Flax Cultivation Research Articles

Principles of differentiation of the system of machines for harvesting fiber flax, taking into account the level of technology intensity

Relevance and methods . The main problem of the flax industry is its insufficient technical support. This does not allow performing technological operations for the cultivation and harvesting of flax in the established agrotechnical terms, which leads to significant losses and damage to the crop. One of the ways to ensure the growth of production efficiency and the competitiveness of flax products is to increase the level of technical equipment of the industry through the use of high-performance energy-rich machines, progressive and intensive technologies. Results. The article proposes innovative technical solutions for harvesting flax and processing flax, a promising system of machines for the use of intensive technologies is presented. It is established that the use of new technical means increases productivity by up to 50% or more for individual machines, reduces the cost of performing technological operations by 30–35% and the cost of production of seeds and flax.

Effect of presowing treatment of seeds with Flavobacterin on development of diseases, pests and weeds in oil flax crops

Increase in oil flax seed production largely depends on the effectiveness of the integrated protection of crops. In this regard, in 2017 and in 2018, studies were conducted to investigate the development of diseases, pests and weeds in crops depending on seed treatment with the bacterial preparation Flavobacterin at the small experimental field of the Department of Plant Production named after I. A. Stebut. The study results showed that inoculation with the biofungicide Flavobacterin is recommended before sowing for effective control of diseases in oil flax crops and in order to obtain a stable yield of high quality seeds at the level of 2.0 t/ha. This agrotechnical technique increases biological effectiveness by 72% against white rot, 87% against verticillium wilt and by 51% against blackspot. The biological preparation does not affect the development of pests and weeds in oil flax crops. In this regard, a system of weed and pest control in oil flax cultivation in the conditions of Leningrad region should be developed.

Pro-Environmental and Health-Promoting Grounds for Restitution of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Cultivation

Pro-Environmental and Health-Promoting Grounds for Restitution of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Cultivation

Production of textile crops in conditions of radioactive contamination

After the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, a large part of the lands of the Polissya Zone became contaminated with radionuclides, which were withdrawn from land use according to current regulations, thus we have analyzed the current state of the branches of flax and hemp growing in Ukraine. Chernobyl accident has led to radioactive contamination of large areas of agricultural land, and therefore more and more attention is paid to the work of scientists aimed at reducing radioactive contamination. The possibility of growing bast crops under different levels of radioactive contamination is substantiated, the elements of technology of cultivation and primary and deep processing of flax and hemp are considered, which allow to significantly reduce radioactive cesium 137Cs input into crop production and its content in various types of products of processing of these crops.Specific countermeasures are proposed to achieve this goal, namely: in the cultivation of flax and hemp, to introduce phosphorus-potassium fertilizers that reduce the intake of radionuclides into products grown under different levels of radioactive contamination, flax sowing should be carried out in conjunction with sparsely shrubby grasses, using for this purpose seed rate of 15–20 kg of grass seeds. When aging stalks to the straw, to rotate the strips, which reduces the accumulation of radionuclides by reducing the mass of dusty impurities and avoiding direct contact of primary processing products with soil. It is recommended to rinse the flax or hemp straw in a water stream on a squeezing-washing machine before processing on the scutching-and-breaking machine

The Genome Sequence of Five Highly Pathogenic Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini.

Fusarium wilt is the most destructive fungal disease in flax, limiting flax cultivation in all the main flax and linseed growing countries. The causative agent is seedborne and soilborne fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. lini. Here, we report, for the first time, genome assemblies of five highly pathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini, namely monoisolate 39 and strains F329, F324, F282, F287. In addition, syntenic analysis provided a powerful approach to distinguish between core and lineage-specific parts of the genome. These results lay a solid foundation for comparative genomics studies of plant fungal pathogens, evolution of pathogenicity, and virulence factors underlying the dynamics of host-pathogen interactions, thus eventually offering solutions to Fusarium disease control.

