Orange Cultivation Research Articles

Challenge Faced by Horticulturists in Orange Cultivation with Special Reference to Madhya Pradesh, India

The study was conducted in Madhya Pradesh to examine the factors limiting citrus production and challenges faced by orange growers in the Agar Malwa and Pandhurna districts. A total of 183 respondents were selected using a proportional stratified sampling approach. The findings revealed several critical challenges affecting citrus farmers, with pest and disease outbreaks being the most significant constraint, impacting yield and fruit quality (mean score 4.26). Second major challenge was inadequate subsidies (mean score 4.19), followed by climate change effects, including temperature fluctuations, frosts, and irregular rainfall (mean scores 3.96 and 3.89, respectively). Other concerns included the high cost and unavailability of disease-free rootstock, a shortage of trained labor, market fluctuations, and post-harvest losses. These issues highlight the need for targeted policy, extension and research interventions to enhance pest and disease management, improve access to disease-free rootstock. Additionally, there is a need for market stabilization mechanisms and strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on citrus farming.

Development of All-Solid-State Potentiometric Sensors for Monitoring Carbendazim Residues in Oranges: A Degradation Kinetics Investigation

Monitoring fungicide residues in orange fruits is vital, as fungicides for orange cultivation are increasingly used to prevent yield loss. At the same time, increasing restrictions are added by regulatory organizations. For facile on-site monitoring of the fungicide carbendazim (MBC), five ion-selective potentiometric sensors are proposed and compared. The first two sensors were prepared with a precipitation-based technique using molybdate (sensor 1) and tetraphenylborate (TPB) (sensor 2), respectively. Furthermore, two ionophore-based sensors were prepared using β-cyclodextrin as ionophore together with TPB (sensor 3) and tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate (TpClPB) (sensor 4) as ion-exchanger. Further incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) between the graphite rod and the sensing membrane of sensor 4 (sensor 5) further improved the stability and significantly lowered the limit of detection (LOD). Their performance was evaluated according to IUPAC recommendations, revealing linear response in the concentration range 1 × 10−4–1 × 10−2 M, 1 × 10−5–1 × 10−2 M, 1 × 10−5–1 × 10−3 M, 1 × 10−6–1 × 10−3 M, and 1 × 10−7–1 × 10−3 M with a Nernstian slope of 54.56, 55.48, 56.00, 56.85, and 57.34 mV/decade, respectively. The LOD values for the five sensors were found to be 7.92 × 10−5, 9.98 × 10−6, 9.72 × 10−6, 9.61 × 10−7, and 9.57 × 10−8 M, respectively. The developed potentiometric sensors were successfully applied to determine the residue and degradation rate of MBC in orange samples. After the researched fungicide was applied to the orange trees, the preharvest interval (PHI) could be calculated based on the MBC degradation kinetics determined in the tested orange samples.

Metabolic Profile Evolution of Citrus sinensis ‘Navelina’ Under Different Cultivation Techniques and Water-Saving Strategies

Citrus trees, particularly oranges, are a highly significant plant genus due to their consumption as fresh produce and the multiple compounds derived from them, which are extensively used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Despite recent advancements, the understanding of metabolic processes in the Citrus genus remains limited, especially in the context of variable agricultural practices. This study aimed to investigate the metabolomic evolution in leaves of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) cultivated under different conditions over two key developmental periods: pre-winter (t1) and spring sprouting and flowering (t2). Using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) spectroscopy, this research identified 27 key metabolites across five distinct cultivation treatments (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4), including amino acids, organic acids, and sugars, and their variation over time. T0 represents the traditional crop of the control plot, while T1, T2, T3, and T4 incorporate different strategies aimed at water-saving, such as the use of weed control mesh and subsurface drainage systems, all designed to improve profitability and crop efficiency under the same soil and climatic conditions. The treatments were evaluated for their impact on plant growth parameters such as height, trunk diameter, and flower production, with a focus on reducing water usage without compromising crop performance. The results indicate that the use of weed control mesh significantly improves plant growth, increases flower production, and stabilizes key metabolite levels, contributing to a concept termed “plant metabolomic homeostasis.” These findings are particularly relevant in regions like southeastern Spain, where water scarcity is a major concern. The study provides compelling evidence that the implementation of weed control mesh in orange cultivation can enhance water efficiency, promote healthier plant development, and maintain metabolic stability under variable growing conditions. These results suggest that such agricultural practices could be recommended for broader commercial application in citrus cultivation to improve sustainability and crop profitability.

