor structure, convergent and divergent validity) in a Vietnamese healthy sample and establish preliminary normative cut-offs for clinical and research applications. In total, 112 healthy subjects and 64 informants completed the self-report and informant report V-FrSBe-A and V-DAS, developed using a translation, back-translation and cultural adaptation procedure. McDonald's omega was applied to examine internal reliability. The internal structure of the V-DAS was evaluated using exploratory structural equation model. For both apathy scales, convergent validity was determined by correlations between scales and between informant and self-report versions. Regarding divergent validity, participants completed the Vietnamese Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 and V-FrSBe-Disinhibition for depression and disinhibition assessment. Both the V-FrSBe-A and V-DAS were reliable (ωt ≥ .74). Dimensional manifestations of apathy in executive, emotional and initiation domains were confirmed on the V-DAS. Both scales were also valid, convergent with each other and divergent from depression and disinhibition symptoms. Cut-off scores for both scales were higher than their English versions. The adapted V-FrSBe-A and V-DAS have good reliability and validity for the potential application in clinical groups to advance current knowledge about apathy transculturally and direct more effective clinical care for Vietnamese individuals with neurological disorders.

A systematic review of short cognitive assessments for diagnosing dementia and MCI in clinical settings in Chinese‐speaking countries

AbstractBackgroundMandarin Chinese is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, and is used as a primary or secondary language in China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. These countries differ in historical, economic and societal contexts so that cognitive assessments validated in one country may not be valid in another. The aims of this study are to compare the short diagnostic assessments (<15 minutes) used to assist in diagnosing dementia and Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Chinese‐speaking countries through rating the translation and cultural adaptation and reporting the sensitivity and specificity of assessments.MethodWe searched for terms relating to "assessments" and "dementia" or "MCI" and "Chinese‐speaking populations” in electronic bibliographic databases, including Embase, Ovid MEDLINE(R), PsycINFO, PsycTESTS, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library from inception to 3th July 2019. Two raters independently screened titles and abstracts, rated the translation and cultural adaption according to published guidelines by judging whether the details described are sufficient for replication and evaluated the quality of studies with a diagnostics critical appraisal sheet developed by the Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine (CEBM).ResultThe searches retrieved 11763 articles, of which 74 articles were included after full‐text screening: 29 articles from China, 18 articles from Hong Kong, 12 articles from Singapore and 15 articles from Taiwan. We found 41 different short cognitive assessments used, but only two assessments ‐ the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) have been validated in the four countries. The NUCOG cognitive screening tool in China specifically was shown to have the highest validity in screening 44 dementia diagnosed with DSM‐IV from 260 normal controls with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 98.5%. Reporting of cultural adaptation was achieved in approximately two third of the studies analysed.ConclusionThere are wide range of tools available to assess cognitive impairment in the Chinese‐speaking populations most of them are not validated in all Chinese speaking populations. Their psychometric properties vary and translation and cultural adaptation procedures are poorly reported.

Cultural Adaptation of the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile for Spain.

In Spain, culturally adapted tools are needed to assess sensory processing in adolescents and adults. To adapt the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP) so that it is culturally appropriate for use in Spain. Following standard procedures for cultural adaptation, we completed direct and back translation, conducted cognitive interviews, and examined test-retest reliability. Cognitive interviews were conducted with 18 participants ages 11-13 yr. Test-retest reliability was calculated with different samples of 30 participants who were Spanish speaking only and 30 who were Spanish and English speaking. The cognitive interviews revealed no serious difficulties in comprehension. The linguistic expert made necessary adjustments, and test-retest reliability of items showed low intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs; i.e., <.50) for two items in the monolingual group and five items in the bilingual group. These items were reviewed and revised by the linguistic expert, and subsequent test-retest reliability showed only one item with an ICC of <.50. The cultural adaptation of the AASP for Spain is conceptually and semantically equivalent to the original version and provides a culturally sensitive measure of sensory processing for adolescent and adult Spanish populations. The cultural adaptation of assessment tools is an essential part of occupational therapy clinical intervention. We describe the cultural adaptation to Spain of the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile.