Некоторые экономические аспекты формирования системы машин в льноводстве

Abstract. The main goal of our research is to consider the main economic factors that prevent the introduction of advanced technologies and to justify the need to change the state's approaches to supporting investment processes for the formation of advanced machine systems in flax industry, including on the basis of automation and digitalization of process management. Methods. In the work, based on the using of a wide range of analytical methods for studying economic phenomena in the flax growing industry, the using of computational-constructive and abstract-logical methods, using computational-constructive and abstract-logical methods, system analysis, recommendations were developed for the implementation of state support measures focused primarily on the complex system of machines in agriculture, independently of the financial and economic condition of economic entities. Results. The article shows that the complex mechanization of flax production is hindered both by the remaining insufficient level of financial and economic opportunities of commodity producers, and by the imperfection of state support. According to the analysis of data from the electronic information-analytical system testfirm.ru, it was revealed that only 34 % of the flax producers examined in 2018 were profitable, whose revenue exceeded 10 million rubles. It was revealed that the limited ability to update the main links and elements of the machine system leads to significant economic losses during the cultivation of flax, due to non-compliance with the execution of technological operations in the optimal time. Scientific novelty. The article presents the idea of the need, based on the recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and the Russian Center for Agricultural Consulting on the formation and use of specialized resource-saving technologies for cultivating flax for fiber and seeds, to expand the scope of government support measures for flax-growing farms not only to financially sustainable enterprises. The article substantiates the general need for investments for the use of advanced machine systems in the combined technology of cultivation, harvesting and primary processing of flax in the amount of more than 114 million rubles per 1000 hectares of sown area of flax.

The change in the yield structure elements of oilseed flax depending on hydrothermal conditions, the use of fertilizers, the seeding rates

The studies were conducted in the years of 2012–2017 in the zone of unstable moisture on leached blackearth (chernozem) in FSBSI FSC ARRIOC (Krasnodar). The object of research is the oilseed flax variety “ARRIOC 620”. In the variants of oilseed flax cultivation technology differing in the amount of fertilizer and the seeding rate, there were identified the biometric indicators and such yield structure elements as “plant height”, “length of a technical part of a stem”, “number of bolls per plant”, “number of plants”, “number of bolls”, “plant and seed weight per area unit”, “1000 seed weight”. There has been established that both fertilizers and seeding rate contributed to the variation of these indicators, which changed oilseed flax productivity. It has been found that productivity depends on moisture supply during the most important period of vegetation. In years with precipitation distribution characteristic for the arid zone of moistening (according to the STC), the productivity has been greatly affected by the moisture supply in May and June which corresponds to the growth stages “cotyledons – flowering”. In years with precipitation distribution characteristic for the humid and slightly arid zone of moistening (according to the STC), the productivity depended on the moisture supply in June, i. e. in the period “bud formation – flowering”.

Урожайність і якість насіння сортів льону олійного в Південному Степу України залежно від різних умов вирощування

Goal. To determine the yield ability and oil content of seeds of different flax varieties under different conditions of moisture and doses of mineral fertilizers in the zone of Southern Steppes of Ukraine. Methods. Field — to determine the dependence of the object of study on human factors and productivity, analysis — to assess the conditions of cultivation, statistical — to calculate and assess the results obtained. Results. At cultivation of flax on different backgrounds of moisture in the droughty steppe of Ukraine, it was established that irrigation provides an increase of seed yield in cultivars Orfei (0.79 t/ha), Vira (0.82 t/ha), Evrika (1.03 t/ha) with the application of the N90P60. Mineral fertilizing in the dose of N90P60 will provide the maximum yield of seeds of the varieties Evrika, Orfei, Vira with irrigation and without it — 1,33–2.36 t/ha; 1,45–2.24; 1,47–2.29 t/ha respectively. The highest oil content in flax seeds, which made up 46% on non-irrigated areas, and 47.4% for irrigation, was obtained from the variety Vira at entering N60P60. Oil yield was 569 and 966 kg/ha, respectively. Conclusions. For the first time for new flax varieties Evrika, Orfei, Vira in growing for seeds in different conditions of moisture in the dry conditions of Southern steppe of Ukraine it was established that irrigation provides a yield increase of 0.79–1.03 t/ha. With the application of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N90P60 they obtained the maximum seed yield of all the studied flax varieties. It is proved that in conditions of Southern steppe of Ukraine it is better to sow a variety of flax Vira which at entering fertilizers in the dose of N90P60 without irrigation provides a yield of 1.47 t/ha, and oil content of 45.4%. At irrigation, the yield reaches 2.29 t/ha, oil content — 47.4%, which corresponds to 966 kg/ha.