The Role of Women to Program Agribusiness Driving in Air Talas Tourism Village (ANGGREK DEWATA)

This research method takes the form of a qualitative field study or field research. The data collection techniques were carried out using observation with active participation, in-depth interviews, documentation and focus group discussions. The research results show: In the Agribusiness Program Driving Talas Air Tourism Villages (ANGGREK DEWATA) there are 3 (three) programs carried out by PT Pertamina EP Limau Field, namely: BU JUSI (Organic Cultivation of Siamese Oranges), BUDE ARTA MAJU (Women of Air Talas Village Managing Oranges) and PUTERI JELITA (Liquid Fertilizer from Air Talas Orange Waste. The economic impact of this program for women is an increase in family income by IDR 2,500,000/person/month or 20% from the previous year from product sales. This program also has a positive social and environmental impact. This is in line with the fifth SDG goal, namely gender equality Talas (DEWATA ORGANGREK) from the Social Return on Investment (SROI) Report shows that the calculated SROI value of the program is 1.66, indicating that every rupiah of program costs produces a positive change worth IDR 1.66. Meanwhile, from the results of the Community Satisfaction Index assessment, the Anggrek Dewata Program obtained Community Satisfaction Index (IKM) results with the predicate "Very Good", with an index value of 3.44 with a conversion value of 86.07%. The Commitment aspect received an average SME score of 3.80 and is included in the Very Good category. And the community has optimism to continue the program after the intervention is carried out.

Implementing Internet of Things for Real-Time Monitoring and Regulation of Off-Season Grafting and Post-Harvest Storage in Citrus Cultivation: A Case Study from the Hilly Regions of Nepal

Citrus fruit cultivation, especially mandarin oranges, is crucial to the economy of Nepal’s hilly regions due to their ideal geoclimatic conditions. Despite its economic importance, the sector faces several challenges, such as inadequate grafting techniques, low-quality saplings, and ineffective post-harvest storage. This paper explores these issues and proposes innovative solutions through the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology. To address these challenges, we identified key areas for improvement. First, we focused on extending grafting practices during the off-season to ensure a higher success rate and better-quality saplings. Second, we examined different post-harvest storage methods to determine their effectiveness in terms of shelf life, decay loss, and quality of fruit. In addition to exploring post-harvest strategies, this paper provides preharvest recommendations for farmers, emphasizing methods to enhance fruit quality and longevity through effective pre-storage practices. Our IoT-based approach introduces off-season grafting in polyhouses and advanced monitoring for post-harvest storage. The results are promising: We achieved grafting success rates of 91% for acid lime and 92% for local mandarin orange varieties. Additionally, our research compared different post-harvest storage methods for mandarin oranges, including room, cellar, and cold chamber. We assessed these methods based on shelf life, physiological weight loss, and the total soluble solids (TSS) to titratable acidity (TA) ratio. The cold chamber proved to be the most effective method, offering superior conditions for storing mandarin oranges. The IoT-based monitoring system played a crucial role in maintaining optimal temperature, humidity, and gas content within the cold chamber, resulting in reduced post-harvest losses and extended shelf life. These findings highlight the transformative potential of IoT technology in mandarin orange cultivation and post-harvest storage.

Adoption behaviour of farmers towards improved Tamenglong orange cultivation practices in Tamenglong District of Manipur

Adoption behaviour of farmers towards improved Tamenglong orange cultivation practices in Tamenglong District of Manipur

Evaluation of antifungal activity of plant extracts against plant pathogen associated with sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.), in Jimma, Western Ethiopia

BackgroundSweet oranges are a vital agricultural commodity, but they are susceptible to various pathogenic fungi that can cause significant economic losses. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of plant extracts against pathogenic fungi attacking sweet oranges in Jimma, Ethiopia.Materials and methodsVarious plant extracts were obtained from locally available plant species and tested against selected pathogenic fungi using standard in vitro antifungal assays. The results revealed varying degrees of antifungal activity among the plant extracts, with some showing promising inhibitory effects against the targeted fungi. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences in antifungal efficacy among the tested extracts.ResultsThe study found that Penicilium spp., Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., and Fusarium spp, were the predominant fungal species. The study found that the extracts of Vernonia amygdalina, Ginger oficealae, and Pterolobium stalatam were effective in inhibiting mycelial growth against these pathogens. This suggests the use of these medicinal plants for the preservation and control of sweet orange fruit in most of the Ethiopian region.ConlusionThese findings suggest the potential of certain plant extracts as natural alternatives to synthetic fungicides for managing fungal diseases in sweet orange cultivation. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of action of these plant extracts and optimize their application in agricultural practices. This study contributes to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly strategies for plant disease management in the region.