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the “Health and Work Questionnaire” and Association of its Subscales with Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms among Office Workers

Background: For an organization to be successful, the productivity of its employees is of vital importance.This study aimed to: 1) translate and examine the psychometric properties of the Health and Work Questionnaire (HWQ) among Iranian office workers, and 2) Determine the association between six subscales of the Persian version of HWQ (P-HWQ) and Work-related Musculoskeletal Symptoms (WMSs) among the subjects. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among office workers employed at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. In order to standardize the questionnaire, the English version of the HWQ was translated into Persian (the Iranian official language), using the standard “forward-backward” translation, cognitive debriefing, and cultural adaptation procedure. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used to determine the WMSs prevalence rate among the subjects. Results: 129 office workers, including 44 (34.1%) males and 85 (65.9%) females with a mean ± SD age of 36.22±7.72 years voluntarily participated in this study. Internal consistency of the P-HWQ was acceptable for all subscales (0.65≤α). Factor analysis of the P-HWQ for each item related to the subscale was acceptable (0.4<). The highest prevalence rates of WMSs in the last week were related to lower back (51.2%), neck (43.4%), and shoulders (41.1%). The concentration/focus subscale of productivity (derived from P-HWQ) was related to WMSs in participants. Conclusion: The P-HWQ has good structural characteristics, is a valid and reliable instrument, and can be used for measuring the productivity of Iranian office workers. Improvement of working conditions is suggested to reduce the musculoskeletal problems, and enhancement of people’s concentration/focus and productivity.

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the "Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue Scale".

Background:Fatigue is a common symptom in office workers. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue (P-MAF) scale and its association with productivity among Iranian office workers.Methods:In order to validate the MAF scale, using “forward-backward” translation, cognitive debriefing, and cultural adaptation procedure, the English version of the MAF was translated into Farsi. A total of 129 Iranian office workers with at least 1-year job experience were included in the study. The Persian version of the Health and Work Questionnaire was used for assessment of the productivity in the participants.Results:Internal consistency for all subscales of the P-MAF scale was acceptable (α ≥ 0.854). The correlation of convergent validity and the correlation of discriminant validity for all subscales ranged from 0.466 to 0.948 and 0.121 to 0.5, respectively. Internal consistency of each subscale of P-MAF for sex, marital status, job tenure, and daily working hours was high (0.810–0.952). Factor analysis of the P-MAF scale revealed that its items were related to severity, distress, timing of fatigue, interference with activity at home, and interference with activity away from home. The results showed significant correlations between the score of fatigue and some subscales of P-MAF, including concentration/focus (r = 0.649, P < 0.001) and impatience/irritability (r = 0.334, P = 0.001).Conclusions:The P-MAF had appropriate structural characteristics, was a valid and reliable instrument, and could be used for measuring fatigue among Iranian office workers.

Reporting of the translation and cultural adaptation procedures of the Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination version III (ACE-III) and its predecessors: a systematic review

BackgroundThe ACE-III, a gold standard for screening cognitive impairment, is restricted by language and culture, with no uniform set of guidelines for its adaptation. To develop guidelines a compilation of all the adaptation procedures undertaken by adapters of the ACE-III and its predecessors is needed.MethodsWe searched EMBASE, Medline and PsychINFO and screened publications from a previous review. We included publications on adapted versions of the ACE-III and its predecessors, extracting translation and cultural adaptation procedures and assessing their quality.ResultsWe deemed 32 papers suitable for analysis. 7 translation steps were identified and we determined which items of the ACE-III are culturally dependent.ConclusionsThis review lists all adaptations of the ACE, ACE-R and ACE-III, rates the reporting of their adaptation procedures and summarises adaptation procedures into steps that can be undertaken by adapters.

Development and validation of a modified Korean version of the Pharmacy Services Questionnaire (PSQ-K) for the quality assessment of community pharmacy services.

Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures and validated instruments have become integral in assessing the quality of healthcare delivery, including pharmaceutical care services. The Pharmacy Services Questionnaire (PSQ) measures patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care. In this study, we developed a modified Korean version of the PSQ (PSQ-K) and evaluated its validity and reliability. The PSQ-K was developed using a strict translation and cultural-adaptation procedure. A validation study was performed in six community pharmacies in Korea. A total of 300 respondents completed three questionnaires (a brief questionnaire for social demographics and clinical characteristics, the PSQ-K, and the 5-level EuroQoL Group’s 5-dimension [EQ-5D-5L]). Standard validity and reliability analyses were performed. The internal consistency of the PSQ-K was high for all scales (Cronbach’s α > 0.9). The PSQ-K indicated good discriminant and divergent validity. Known-group comparisons revealed that the PSQ-K was able to distinguish between respondents differing in socio-demographic characteristics, such as gender, level of education, and household income. In conclusion, the PSQ-K is a highly reliable and valid PRO instrument for assessing the level of satisfaction with community pharmacy services.

Different Strokes for Different Folks? Contrasting Approaches to Cultural Adaptation of Parenting Interventions.

Relevant achievements have been accomplished in prevention science with regard to disseminating efficacious parenting interventions among underserved populations. However, widespread disparities in availability of parenting services continue to negatively impact diverse populations in high-income countries (e.g., the USA) and low- and middle-income countries. As a result, a scholarly debate on cultural adaptation has evolved over the years. Specifically, some scholars have argued that in diverse cultural contexts, existing evidence-based parenting interventions should be delivered with strict fidelity to ensure effectiveness. Others have emphasized the need for cultural adaptations of interventions when disseminated among diverse populations. In this paper, we propose that discussions on cultural adaptation should be conceptualized as a "both-and," rather than an "either-or" process. To justify this stance, we describe three distinct parenting intervention projects to illustrate how cultural adaptation and efficacy of evidence-based interventions can be achieved using contrasting approaches and frameworks, depending on cultural preferences and available resources of local contexts. Further, we suggest the need to develop guidelines for consistent reporting of cultural adaptation procedures as a critical component of future investigations. This discussion is relevant for the broader public health field and prevention science.

Validity and Reliability of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31) for Turkey.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate reliability and validity of the 31-item Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31) in Turkish epileptic patients. This study was performed methodologically. To standardize the inventory, using a standard "forward-backward" translation and cultural adaptation procedure the English version of the QOLIE-31 was translated to Turkish. Language equivalence of the scale was provided. The opinions of experts were considered regarding the content validity of the scale. Reliability of the scale was determined with the test-retest reliability, item-total correlation and internal consistency analysis. For the construct validity, QOLIE-31 was compared with Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) scale and pre validity was determined. One hundred and forty-eight epileptic patients (62 females, 86 males), with a mean age of 32.5 (SD: 10.71) years were enrolled in the study. Content Validity Index of instrument was .85. Alpha reliability was .91. Item-total correlations were between .46 and .74 (p=.001). The mean score for the quality of life of epileptic patients was found to be moderate level (56.4; SD: 17.3). The mean score of Seizure Worry subscale was the lowest (48.9, SD: 29.82), while social function subscale (60.1, SD: 20.12) was found to be highest. As expected, correlations between QOLIE-31 and NHP subscales were fairly strong, particularly between those subscales with close or interdependent content. Thus, Emotional Well-Being correlated with NHP Emotional Reactions, Social Isolation and Pain; Social Function with NHP Social Isolation and Physical Mobility; Seizure Worry with NHP Social Isolation and Emotional Reactions; and Cognitive Function with NHP Energy, Emotional Reactions and Pain. The Turkish version of the QOLIE-31 questionnaire has good structural characteristics, is a reliable and valid instrument and can be used for measuring the effect of epilepsy on the quality of life.