Spectroscopic and biochemical characteristics of flax transgenic callus cultures producing PHB

Linum usitatissimum L. is a plant used by human since ancient times. Presently flax has both industrial and nutritional significance. The programmes of restoration of flax cultivation and processing are implemented to renew the importance of this plant for agriculture and economy. Genetic engineering methods and techniques of plant tissue cultures can answer this requirement, because they give the opportunity for obtaining of new plants and novel application of them. In the present study the impact of genetic modification of flax plants on the ability of morphogenesis was investigated. The subject of this research remain genetically modified flax plants enriched in poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), interesting biodegradable compound showing bioactive properties and acting as anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial factor. Another aim of this study was to characterize chemical and structural properties of callus derived from the engineered plants in comparison to the data obtained for non-transgenic, control callus cultures. The presence of PHB was confirmed by FTIR technique and it was suggested that this polymer may have impact on about 20% higher biomass growth observed for transgenic callus cultures in comparison to control cultures. The level of phenolic compounds was not significantly changed in the transgenic calluses when compared to wild-type cultures. The extracellular matrix (EMC) was noticed for the surface of genetically modified calluses, such structure was not visible for calluses derived from the control cultures. The cellulose in plant cell walls of transgenic calluses was structurally changed, it was not as organized as in control callus, resulting in lower crystallinity index values.

Genomic Comparison and Population Diversity Analysis Provide Insights into the Domestication and Improvement of Flax.

SummaryFlax has been cultivated for its oil and fiber for thousands of years. However, it remains unclear how the modifications of agronomic traits occurred on the genetic level during flax cultivation. In this study, we conducted genome-wide variation analyses on multiple accessions of oil-use, fiber-use, landraces, and pale flax to identify the genomic variations during flax cultivation. Our findings indicate that, during flax domestication, genes relevant to flowering, dehiscence, oil production, and plant architecture were preferentially selected. Furthermore, regardless of origins, the improvement of the modern oil-use flax preceded that of the fiber-use flax, although the dual selection on oil-use and fiber-use characteristics might have occurred in the early flax domestication. We also found that the expansion of MYB46/MYB83 genes may have contributed to the unique secondary cell wall biosynthesis in flax and the directional selections on MYB46/MYB83 may have shaped the morphological profile of the current oil-use and fiber-use flax.

Razlozi i posledice restrukturiranja tekstilne industrije Ukrajine u uslovima globalizacije

The article reveals the causes and consequences of accumulated problems in the development of the textile industry of Ukraine. The analysis of the state of the global textile market is presented. The processes of transferring centers of influence in the industry mainly from developed countries to developing countries are studied. The critical dependence of textile production on imported raw materials and semi-finished products is established. Attention is drawn to the need to strengthen the domestic raw material base, the revival and cultivation of flax, industrial hemp. The state of the implementation of foreign trade transactions in the industry is characterized the intensity of the flow of investment to strengthen its potential is investigated. Attention is focused on the need to strengthen the role of the state in supporting the development of the textile industry. Recommendations on further restructuring of the textile industry as an effective tool to increase its competitiveness have been developed.