A Review of Financial Problems Faced by Orange Producing Farmers in Amravati District

Agriculture in India serves as the primary economic sector, supporting the livelihoods of a significant portion of the population. With two-thirds of the populace dependent on it, agriculture remains the cornerstone of the nation's economy. Enhancing agricultural productivity is crucial for sustained growth, with its trajectory deeply intertwined with the country's long-term economic prospects. Within the agricultural landscape, orange farming stands as a prominent venture, particularly the cultivation of Nagpuri oranges, renowned for their quality. However, despite its promise, orange farmers encounter considerable financial hurdles, including fluctuating prices and high production costs. Hence the research study focused on the financial challenges faced by the orange producing farmers. To navigate these challenges, farmers must employ strategic financial management techniques while ensuring the quality of their produce. Additionally, marketing their oranges poses its own set of obstacles, prompting farmers to explore diverse avenues for sales, including local and international markets. Despite the financial constraints, orange farmers remain resilient, striving to maintain the excellence of their produce amidst economic uncertainties.

Local Knowledge on Climate Change: Insights from Orange Farmers in Namsaling Village, Ilam District, Nepal

This journal article investigates the knowledge and experiences of orange farmers in Namsaling village, situated in the Ilam District of Nepal, concerning climate change. The study aims to assess farmers' awareness of climate change, its impact on orange cultivation, and its effects on their family economy. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with orange farmers. The findings demonstrate that farmers possess a substantial understanding of climate change and its implications for their agricultural practices. They have observed changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and occurrences of pests and diseases, directly affecting orange production. Farmers have adopted various adaptive measures, including altering cultivation practices, cultivating genetically modified crops, implementing irrigation systems, and using organic fertilizers to sustain their family economy. However, challenges such as limited access to climate information, financial constraints, and the need for additional training hinder effective climate change adaptation in the region. This study offers valuable insights into the experiences and perspectives of orange farmers, emphasizing the importance of targeted interventions to enhance their adaptive capacity and promote sustainable orange cultivation amidst the challenges posed by climate change.

Mengenalkan Pemasaran Bisnis Online Melalui Media Smartphone Di Desa Patimuan

Patimuan Village does have a lot of potential that has not been exploited optimally by the media. One of the economic potentials that exist in Patimuan village and is a mainstay known to the wider community is orange cultivation. This village's orange garden has an area of ​​250 hectares. Another potential that has not been exploited effectively is organic vegetable gardens and ornamental plants. This issue has not received much public attention. Apart from that, several other village potentials can be further improved through community empowerment programs. According to the Head of Patimuan Village Muttaqin.S.Pd.I, Patimuan village residents still need to increase their capacity to maximize the potential of this village. Unfortunately, this potential community is still slow in mastering and utilizing smartphones for online marketing. After realizing that there was still a lack of knowledge in the field of technology, we submitted a PKM-M proposal with the title "Introduction to Online Marketing via Smartphone in Patimuan Village, Patimuan District, Cilacap Regency" Rephrase

SOSIALISASI PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK UNTUK JERUK SIAM JESIGO DI NAGARI KOTO TINGGI KECAMATAN GUNUNG OMEH KABUPATEN LIMA PULUH KOTA

Gunung Omeh Sub-District is renowned for its production of Jesigo oranges. With an area spanning 156.54 km², one of the areas within Gunung Omeh Sub-District known for Jesigo orange cultivation is Nagari Koto Tinggi. As one of the largest Jesigo orange-producing regions in West Sumatra, it is essential to empower citrus farmers in Nagari Koto Tinggi to realize the Nagari Organik program through the socialization of organic fertilizer use in citrus farming to enhance soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. The objective of this initiative is to boost Jesigo orange production in Gunung Omeh Sub-District, particularly in Nagari Koto Tinggi, thereby increasing the income of citrus farmers. The method employed involves socialization and practical training related to organic fertilizer production. The findings from this initiative reveal that the community in Nagari Koto Tinggi had not been using organic fertilizer, even though farmers can produce it themselves. Citrus farming land is also provided with organic fertilizer due to a lack of knowledge and information regarding organic fertilizer production. Following participation in this program, the participants' knowledge and skills concerning the creation, benefits, and advantages of organic fertilizer have significantly improved. The aim is for the community to start producing organic fertilizer that can be directly applied to farmland, reducing the reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This shift is expected to decrease dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which have negative environmental and health impacts. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the people of Nagari Koto Tinggi will establish a cooperative dedicated to agriculture.