Greek adaptation and validation of the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE)

Purpose of the studyTo cross-culturally adapt and validate the Greek version of the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE-G) Questionnaire. MethodsFour bi-lingual translators were involved in the translation and cultural adaptation procedures. Eighty-two patients (61 women and 21 men) with Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy (LET) participated in the study. To establish test - retest reliability, the patients were asked to complete the PRTEE-G Questionnaire before and after the first physiotherapy treatment. Internal consistency of the translated instrument was measured using Cronbach ‘alpha’. An intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess the test - retest reliability of the PRTEE-G Questionnaire. Concurrent validity was measured by correlating the PRTEE-G Questionnaire scores with the Greek version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire (DASH) scores using Pearson's correlation coefficient. ResultsThe Greek PRTEE questionnaire has acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach ‘alpha’ = 0.95), excellent test - retest reliability (ICC = 0.94) and demonstrates expected concurrent validity (r > 0.72). ConclusionThe Greek version of PRTEE Questionnaire is a reliable and valid measure when administered to patients with LET.

Translation and cultural adaptation of the Illness Invalidation Inventory for use in Sweden.

BackgroundThis study describes the translation and cultural adaptation procedure and guidelines for the Illness Invalidation Inventory for use in Sweden. Invalidation includes responses to negative social interactions and to the lack of positive social interactions, responses that can negatively affect health and suffering. Although invalidation is a recognized phenomenon, in Sweden no instruments exist that describe and measure invalidation. To this end, this study evaluates the translation and adaptation of the Illness Invalidation Inventory as an instrument for measuring invalidation in a Swedish context.MethodsInternationally recognized ten-step guidelines were used. Both forward and back translations were performed. Patients from a patient organization for chronic pain were recruited and cognitive interviews were performed using concurrent think aloud protocols, probing techniques and observations of behaviour. Analysis of data collected from cognitive interviews was inspired by the generic response model and a centralized review procedure and thorough documentation was emphasized.ResultsAlthough difficulties regarding concepts were found, these issues were solved during the process. The Swedish version contains the same number of items as the original questionnaire. Four of eight items required revision after cognitive interviews.ConclusionsThe study highlights the importance of using guidelines to produce translations and to ensure validity and results. The results indicate that the Illness Invalidation Inventory can be used in Sweden to measure invalidation.

Greek Version of the Internet Addiction Test: A Validation Study

The aim of this project was to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) in Greek adults. Twenty-one post-graduate medical students participated in the cultural adaptation procedure and 151 both post- and under-graduate medical students in the validation process. The internal consistency shown by a Cronbach's alpha was 0.91. Two-week test-retest reliability was rtt=0.84, p<0.001. Face validity was affirmed by 83.6% of the students. In terms of convergent validity, the hours of daily internet use were positively correlated with IAT score (rho=0.48, p<0.001). Moreover, IAT scores were higher in students that reported use of online gambling (40.5 vs 29.2, p=0.004), pornographic sites (36.5 vs 28.0, p=0.003) and online games (35.6 vs 28.2, p=0.009). Exploratory factor analysis revealed three interpretable factors for the IAT, "Psychological/Emotional Conflict", "Time Management" and "Neglect Work", that showed good internal consistency and concurrent validity, explaining 55.3% of the variance. The Greek version of IAT has shown good psychometric properties, comparable with the original IAT and the previously published translated versions, and can be a useful tool in future studies on internet addiction.

Greek adaptation and validation of the Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome Severity Scale

The purpose of this study was to cross-culturally adapt and validate the Greek version of the Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) Severity Scale, a self-reported instrument used for patients with PFPS. Four bi-lingual translators were involved in the translation and cultural adaptation procedures. Eighty-seven patients with PFPS (51 women and 36 men) participated in the study. To establish test–retest reliability, the patients were asked to complete the PFPS Severity Scale twice at initial visit; before and after physiotherapy treatment. The Greek version of the Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living Scale (KOS-ADLS) was also administered once. Internal consistency of the translated instrument was measured using Cronbach α. An intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess the test–retest reliability of the PFPS Severity Scale. Concurrent validity was measured by correlating the PFPS Severity Scale scores with the KOS-ADLS scores using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results showed that the Greek PFPS Severity Scale has good internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.949), test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.946) and concurrent validity (r > 0.7). In conclusion, the Greek version of PFPS Severity Scale is a reliable and valid measure when administered to patients with PFPS.