Classic in a modern interpretation: on oil flax (Linum Usitatissimum L.) in the middle preduralie

The article is considered the problem of oil flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivation on sod-podzolic soils of the Middle Preduralie, devoted to the relevance and importance of studying the agricultural methods of oil flax cultivation in the agro-climatic conditions of the Middle Preduralie. Economic viability of flax crop cultivation for oilseeds and practical applicability of seed processing products is presented. The methods of field experiment carried out on research and experimental field of the Department of General Agriculture and Plant Protection based at the Faculty of Agricultural Technologies and Forestry, the Perm SATU, are described. The results of two-year research show the influence of pre-sowing tillage and herbicide treatment of oil flax on the yield capacity of oilseeds in the Middle Preduralie. Tendencies are noted and some analytical theses are derived.

Influence of Meteorological Conditions in Precarpathian on Morfological and Parameters of Oil Flax

The article presents the results of a ten-year study of oil flax varieties of different ecological and geographical origin in the conditions of Precarpathian region. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of weather conditions in Precarpathian on the formation of the main morphological and biochemical parameters of oil flax. The research was conducted during 2009–2018 on the basis of the research plot at Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University (Precarpathian zone). The objects of the study were varieties of oil flax obtained from the flax breeding laboratory of the Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS. The experiments were based on generally accepted methods and recommendations. Varieties were sown on two-meter plots using the typical row method with row spacing of 15 cm. The weather conditions of the research were contrasting and reflected the features of the regional climate. It was found that the climatic conditions of the growing years influenced the manifestation of such signs as “plant height”, “weight of 1000 seeds” and “oil content in seeds”. The height of oil flax plants for the period 2009–2018 varied from 51.4–70.1 cm. Wet and warm weather led to a significant increase in the height of oil flax plants. Less rainfall during the growing season affected the formation of height stem for all varieties. The varieties of oil flax used in the studies differed in the weight of 1000 seeds in different years of cultivation. The highest level of the sign “mass of 1000 seeds” was for the variety Southern Night, and this index was the lowest for the variety Kivika in different years of cultivation. The year 2012 was the most favorable for the formation of the mass of 1000 seeds of oil flax. Compared to rest years of study, all varieties showed the highest productivity in this year. The lowest level of the index “weight of 1000 seeds” was observed in 2010. It was found that the weather conditions of growing years affected the oil content in oil flax. The Southern Night variety was the most stable variety by this index among the other varieties with an oil content of 43-45% in different years of cultivation. The relative fluctuation of the oil content for this variety did not exceed 3%. The results of the study showed that the climatic conditions of Precarpathian region are favorable for the cultivation of oil flax and affect the manifestation of morphological and biochemical characteristics.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ФАКТОРОВ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ НА УРОЖАЙ И КАЧЕСТВО ЛЬНЯНОГО СЫРЬЯ

The formation of fiber flax yield and quality parameters depends on many soil-climatic, breedinggenetic, as well as anthropogenic factors. The quality of flax fiber is a combination of a number of features and properties that depend on the varietal characteristics of plants, the conditions of their cultivation, technologies for harvesting and straw retting, as well as on the processing modes of raw materials. During plant vegetation (90-130 days) many factors such as soil conditions (pH 4.8-5.5, humus 1.8-2.5%, P2O5 and K2O – 150-200 and 100-200 mg/kg, respectively) and the area of plant nutrition (15-30 million seeds/ha), temperature regime (the sum of active temperatures 1000-1800ºC), water supplying (400-430 units of water mass to create 1 unit of dry matter) and insolation (the arrival of FAR during the growing season 20-25 kcal / cm²), contamination of weeds (more than 60 annual and perennial species) and pests (more than 200 types of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases), features of phytosanitary measures (more than 50 chemicals) and agrotechnologic manners (Federal Register of technologies for the production of crop products) have a great influence on the quality of flax raw materials and can be a limit factor. Environmentally hazardous pollution of air, water and soil - the main components for the production of fiber flax – strongly affects the yield and quality of flax products. The development of waste-free environmentally friendly technologies for the cultivation, harvesting and processing of flax is an urgent task of scientific support of the industry. The main environmental factors affecting the yield and quality of fiber flax are discussed in the article.