Income Effect of E-commerce Adoption Behavior of Navel Orange Farmers in Southern Jiangxi Province

With the continuous development of e-commerce in rural areas, the income effect of e-commerce has become a hot topic. Based on this background, this paper investigated the e-commerce adoption of navel orange farmers in southern Jiangxi Province, obtained 68 farmers' micro-data, and analyzed the income increasing effect of e-commerce adoption behavior by using multiple T-test and multiple regression analysis. It is found that the planting income and total household income of farmers who participate in e-commerce are higher than those who do not adopt e-commerce, and the adoption behavior of farmers has a significant and positive impact on their own income. In addition, factors such as education level, entrepreneurial experience, work experience, gift expenditure, network and logistics accessibility of navel orange growers in southern Jiangxi have a greater impact on the adoption behavior of e-commerce, which in turn affects the income increase effect of e-commerce and promotes the income increase of navel orange growers. In view of this, the paper puts forward some feasible suggestions such as improving the e-commerce infrastructure in the concentrated area of navel orange cultivation in southern Jiangxi Province, strengthening the publicity of the benefits of e-commerce, enabling farmers to have a deeper understanding of e-commerce, strengthening the introduction of e-commerce professionals, and improving the education mechanism of e-commerce in the area of navel orange cultivation.

Study of Gaps in Adoption of Improved Orange Production Technologies in Maharashtra, India

Orange is the second most important fruit crop of Maharashtra. However, the productivity of fruit is found to be dwindling which might be due to the gaps in adoption of recommended technical know-how. Therefore, the study was undertaken to assess the adoption gaps of recommended orange technologies and the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the adoption gaps. The average gap was to the tune of 31.89 per cent. As far as the association and influence of profile characteristic are concerned, it was found that size of land, source of credit, annual income, experience in farming and knowledge level of the orange growers, knowledge of GAP practices, mass media exposure and socio-economic status had negative correlation with adoption gaps (P= .01) whereas size of land holding and knowledge level, knowledge of GAP practices and annual income had negative influence on adoption gaps (P= .01). The study recommends that the proper extension and communication strategies should be developed for the dissemination of orange production technologies in state. Also, the public and private extension support systems are needed to be reoriented so that they can act more efficiently to provide necessary information about orange cultivation. The present study was conducted in Amravati and Nagpur districts of Maharashtra. An ‘ex post facto’ research design was used for the study. A sample of 200 orange growers was selected through stratified random sampling method for the study. The results of the study shows that most of the orange growers had gap in application of micro nutrient (44.76 %) followed by fruit drop measures (43.16 %) and plant protection measures (42.75%). The average gap was to the tune of 31.89 per cent. As far as the association and influence of profile characteristic are concerned, it was found that size of land, source of credit, annual income, experience in farming and knowledge level of the orange growers, knowledge of GAP practices, mass media exposure and socio-economic status had negative correlation with adoption gaps (P= .01) whereas size of land holding and knowledge level, knowledge of GAP practices and annual income had negative influence on adoption gaps (P= .01). The study recommends that the proper extension and communication strategies should be developed for the dissemination of orange production technologies in state. Also, the public and private extension support systems are needed to be reoriented so that they can act more efficiently to provide necessary information about orange cultivation.

Comparative Analysis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites in the Peel of Eight Blood Orange Varieties

The global cultivation of blood oranges is experiencing an increase due to their remarkable nutritional properties. Blood orange by-products, especially the peel, have a high concentration of bioactive compounds with exceptional antioxidant potential, making them an ideal choice for incorporation into various food products. This study aimed to determine the morphological parameters and primary and secondary metabolite content of peel of eight blood orange varieties using 1H NMR and HPLC-ESI-DAD-MSn. “Tarocco Meli” had the highest weight (367.83 g), caliber (94.13 mm and 88.87 mm), peel thickness (6.73 mm), and peel weight (155.0 g). “Tarocco Rosso”, “Sanguinelli”, and “Tarocco Gallo” had the highest levels of total amino acids (25.57 g kg−1 DW), total organic acids (29.99 g kg−1 DW), and total sugars (68.56 g 100 g−1 DW), respectively. The peel of “Moro” had significantly higher concentrations of total anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavones (650.67, 263.33, and 449.85 mg kg−1, respectively) compared to the other varieties. In conclusion, “Tarocco Meli” had the most interesting values for morphological parameters, “Tarocco Rosso”, “Sanguinelli”, and “Tarocco Gallo” for primary metabolites, and “Moro” for secondary metabolites. With the increasing interest in utilizing co-products, these findings could be useful in developing functional food products that meet consumer demands for healthier and more sustainable food choices.

Conversion of orange peel to biodiesel and its investigation as an alternative fuel in compression ignition engines

Orange peels are considered a waste, and the increase in cultivation and processing of oranges tends to increase waste in society. This work is designed to convert waste to wealth by investigating the potential of biodiesel production from orange peels and its suitability as an alternative fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines. Steam distillation pilot plant was used to extract oil from the orange peels, 1.27% was its maximum oil yield recovery. The oil was transesterified using methanol at a 6:1 molar ratio with 0.70% sodium hydroxide as the catalyst at 55 <sup>o</sup>C for 60 minutes and 96.00% biodiesel yield recovery was obtained. The biodiesel properties were found with density of 872 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, viscosity of 1.9 cSt, pH value of 7.6, calorific value of 38.4 MJ/kg, and flash point of 84 <sup>o</sup>C. The biodiesel was blended with diesel at different volumes, compared with pure diesel, and run on a CI engine. B20 (20.00% biodiesel, 80.00% diesel) has the optimum brake-specific fuel consumption rate and brake thermal efficiency and are respectively 9.08% lower and 11.99% higher than petroleum diesel. B15 (15.00% biodiesel, 85.00% diesel) has the optimum exhaust temperature and is 10.37% lower than diesel. B10 (10.00% biodiesel, 90.00% diesel) has the optimum carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions and are 58.07% and 43.70% lower respectively than petroleum diesel.

Impact of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, Yield and Quality Attributes of Sweet Orange (Citrus Sinensis L. Osbeck) CV. Phule Mosambi

Effects of integrated nutrient management (INM) approach on the growth, yield, and quality of sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] cv. Phule Mosambi was investigated. Eleven treatments were imposed in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) for two seasons (2019 and 2020) and among the treatments, T11 [50% RDN + 20kg FYM/tree + 25% N from Castor Cake + 10ml Bio NPK Consortium + Micronutrient foliar spray (1% Grade IV)] recorded the maximum incremental plant height (35.28 cm), plant spread N-S (45.73 cm), plant spread E-W (45.32 cm) and canopy volume (0.061m3). Similarly treatment T11 significantly increased several yield parameters viz., the maximum fruit length (8.11cm), fruit diameter (7.96 cm), fruit weight (241.91 g), fruit volume (251.17 cc), no. of fruits per tree (255.17), yield (61.81 kg per tree and 17.18 t/ha) in pooled data. Amid quality traits, T11 stood significantly superior with respect to total sugar (6.99 %) content; it also showed higher sugar: acid ratio (14.27), ascorbic acid content (40.11 mg/100 ml pulp). Hence this particular treatment can be adopted preferably in sweet orange cultivation at middle Gujarat (India). Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(2): 345-355, 2023 (June)

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOUR OF SWEET ORANGE GROWERS

A sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) is an important fruit crop of Maharashtra state of India. It is grown on an area of 55,000 ha. The area under this fruit crop is increasing rapidly as a result of dynamic employment guarantee scheme launched by the Government of Maharashtra for fruit crops. Sweet Orange is a major fruit crop in Marathwada region of the State. 0.77 lakh hectares area is under this crop (Anonymous, 2014a). The development of any nation depends primarily on the important role played by entrepreneurs. Hence, the part played by entrepreneurs is of vital importance in a developing country like India. Thus in all economic development activities more attention is being given to entrepreneurship development. An entrepreneur is primarily concerned with changes in the formula of production over which he has full control. Further, it is commonly believed that an entrepreneur is basically an intelligent person and has a definite ability to create something new to prove its worthiness. The Ex-post-facto research design was used for the present study. The study was conducted in Aurangabad district. Three tahsils namely, Aurangabad, Paithan and Kannad were selected purposively on the basis of the maximum area under sweet orange cultivation. The main objective of this study is to study the regression analysis of entrepreneurial behaviour of sweet orange growers. It is revealed from that coefficient of determination (R2) of the independent variables was 0.5040. It means that 50.40 per cent of the total variation in entrepreneurial behavior of sweet orange growers was explained by the selected 10 independent variables i.e. Farming experience, Education, Family size, Occupation, Land holding, Annual income, Social participation, Mass media use, Economic motivation and Market orientation. The present study was used as a multistage sampling procedure. Collected data were classified, tabulated and analyzed by using multiple regression.