Promising varieties of fiber and oil flax plants for agricultural technologies of Trans-Urals

Cultivation of fiber flax and oil flax in Kurgan region is of current interest due to the presence of flax seed and straw processing enterprise – SUE Len Zauralya, Kurgan. To increase the production of highquality flaxseed oil and flax products, the level of flax production should be increased via theoretically substantiated cultivation technologies. Propagating a new variety, plant breeders consider the needs of two categories of consumers – flax producers and flax processors. Some of them need fiber flax varieties of high yield (seed and fiber) and high fiber quality resistant to diseases and lodging, adapted to conditions of Trans-Urals and Siberia. Other consumers need fiber flax varieties that meet numerous requirements of textile, construction, automotive, aviation, medical, and other sectors of the economy, and are suitable for processing by state-of-the-art flax processing equipment. The approach to develop a variety has currently become targeted and customized. Varieties grown in the study area and used as a standard showed high fiber yields: Tomsky 17 – 0.68 t/ha, Tomsky 18 – 0.69 t/ha. The results of the three-year study showed high yields of new varieties: Tost 3 – 0.98 t/ha, Tost 4 – 0.86 t/ha, Tost 5 – 0.82 t/ha. The fiber yield of these varieties was also high: Tost 3 – 0.71 t/ha, Tost 4 – 0.68 t/ha, Tost 5 – 0.66 t/ha.

The relative position of the flax plant strip and stripping apparatus during separate cleaning

Nowadays, with an acute shortage of high-quality raw materials for the textile industry and a significant increase in energy prices, the introduction of separate flax harvesting technology in production is becoming especially urgent. However, the use of such technology is constrained by its high dependence on weather conditions and the lack of reliable and inexpensive equipment. The greatest difficulty for mechanization is the second phase of separate cleaning, which is most dependent on weather conditions. The level of weather dependence entirely depends on the design features of the pick-up stripping apparatus, which main working body is the apparatus for separating the seed of the crop from the stems. It was established in the work that the quality of this apparatus depends on the width of the zone of arrangement of the boxes in the plant ribbon and on its ordinate relative to the clamping conveyor of the stripping apparatus. During the pickers operation, the indicated ordinate changes to a wider extent due to systematic errors in copying the flax tape in the horizontal plane by the selecting working body. In order to maximize the collection of products during separate flax harvesting, scientists of the Kostroma State Agricultural Academy investigated the process of separating the seed part of the crop from the stems with a stripping apparatus, taking into account the influence of the mentioned factors. The results of experimental studies have shown that the stated requirement is fulfilled with a minimum size of the box location zone (≤ 30 cm) and its distance from the front edge of the clamping conveyor by 53 cm. In this case, all seed boxes fall into the area of action of the ridges of the stripping apparatus, and the loss of stems does not exceed 3 %. It is possible to stabilize the optimal position of the plant ribbon using an orienting device and a system for automatically moving the stripping apparatus. The minimum size of the zone of location of seed boxes can be ensured only with high quality performance of all previous technological operations for the cultivation of flax.