Impact of soil test recommendations in orange cultivation

The present investigation was conducted in Morshi taluka of Amravati district (Vidarbha region) of Maharashtra state. The main objective of the study was to assess the relationship between the profile of the orange cultivators with their impact on soil test recommendations.A pre – structured interview schedule was used to collect data from 80 orange cultivaors from 8 villages which were selected by using exploratory design of the social research during 2021-2022. The statistical methods such as frequencies, percentage, mean, standard deviation and correlation were used. The data of research study show that age and method of irrigation was negatively correlated and education,age of orchard,area under orchard, extension contact, risk preference were found to be positively and non significantly related and annual income was found to be positively and significantly related with impact of soil test recommendations in orange cultivation.

Influence of Different Rootstocks on Fruit Quality and Primary and Secondary Metabolites Content of Blood Oranges Cultivars.

Blood oranges have high concentrations of bioactive compounds that are beneficial to health. In Europe, the cultivation of blood oranges is increasing due to their excellent nutritional properties. In Citrus crops, rootstocks play an important role in juice and can increase the content of bioactive compounds. The morphological, qualitative and nutritional parameters were analyzed in cultivars 'Tarocco Ippolito', 'Tarocco Lempso', 'Tarocco Tapi' and 'Tarocco Fondaconuovo' grafted onto Citrus macrophylla and Citrus reshni. 'Tarocco Lempso' grafted onto Citrus macrophylla obtained the highest values of weight (275.78 g), caliber (81.37 mm and 76.79 mm) and juice content (162.11 g). 'Tarocco Tapi' grafted onto Citrus reshni obtained the most interesting qualitative parameters (15.40 °Brix; 12.0 MI). 'Tarocco Lempso' grafted onto Citrus reshni obtained the most intense red juice (a* = 9.61). Overall, the highest concentrations of primary metabolites were in proline, aspartate, citric acid, and sucrose. The results showed that 'Tarocco Ippolito' juice grafted onto Citrus reshni had the highest levels of total hydroxycinnamic acids (263.33 mg L-1), total flavones (449.74 mg L-1) and total anthocyanins (650.42 mg L-1). To conclude, 'Tarocco Lempso' grafted onto Citrus macrophylla obtained the best values of agronomic parameters, and the cultivars grafted onto Citrus reshni obtained significantly higher concentrations in primary and secondary metabolites.

Fruit Quality and Primary and Secondary Metabolites Content in Eight Varieties of Blood Oranges

In Europe, the cultivation of blood oranges for fresh consumption is increasing due to their excellent organoleptic and nutraceutical properties, which give this fruit the status of functional food. Blood orange has a higher content of bioactive compounds, which confer additional benefits for human health. The main morphological and qualitative parameters were studied together with the content of primary metabolites by 1H NMR and secondary metabolites by HPLC-ESI-DAD-MSn from eight varieties of blood orange grafted on Citrus macrophylla. Tarocco Dalmuso was the variety with the highest values of weight (350.6 g), caliber (86.4 mm and 88.6 mm) and juice content (214.2 g). Tarocco Gallo obtained the most interesting qualitative parameters (13.95 °Brix; 22.75 MI). The most intense red juice was in Sanguinelli (a* = 9.45) and, in crust, it was in Tarocco Scirè (a* = 40.13). The most abundant primary metabolites were proline, aspartate and asparagine, citric acid and sucrose. The results showed that the juice of the Moro had the highest levels of total flavones and flavanones (90.07 and 592.88 mg L−1, respectively), and Sanguinelli in total anthocyanins (101.06 mg L−1). To conclude, Tarocco Dalmuso obtained the best values of agronomic parameters, and Moro and Sanguinelli in the content of phenolic compounds.