Improvement of elements of oil flax cultivation technology on gray forest soil

The article proposes the results of investigations on agroecological assessment of oil flax varieties depending on the sowing time in the southern part of the Nonchernozem belt of Russia. The experiments took place at the agrotechnological experimental station of Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named after P.A. Kostychev on gray forest soil typical of the region. It should be noted that the introduction of new varieties into the zone requires a more detailed study of the technology of their cultivation, including the determination of the optimal seeding rate and sowing date for specific weather conditions. The objects of investigations were domestic varieties of flax: Istok, VNIIMK 620, Sunlin and LM 98. Sowing was carried out in two terms - the third decade of April and the first decade of May. According to the results of experiments, it can be concluded that the yield was formed due to the density of planting, largely due to better survival in the second term of sowing. Despite significantly lower yield parameters of the second crop, such as the number of bolls per plant, the mass of 1,000 seeds, the number of seeds per boll, the yield of Sunlin and LM-98 varieties was higher than in the first term of sowing. On average, the maximum productivity was shown by Istok variety when the first sowing period (21.2 dt/ha) and Sunlin variety when the second period of sowing (20.6 dt/ha). During the years of studying varieties, flax oil content was 36.3-46.3 %. There was a decrease in this parameter in all experimental varieties by 1-3.5 % in the second period of sowing.

O trabalho do linho em Cabeceiras de Basto: engenhos de maçar

EnglishFiber flax cultivation was widely spread in Cabeceiras de Basto, in the interior of Entre-Douro-e- -Minho province, both for private consumption and for trade in the regional market from where it would sometimes be shipped to more distant places like Brazil. Flax crops were sowed in almost ever y farmhouse. Sowing was the first step of a cycle highly demanding in workforce up to har vest, and subsequent preparation and transformation of the fibers into linen fabric–the local cloth for ever yday use. At the turn of the 18th centur y, due to the textile cotton advance, and aiming to lower costs and intensify linen production, an innovative machine, the flax mill, came into use. Although actioned accordingly to traditional technical skills, it mechanized one of the work stages: the breaking of the dried flax plant to release the textile fiber. We studied the existence and use of the flax mills in this county are portuguesCabeceiras de Basto, no interior do Entre-Douro-e-Minho, foi terra de muito cultivo de linho, tanto para auto-consumo como para comercializacao no mercado regional, de onde por vezes seguiria para outros mais distantes, como o Brasil. Semeava-se em quase todas as casas de lavoura, dando inicio a um ciclo muito exigente em mao-de-obra ate a colheita, seguida pela preparacao da fibra e sua transformacao em tecido, o pano da terra de uso quotidiano. Na viragem do seculo XVIII, perante o avanco do textil algodoeiro e com o objectivo de baixar custos e viabilizar a intensificacao da producao do linho, surgiu uma maquina inovadora, o engenho de macar, embora accionado recorrendo ao conhecimento tecnico tradicional. Mecanizou-se assim uma das fases do trabalho, a maceracao da planta seca para libertacao da fibra. Estudamos a presenca e utilizacao destes engenhos no aro concelhi

NAAS 20 research program "Bast Crops": main results of 2019

The scientific achievements of the executors of the program for scientific support of the branches of flax growing and hemp growing are highlighted, the current state of scientific researches in the field of breeding, technologies of cultivation, harvesting and processing of industrial hemp and fiber flax is shown.

The technology of producing sorbents from linseed flax shive

Flax processing waste, flax shive is of great importance for producing sorbents from non-wooden materials in Russia. There are more than 700 thousand hectares of linseed flax crops in the country. Linseed flax shive had been burned everywhere until recently as there was no technology of its processing. The waste disposal problem in the linseed flax cultivation regions could be solved by introducing new flax waste recycling and linen producing technologies developed by scientists of the Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops. In 2015-2018 some studies were carried out in research laboratories and on the experi-mental plant of the center as well as on flax-sowing farms of the Udmurt Republic, Rostov region and Krasnodar territory. The research has shown that linseed shive contains 49-51% of cellulose and 23-27% of lignin, on which the sorption capacity of the material depends. The values of flax waste sorbent sorption capacity by the effective sorption of ions in relation to heavy metals are 85-91 %, to oil products - from 3.9 to 17.3 mg/g, to iodine and methylene blue - 222 and 220 mg/g, respectively. These values don’t concede the sorbents from wood and can replace the use of the latter. The developed technology of obtaining sorbent from flax allows to organize the production directly on flax-sowing farms and flax factories applying raw materials ready to use.